Uniforms of the Australian Army
The uniforms of the Australian Army have changed significantly over the past century, although the accoutrements worn over this period have remained relatively similar. The forces of the Australian colonies and the early forces of the Commonwealth post-Federation in 1901 closely followed the uniforms of the British Army. Since then it has continued to be influenced by British but also US styles, as well as including some distinctly Australian designs, reflecting local conditions and trends.
Overview
Many of the Australian Army's customs and traditions have been inherited from the British Army, due to the nation's history as a former British colony and the Army's origins in the forces raised by each of the Australian colonies.
History
Colonial forces
Prior to
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South Australian Volunteer Forces in 1860.
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Members of the Hobart Town Volunteer Artillery in August 1869
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Parade of militia units in Wagga Wagga, c. 1880
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Departure of the NSW Contingent, 1885.
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A company of the Victorian Mounted Rifles on manoeuvres in 1889.
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A trooper of the New South Wales Mounted Rifles, c. 1900.
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South Australian Mounted Rifles training near Adelaide prior to deploying to South Africa, c. 1900.
Post-Federation
On 1 March 1901 the Australian Army was formed following the transfer of colonial forces.
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Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp on 24 March 1901.
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Troops of 1st Battalion, Australian Commonwealth Horse in the Transvaal, 1902.
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Lieutenant Colonel Harry Chauvel wearing a Sam Brown belt, rising sun badges on his collars, and a slouch hat, turned up on the left side, 1902.
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Headquarters Band, attached to the 9th Regiment, in 1909.
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Members of the militia, probably from either the 16th or 41st Batteries, Australian Field Artillery, in Tasmania, c. 1913.
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Members of the 52nd Australian Infantry Battalion (Victorian Scottish Regiment) in Melbourne, c. 1914.
Great War and interbellum
The pre-war Australian Army uniform formed the basis of that worn by the
The AIF-pattern uniform was mostly maintained by the Australian Army in the years following the war. However, in the 1930s a range of new uniforms, believed to be more "attractive", were issued to the Militia in an attempt to increase recruitment. [7] Mostly these were blue or khaki, and included "distinctive" coloured collars and piping which indicated corps. Meanwhile, it was decided to retain unit-colour patches, whilst regimental and corps badges were also adopted at this time. The uniforms of the various local "Scottish" units were considered to be particularly colourful.[10]
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An Australian private before departure, 1915 (colorized)
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An Australian soldier of the AN&MEF and in Sydney, 1914, prior to departing for Rabaul.
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Troops from 'A' Company, 15th Battalion march through Melbourne on 17 December 1914.
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Members of the 7th Battalion in a trench at Lone Pine, 6 August 1915.
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The Charge of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade at the Nek, 7 August 1915 by George Lambert.
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Men from the 74th (Boothby) Regiment during a training camp, c. 1915.
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Members of the Australian 5th Division in France, December 1916.
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Australian light horsemen on Walers prior to their departure from Australia.
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Australian camel company, January 1918.
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Two soldiers from the 5th Division in field uniform, France, July 1918.
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A Platoon from the 29th Battalion in August 1918.
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Australian light horsemen and a tank.
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Australian soldiers from theNRRFin Russia, 1919.
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The Sydney University Regiment forms a guard of honour for the Duke of York in 1927
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Soldiers of the CMF 56th Battalion in 1937, wearing World War I-era uniforms.
Second World War
Although there were a few minor changes, on the main the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) raised for service following the outbreak of the Second World War was of a similar pattern to that worn by the 1st AIF. [7] The woollen service dress of the previous war was re-issued, although trousers replaced breeches and cloth anklets were adopted instead of puttees. For summer or warm climates khaki drill-cotton clothing was issued. Units wore the shoulder patch of the corresponding unit of the 1st AIF, with a grey border to distinguish the unit from the Militia unit wearing the same patch. The shape of the grey indicated the division, which sometimes differed from that of the coloured part. Later, AIF personnel in Militia units were authorised to wear the grey border, resulting in some units wearing the same patches. The 9th Division replaced all its patches with a new type in the shape of a "T". As there were more units in the Second AIF than the First, many units wore patches of a new design.[19]
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17th Battalion 1921–1944
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2/17th Battalion 1940–1942
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2/17th Battalion 1942–1946
Over-time the pre-war uniforms of the militia were replaced with khaki service dress and in 1942 regimental badges were universally replaced by the Rising Sun, with UCPs being the main distinction between troops of the Militia and AIF. Some minor changes to the appearance of the service dress jack occurred mid-war, while cloth anklets were also later by webbing
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The Salamaua platoon of the New Guinea Volunteer Rifles on parade in April 1940.
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Members of the 5th Battalion, Victorian Scottish Regiment, a militia unit, on parade in April 1940
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Australian soldiers at Tobruk in 1941.
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Members of 'C' Company, 2/11th Battalion, having penetrated the Italian outer defences at Tobruk, January 1941
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Members of the 9th Division parade at Gaza Airport in late 1942.
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Leaders of the various Australian women's services in 1942.
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A section of 'C' Platoon,2/5th Independent Company, marching along a jungle track, west of Bulwa in the Bulolo Valley.
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Militia soldiers of the 39th Battalion following their relief at Kokoda in September 1942
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Troops of the 2/16th Battalion, watch aircraft bombarding The Pimple prior to their attack on Japanese positions there, 27 December 1943.
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Members of 16 Platoon, D Company, 2/23rd Battalion in Tarakan, June 1945
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George VI meets Australian Victoria Cross winners in the United Kingdom, June 1946.
Cold War
In the years following the end of World War II the Australian Army began to adopt a woollen British Battledress blouse and trousers, with unit titles and formation patches made of cloth, and berets.[20] Meanwhile, the use of unit colour patches was discontinued with the raising of the Australian Regular Army in 1947, with units and corps instead distinguished by badges, many of which were similar to those worn by their British counterparts.[21] Being a period of transition, in the early part of the Korean War troops usually wore the old service dress, while later they wore the new battle-dress. Regardless, troops in Korea often adopted a mix of whatever British or American equipment was available out of necessity, with an example being cold-weather equipment. Following this time the uniform of the Australian Army underwent a number of changes, mostly with a trend to increasing "drabness" due to an emphasis on camouflage in combat dress, as well as a reduction in the range of different types of uniform.[20]
During operations in Malaya, Borneo and Vietnam in the 1950s to 1970s the Australian Army wore "Jungle Greens" as fieldwear.
In Vietnam elements of the
Up until the 1960s the style of uniform worn by the Australian Army for general duties wear when not in the field was essentially that of the British Army; however, from this time the "polyester" shirt and trousers was introduced. This was later followed by an Australian version of the British Army service dress which consisted of a coat and trousers. In the early 1970s dress for servicewomen changed to the Australian-style, while in the 1980s they adopted the polyester uniform worn by servicemen (with a skirt added). The distinct Australian slouch hat continued to be worn.[5] Meanwhile, in the 1970s and 1980s the Australian Army continued to mostly use the same field clothing and equipment that they had in Vietnam.[26] Mess dress worn by officers also followed the pattern of that worn by the British Army, and included separate styles for summer and winter.[27]
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Soldiers from the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3 RAR) in Korea move forward in 1951.
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3 RAR soldier in Korea carrying a bazooka, 1951.
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A CMF machine gun team during an exercise in Australia in 1952.
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Soldiers from the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) in Korea, July 1953.
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Troops from 2RAR in Malaya being inspected whilst on parade, c. 1956.
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Australian soldiers in Vietnam during Operation Crimp in January 1966.
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Australians arrive at Tan Son Nhut Airport in Saigon during the Vietnam War.
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National Servicemen from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment before deploying to Vietnam in 1966.
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An Australian soldier in South Vietnam.
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Two Australian soldiers wearing "giggle hats" in South Vietnam, 1967.
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Soldiers from 3 RAR in the Long Hai hills,Phuoc Tuy Province, 1968.
1980s to present
The Army's jungle green uniform was replaced in the late 1980s by the
Current Australian Army orders of dress include ceremonial, general duties (polyesters), safari suit, AMCU, and mess dress (corps specific, worn by
Although the uniforms worn by the Australian Army have changed significantly over the past century, the accoutrements worn over this period have remained relatively similar.[7] In the British Army regiments have traditionally often worn their own distinctive uniforms.[36] However, in contrast there is very little practical difference between the dress of each unit in the Australian Army, with the majority of personnel wearing the same basic uniform (although there are some minor exceptions, worn on general duties and ceremonial uniforms—but not AMCU when worn as dress of the day or in the field—for instance with some units wearing black badges of rank, unit badges and other accoutrements, instead of the usual gold and yellow or silver and white worn respectively by all corps, while a number of "Scottish" companies and pipes and drum bands wear distinctive tartans and other items of traditional dress, including headdress, highland dress jacket, kilt, sporran, hose-top socks, and gaiters). Instead, the main uniform distinctions between corps and units include corps and regimental badges, berets, lanyards, and unit colour patches.[37][38]
Corps and regimental badges include both hat and collar badges (usually smaller versions of the hat badge). The majority of corps badges in the Australian Army are copied from the badges of the equivalent corps in the British Army.[39] Berets colours include dark blue (worn by service corps and others not eligible to wear a special-to-corps or unit beret), black (armoured corps), rifle green (Royal Australian Regiment), sand-coloured aka. "sandy" (SASR),[40] sherwood green (commandos), dull cherry (airborne), scarlet (military police), slate grey (nursing corps), light blue (aviation), UN blue (personnel on service with the United Nations) and terracotta (Multinational Force and Observers contingents).[41] Lanyards vary in colour by corps and unit are mostly worn on the right shoulder, although units of the infantry corps wear them on the left, as do some members of the artillery, and the Australian Federation Guard. Different colours and designs are allocated to each corps and many units.[42] Unit colour patches were re-introduced in 1987 for units that could trace their lineage back to units of either the 1st or 2nd AIF, while the current Series II colour patch was adopted in 1995, introducing a system of patches designed for all units and organisations of the Army. At this time the practice of wearing patches on the shoulder ceased, and they were worn on the right-hand side of the puggaree on the slouch hat instead.[43][21]
Other accoutrements worn include: the rising sun badge (cloth version worn on left shoulder of all uniforms including AMCU, and metal badge worn on upturned side of slouch hat when worn on ceremonial occasions), aiguillettes (senior officers), emu plumes and bandoliers (both worn by armoured units), the Sam Browne belt (worn by officers and warrant officers), mostly of brown leather although the armoured, aviation and nursing corps wear black leather), infantry scarlet sash,
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Engineers wearing jungle greens conduct a demolition task in 1982.
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An Australian officer wearing the black beret of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps in 1985.
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Retired Australian General Sir Phillip Bennett wearing the service dress with the khaki service cap in 1992.
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Members of the 5th/6th Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment wearing Scottish traditional dress marching on ANZAC day in 2006.
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Soldiers from 2 RAR wearing DPCU on patrol during Exercise Talisman Sabre 2007.
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Cadets wearing Patrol Blues during graduation parade at the Royal Military College, Duntroon in June 2008.
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An Australian soldier wearing DPDU in Afghanistan, August 2008.
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Australian special forces in Multicam during operations in Afghanistan, June 2010.
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President Barack Obama reviewing the Australian Federation Guard in November 2011
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Australian Army Band on parade in Canberra wearing ceremonial service dress, August 2013.
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Officer in the winter mess dress of the Royal Australian Engineers in 2014.
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Soldier wearing AMCU combat uniform and equipment in Iraq, 2016
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Female and male soldiers wearing DPCU in 2017
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Soldiers on Anzac Day in Darwin, Northern Territory, 2018
See also
- Australian Defence Force ranks
- Australian Army officer rank insignia
- Australian Army enlisted rank insignia
Notes
- ^ Jobson 2009, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 82.
- ^ a b c d e f Dennis et al 2008, p. 538.
- ^ Lord & Tennant 2000, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Jobson 2009, p. 22.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 57.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 83.
- ^ Dennis et al 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Dennis et al 2008, pp. 538–539.
- ^ a b c d e f g Dennis et al 2008, p. 539.
- ^ Kuring 2004, p. 46.
- ^ Dennis et al 2008, p. 199.
- ^ Sumner 2011, p. 23.
- ^ Rebbeck, Amanda. "Military helmets – an introduction". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ Kuring 2004, p. 87.
- ^ Beaumont 2013, p. 34.
- ^ Sumner 2011, p. 24.
- ^ Wedd 1982, p. 102.
- ^ Glyde, Distinguishing Colour Patches of the Australian Military Forces 1915–1951: A Reference Guide, pp. 17–23
- ^ a b c Dennis et al 2008, p. 540.
- ^ a b Dennis et al 2008, p. 149.
- ^ "Jungle green shirt". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
- ^ Wedd 1982, p. 125.
- ^ Lyles 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Lyles 2004, pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b Kuring 2004, p. 397.
- ^ Keegan 1983, p. 29.
- ^ "Camouflage uniforms". Equipment and Clothing: Soldier Combat Ensemble. Australian Army. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ "Chapter 5 Orders of Dress" (PDF). Army Dress Manual. Canberra: Australian Army. 2012. pp. 5-1–5-2.
- ISSN 0729-5685.
- ^ Greene, Andrew (13 August 2016). "Army modernises ceremonial uniforms in recognition of Anzac centenary". ABC News. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 124.
- ^ Hedges 2012, pp. 46–49.
- ^ a b "Army Dress Manual" (PDF). Australian Army. 2017.
- ^ "R.M.Williams to deliver new Army parade boot". Media release. Department of Defence. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ^ Usher 2009, p. 211.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, pp. 70–144.
- ^ "Chapter 5 Orders of Dress" (PDF). Army Dress Manual. Canberra: Australian Army. 2012. p. 5E-1.
- ^ Jobson 2009, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Special Operations Command: Information Booklet (PDF). SOCAUST. Australia: Australian Army - Special Operations Command Australia (SOCOMD). 2020. p. 6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Jobson 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, pp. 115–117.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 102.
- ^ Jobson 2009, pp. 24–34.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, pp. 88–117.
- ISSN 0729-5685.
- ^ Terrett & Taubert 2015, p. 99.
- ^ "Australian Army ASOD Chapter 3 (before Sep 2010)" (PDF). Australian Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
- ^ "Chapter 3 Items of Dress, Embellishments and Accoutrements" (PDF). Army Dress Manual. Canberra: Australian Army. 2012. pp. 3–21.
References
- Beaumont, Joan (2013). Broken Nation: Australians in the Great War. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741751383.
- Dennis, Peter; ISBN 978-0195517842.
- Hedges, Jason (2012). Royal Military College of Australia 1911–2011: Celebrating 100 Years at Duntroon. Newport: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-1-921941-47-4.
- Jobson, Christopher (2009). Looking Forward, Looking Back: Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army. Wavell Heights, Queensland: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9803251-6-4.
- Keegan, John (1983). World Armies (Second ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 9780333340790.
- Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1876439998.
- Lord, Cliff; Tennant, Julian (2000). ANZAC Elite: The Airborne and Special Forces Insignia of Australia and New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: IPL Books. ISBN 0-908876-10-6.
- Lyles, Kevin (2004). Vietnam ANZACs – Australian & New Zealand Troops in Vietnam 1962–72. Elite Series 103. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-702-6.
- Sumner, Ian (2011). ANZAC Infantryman 1914–15: From New Guinea to Gallipoli. Warrior. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. ISBN 9781849083287.
- Terrett, Leslie; Taubert, Stephen (2015). Preserving our Proud Heritage: The Customs and Traditions of the Australian Army. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 9781925275544.
- Usher, George (2009). Dictionary of British Military History. London: A&C Black. ISBN 9781408102237.
- Wedd, Monty (1982). Australian Military Uniforms, 1800–1982. Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 9780949924124.
Further reading
- Cooper, R.K. (1971). "200 Years of Army Uniforms". Despatch. 7 (3 September). Sydney, New South Wales: New South Wales Military Historical Society: 42–44. ISSN 0046-0079.
- Denman, Bert (1989). "The Australian uniform in World War 1 and World War 2". Sabretache. 30 (4, October/December). Military Historical Society of Australia: 7–8. ISSN 0048-8933.
- Festberg, Alfred (1967). Australian Army Insignia 1903–1966. Bentleigh, Victoria: Military Historical Society of Australia, Victorian Branch. OCLC 8691870.
- Rutherford, Phil (2017). Soldier: Uniforms of the Australian Army and the Soldiers Who Wore Them. Newport, New South Wales: BigSky. ISBN 9781925520835.
- van Mosseveld, J.M.S. (2016). Fighting Fit: A History of Innovation in the Australian Government Clothing Factory and in the Transformation of the Australian Army Uniform, 1912–1995 (PhD Thesis). University of New England.