Tydings–McDuffie Act
Pub. L.73–127 | |
Statutes at Large | 48 Stat. 456 |
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The Tydings–McDuffie Act, officially the Philippine Independence Act (
The act was authored in the
.Provisions
The Tydings–McDuffie Act specified a procedural framework for the drafting of a constitution for the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines within two years of its enactment. The act specified a number of mandatory constitutional provisions, and required approval of the constitution by the U.S. President and by Filipinos. The act mandated U.S. recognition of independence of the Philippine Islands as a separate and self-governing nation after a ten-year transition period.[2]
Prior to independence, the act allowed the U.S to maintain military forces in the Philippines and to call all military forces of the Philippine government into U.S. military service. The act empowered the U.S. President, within two years following independence, to negotiate matters relating to U.S. naval reservations and fueling stations of in the Philippine Islands.[2]
Immigration
The act reclassified all Filipinos, including those who were living in the United States, as
History
An attempt to set a final date for Philippine independence was first manifested in the
In 1934, Manuel L. Quezon, the President of the Senate of the Philippines, headed a "Philippine Independence mission" to Washington, D.C. It lobbied Congress and secured the act's passage.[1]
In 1935, under the provisions of the act, the
Accordingly, President Harry S. Truman issued Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946, officially recognizing the independence of the Philippines.[8]
Immigration
The immigration quota under the act was low, and immigration continued at levels much higher than the legal quota.[9] This was due to the strength of agricultural lobbies, such as the Hawaiian sugar planters, which were able to successfully lobby the federal government to allow more male Filipino agricultural workers provided that they demonstrated a need. This further increased the Filipino population in Hawaii which had at one point been 25% of agricultural workers on the islands.[9]
The act also led to the
This act extended the Asian-exclusion policy of the Immigration Act of 1924 to the soon-to-be-former territory. This policy hampered the domestic lives of many Filipinos within the US because any Filipino who wished to go to the Philippines and then return to the United States would be subject to the restrictions on Asian immigration to America and would likely never be allowed to return.[9]
In 1946, the US decreased the tight restrictions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act with the
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 971-642-071-4.
- ^ , enacted March 24, 1934
- ISBN 978-1-4129-0948-8. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
- ^ "Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- JSTOR 25723514. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ Background Notes, Philippines. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1983. p. 4. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Tydings-McDuffie Act". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946 "Independence of the Philippines"". National Archives. 15 August 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780313297427.
- ISBN 978-1-57356-148-8.
- ISBN 978-0-313-35786-2. Retrieved 7 February 2011.