Translational research

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Translation studies.

Translational research (also called translation research, translational science, or, when the context is clear, simply translation)

applied research
.

The term has been used most commonly in life sciences and biotechnology, but applies across the spectrum of science and humanities. In the context of biomedicine, translational research is also known as bench to bedside.[3] In the field of education, it is defined as research which translates concepts to classroom practice.

Critics of translational medical research (to the exclusion of more basic research) point to examples of important drugs that arose from fortuitous discoveries in the course of basic research such as

benzodiazepines
. Other problems have stemmed from the widespread irreproducibility thought to exist in translational research literature.

Although translational research is relatively new, there are now several major research centers focused on it. In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health has implemented a major national initiative to leverage existing academic health center infrastructure through the Clinical and Translational Science Awards. Furthermore, some universities acknowledge translational research as its own field to study for a PhD or graduate certificate in.

Definitions

Translational research is aimed at solving particular problems; the term has been used most commonly in life sciences and biotechnology, but applies across the spectrum of science and humanities.

In the field of education, it is defined for school-based education by the Education Futures Collaboration (www.meshguides.org) as research which translates concepts to classroom practice.[4] Examples of translational research are commonly found in education subject association journals and in the MESHGuides which have been designed for this purpose.[5]

In bioscience, translational research is a term often used interchangeably with translational medicine or translational science or bench to bedside. The adjective "translational" refers to the "translation" (the term derives from the Latin for "carrying over") of basic scientific findings in a laboratory setting into potential treatments for disease.[6][7][8][9]

Biomedical translational research adopts a scientific investigation/enquiry into a given problem facing medical/health practices:

therapies,[12] to point-of-care patient applications.[13] The end point of translational research in medicine is the production of a promising new treatment that can be used clinically.[6] Translational research is conceived due to the elongated time often taken to bring to bear discovered medical idea in practical terms in a health system.[citation needed] It is for these reasons that translational research is more effective in dedicated university science departments or isolated, dedicated research centers.[14] Since 2009, the field has had specialized journals, the American Journal of Translational Research and Translational Research
dedicated to translational research and its findings.

Translational research in biomedicine is broken down into different stages. In a two-stage model, T1 research, refers to the "bench-to-bedside" enterprise of translating knowledge from the basic sciences into the development of new treatments and T2 research refers to translating the findings from clinical trials into everyday practice, although this model is actually referring to the 2 "roadblocks" T1 and T2.[6] Waldman et al.[15] propose a scheme going from T0 to T5. T0 is laboratory (before human) research. In T1-translation, new laboratory discoveries are first translated to human application, which includes phase I & II clinical trials. In T2-translation, candidate health applications progress through clinical development to engender the evidence base for integration into clinical practice guidelines. This includes phase III clinical trials. In T3-translation, dissemination into community practices happens. T4-translation seeks to (1) advance scientific knowledge to paradigms of disease prevention, and (2) move health practices established in T3 into population health impact. Finally, T5-translation focuses on improving the wellness of populations by reforming suboptimal social structures

Comparison to basic research or applied research

animal models without consideration of the potential utility of that information.[11]

Applied research is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses the research communities' accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state, business, or client-driven purpose.[17] Translational research forms a subset of applied research. In life-sciences, this was evidenced by a citation pattern between the applied and basic sides in cancer research that appeared around 2000.[18]

Challenges and criticisms

Critics of translational medical research (to the exclusion of more basic research) point to examples of important drugs that arose from fortuitous discoveries in the course of basic research such as

benzodiazepines,[19] and the importance of basic research in improving our understanding of basic biological facts (e.g. the function and structure of DNA) that go on to transform applied medical research.[20] Examples of failed translational research in the pharmaceutical industry include the failure of anti-aβ therapeutics in Alzheimer's disease.[21] Other problems have stemmed from the widespread irreproducibility thought to exist in translational research literature.[22]

Translational research-facilities in life-sciences

Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba

In U.S., the National Institutes of Health has implemented a major national initiative to leverage existing academic health center infrastructure through the Clinical and Translational Science Awards. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) was established on December 23, 2011.[23]

Although translational research is relatively new, it is being recognized and embraced globally. Some major centers for translational research include:

Additionally, translational research is now acknowledged by some universities as a dedicated field to study a PhD or graduate certificate in, in a medical context. These institutes currently include

The George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
The industry and academic interactions to promote translational science initiatives has been carried out by various global centers such as
GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Translation Research | NIOSH | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  2. ^ "What is Translational Research? | UAMS Translational Research Institute". tri.uams.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  3. S2CID 81524567
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  4. S2CID 145145150
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  5. ^ Younie S (2016). "Mapping Educational Specialist knowHow (MESH)". International Teacher Education Knowledge Mobilisation Summit: a framework for UNESCO SDG4 2030. London: Whitehall.
  6. ^
    PMID 18182604
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  7. PMID 20182119
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  8. ^ Science Careers Staff (2011). "Careers in Clinical and Translational Research". Science. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  9. ^ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2017). "Translating Research Into Practice". www.ahrq.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  10. ^ Akarowhe K (2018) Translational Research: Definitions and Relevance. J Biol Med Res Vol.2 No.2:13
  11. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.nhtm.2014.12.002 (inactive 2024-03-28).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link
    )
  12. PMID 27516776
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  13. PMID 18182604
    . Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  14. S2CID 32503545
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  15. PMID 20973923
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  16. ^ "What is basic research?" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
  17. ^ Roll-Hansen N (April 2009). Why the distinction between basic (theoretical) and applied (practical) research is important in the politics of science (PDF) (Report). The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  18. PMID 17079135
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  19. ^ Tone, Andrea (2009). The Age of Anxiety: the History of America's Love Affairs with Tranquilizers.
  20. ^ Ashutosh Jogalekar (November 26, 2012). "The perils of translational research". Scientific American Blog Network.
  21. PMID 21262461
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  22. PMID 21892149
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  23. ^ "Новости Мюнхена и Германии". CTSA Web.
  24. ^ "Clinical and Translational Science Awards Program Hubs". www.ncats.nih.gov. National Institutes for Health. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  25. ^ The World’s Largest Medical Center is Now Among the Most Energy Efficient | Department of Energy. Energy.gov (2011-05-18)
  26. ^ "University of Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute". The University of Rochester.
  27. ^ "Maine Medical Center Research Institute attracts top scientists, licenses discoveries". www.mainebiz.biz. Mainebiz. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  28. ^ "Translational Research Institute". www.scripps.edu. The Scripps Research Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  29. ^ UC Davis Health System, Clinical and Translational Science Center. "UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science Center: About Us".
  30. ^ "About Us | CTSI University of Pittsburgh".
  31. ^ "Weill Cornell Clinical and Translational Science Center". Weill Cornell Medicine. 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  32. ^ "Translational Research – PhD and Graduate Certificate". www.med.monash.edu.au. Monash University. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  33. ^ "MPhil in Translational Research". www.di.uq.edu.au. University of Queensland Diamantina Institute. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  34. ^ "Clinical and Translational Research". medschool.duke.edu. Duke University. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  35. ^ "Center for Clinical and Translational Science". medschool.creighton.edu. Creighton University. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  36. ^ "Certificate Program in Translational". Emory University. Retrieved 4 Jan 2018.
  37. ^ "PhD in Translational Health Sciences". smhs.gwu.edu. The George Washington University. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  38. ^ "Novartis". World Pharma News.

External links

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