Tree fern
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The tree ferns are arborescent (tree-like)
Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are
Range
Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, as well as cool to temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand and neighbouring regions (e.g. Lord Howe Island, etc.). Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores formed on the undersides of the fronds.
Description
The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-
Uses
This section is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. (May 2021) |
Tree-ferns have been cultivated for their beauty alone; a few, however, were of some economic application, chiefly as sources of starch. These include the Sphaeropteris excelsa of Norfolk Island that was threatened with extinction for the sake of its sago-like pith, which was eaten by pigs. It is now widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, although there is only one small wild population on Norfolk Island.[6] Sphaeropteris medullaris (mamaku, black tree fern) also furnished a kind of sago to people living in New Zealand, Queensland and the Pacific islands. A Javanese species of Dicksonia (D. chrysotricha) furnishes silky hairs, which were once imported as a styptic, and the long silky or wooly hairs, abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of Cibotium have not only been put to a similar use, but in the Hawaiian Islands furnished wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which was formerly an article of export.[7]
Species
It is not certain the exact number of species of tree ferns there are, but it may be close to 600-700 species.
- Lophosoria (tropical America, 1 species)
- Metaxya (tropical America, 1 species)
- Marquesas, and Pitcairn Island, about 120 species)
- Alsophila(pantropic area, about 230 species)
- Nephelea(tropical America, about 30 species)
- Trichipteris(tropical America, about 90 species)
- Cyathea (tropical America, Australasia, about 110 species)
- Cnemidaria(tropical America, about 40 species)
- St. Helena, about 25 species)
- Cystodium(Island Southeast Asia, 1 species)
- Thyrsopteris (Juan Fernández Islands, 1 species)
- Culcita (tropical America, Macaronesia, Iberian Peninsula, 2 species)
- Cibotium (Southeast Asia, Hawaii, Central America, about 12 species)
References
- ^ Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica - NCBI
- ^ Chronogram of the Cyatheaceae and other tree fern lineages
- hdl:11336/49538.
- ^ Trends and concepts in fern classification - NCBI
- ^ Stem - The University of Auckland
- ^ "Norfolk Island Plants". Norfolk Island National Park. Australian Government Parks Australia. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tree-Fern". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 235. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- OCLC 785808931.
External links
- Flora Technical Note No. 5: Identification and management of tree ferns from Tasmania Forest Practices Authority
- Tree Fern from the San Diego Zoo website