User:CSD2020UPRC/Deformity

A deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a structural abnormality in the shape of a body part or organ compared to the normal shape of that part caused by mechanical forces.[1] Deformities can be classified or divide into congenital deformity, occurs during the development of the fetus within the uterus, before or during birth, and acquired deformity, caused by trauma, infections, degeneration (e.g. osteoarthritis), arthritis, metabolism and other systemic disorders (example: an increase or decrease of hormones). ^[2][3]

Causes

Congenital deformities:

Birth defects or Congenital disorder

Birth defects or congenital defects are structural or functional abnormality that occurs within the uterus.^[2] Birth defects can be identified during pregnancy (prenatal development), at birth, or in childhood.^[4] Although no specific cause has been found or establish, some of its cause can be a genetic mutation, an infection during pregnancy, or an injury during childbirth.^[5] Birth defects are not necessarily hereditary, even though one of its causes is genetics.

Arthrogryposes

Arthrogryposis or Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a term used to describes the multiple joint contractions in two or more areas or parts of the body. ^{[6] [7]} It does not refer to a single condition; refer to a symptom complex can be cognate with different medical conditions. ^[8]

Diastrophic dysplasia

Malunion is the result after a fracture when in the healing process, the end of the fractures bones are not aligned in the correct position, and the large space between the end of the bones is filled with new bone.^[12] Besides, it is this the result when fractured bones are left to heal without being properly set or treated with incorrect treatment.^[13] When this happens, the bones heal and form a deformity. ^[13]

Degeneration

Degeneration, degenerative bone diseases, or osteoporosis is a condition in which the bone loses mass and density becoming prone to fractures.^[15] This condition can cause severe pain, loss of height, posture; one of the most common deformities cause by osteoporosis is vertebral deformity that occurs due to bone fractures. ^[16][17] In conditions, as it is osteoarthritis, degeneration occurs when the bone overgrows the space between joints narrowed. The cartilage of the bone disappears, so tissue form and surround the joint, forming a deformity causing stiffness and reducing the mobility of the joints.^[18][15]

Chronic paresis, paralysis or muscle imbalance

Arthritis and rheumatoid disorders

Arthritis rheumatoid is a chronic inflammatory disorder that occurs when the immune system attacks by error the body tissues.^[21] According to the Arthritis Foundation, a joint deformation caused by arthritis rheumatoid the "inflammatory cells of the immune system gather in the lining of the joint (called synovium), forming a fibrous layer of abnormal tissue (called pannus). The pannus releases substances that quicken bone erosion, cartilage destruction and damage to the surrounding ligaments. The involved joints lose their shape and alignment, resulting in deformities. Severe deformities lead to loss of joint function and the need for joint replacement surgery."^[3]

Types of deformities

Boutonniere deformity

Bunion, also knowns as hallux valgus deformity, is an excess of bone and cartilage in the base of the joint connecting to the big toe, the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP).^[27] This deformity provokes the leaning of the big toe toward the second toe, and it is seen as a protuberance in the lateral area of the toe causing pain and skin irritation.^[27] Its cause can be related to tight shoes wearing or high heels and arthritis.^[28][27]

Spinal deformity

Spinal deformity is when there is present an abnormality in the spinal.^[29] The term includes conditions such as congenital scoliosis, post-traumatic deformities, lordosis, and kyphosis.^[30] Exist severe factor for the development of a spinal deformity as it is a congenital disorder, degradation of the bones, trauma, infection as it is tuberculosis, and other internal and external factors.^[31][30]

Mortality

In many cases in which a major deformity is present at birth, it is the result of an underlying condition severe enough that the baby does not survive very long.^[32] The mortality of severely deformed births may be due to a range of complications including missing or non-functioning vital organs, structural defects that prevent breathing or eating, and high susceptibility to injuries, abnormal facial appearance, or infections that lead to death. ^[32]

In mythology

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deformity.

• Body dysmorphic disorder
• Congenital abnormality
• Disfigurement
• Polymelia
• Teratology
• Phocomelia

References

• C .Michael Hogan. 2010. Mutation. ed. E.Monosson and C.J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC