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Johan August Strindberg (
The
During the 1890s he spent significant time abroad engaged in scientific experiments and studies of the
Biography
Youth
Strindberg was born on 22 January 1849 in
When he was seven, Strindberg moved to Norrtullsgatan on the northern, almost-rural periphery of the city.[18] A year later the family moved near to Sabbatsberg, where they stayed for three years before returning to Norrtullsgatan.[19] He attended a harsh school in Klara for four years, an experience that haunted him in his adult life.[20] He was moved to the school in Jakob in 1860, which he found far more pleasant, though he remained there for only a year.[21] In the autumn of 1861, he was moved to the Stockholm Lyceum, a progressive private school for middle-class boys, where he remained for six years.[22] As a child he had a keen interest in natural science, photography, and religion (following his mother's Pietism).[23] His mother, Strindberg recalled later with bitterness, always resented her son's intelligence.[22] When he was thirteen, she died.[24] Though his grief lasted for only three months, in later life he came to feel a sense of loss and longing for an idealised maternal figure.[25] Less than a year after her death, his father married the children's governess, Emilia Charlotta Pettersson.[26] According to his sisters, Strindberg came to regard her as his worst enemy.[25] He passed his graduation exam in May 1867 and enrolled at the Uppsala University, where he began on 13 September.[27]
Strindberg would spend the next few years in
1870s
Strindberg returned to
Taking his cue from
Strindberg embarked on his career as a journalist and critic for newspapers in Stockholm.
Early in the summer of 1875, he met
I am a socialist, a nihilist, a republican, anything that is anti-reactionary! ... I want to turn everything upside down to see what lies beneath; I believe we are so webbed, so horribly regimented, that no spring-cleaning is possible, everything must be burned, blown to bits, and then we can start afresh ...[61]
1880s
Strindberg and Siri's daughter Karin was born on 26 February 1880.
Having returned to Kymmendö during the summer of 1882, Strindberg wrote a collection of
In 1884 Strindberg wrote a collection of short stories,
In 1885, they moved back to Paris.[
Another change in his life after the trial is that Strindberg decided he would rather have a scientific life instead of a literary one, and he began to write about non-literary subjects. When he was 37, he began The Son of a Servant, a four-part autobiography. The first part ends in 1867, the year he left home for Uppsala. Part two describes his youth up to 1872. Part three, or The Red Room, is when he is a poet and journalist and it ends with him meeting Siri von Essen. Part four, which dealt with the years spanning from 1877 to 1886, was banned by his publishers and was not published til after his death. The three missing years, 1875–1877, was the time Strindberg was wooing von Essen and their marriage; entitled He and She, it was not printed until 1919, after his death. it contains the love letters between the two during that period.
In the later half of the 1880s Strindberg discovered
Before writing
In the essay On Psychic Murder (1887), he referred to the psychological theories of the Nancy School, which advocated the use of hypnosis. Strindberg developed a theory that sexual warfare was not motivated by carnal desire but by relentless human will. The winner was one the one who had the strongest and most unscrupulous mind, someone who, like a hypnotist, could coerce a more impressionable psyche to submission. His view on psychological power struggles may be seen in works such as Creditors (1889), The Stronger (1889), and Pariah (1889).
In 1888, after a separation and reconciliation with Siri von Essen, he founded the Scandinavian Experimental Theatre in Copenhagen, where Siri became manager. He asked writers to send him scripts, which he received from Herman Bang, Gustav Wied and Nathalia Larsen. Less than a year later, with the theatre and reconciliation short lived, he moved back to Sweden while Siri moved back to her native Finland with the children. While there, he would ride out the final phase of the divorce and would later use this agonizing ordeal for the basis of The Bond and the Link (1893). Strindberg also became interested in short drama, called Quart d'heure. He was inspired by writers such as Gustave Guiche and Henri de Lavedan. His notable contribution was The Stronger (1889). As a result of the failure of the Scandinavian Experimental Theatre, Strindberg did not work as a playwright for three years. In 1889, he published an essay entitled "On Modern Drama and the Modern Theatre", in which he disassociated himself from naturalism, arguing that it was petty and unimaginative realism. His sympathy for Nietzsche's philosophy and atheism in general were also on the wane. He entered the period of his "Inferno crisis," in which he had psychological and religious upheavals that would influence his later works.
1890s
After his disenchantment with naturalism, Strindberg had a growing interest in transcendental matters. Symbolism was just beginning at this time. Verner von Heidenstam and Ola Hanson had dismissed naturalism as "shoemaker realism" that rendered human experience in simplistic terms. This is believed to have stalled his creativity, and Strindberg insisted he was in a rivalry and forced to defend naturalism, even though he had exhausted its literary potential. These works include: Debit and Credit (1892), Facing Death (1892), Motherly Love (1892), and The First Warning (1893). His play The Keys of Heaven (1892) was inspired by the loss of his children in his divorce. He also completed one of his few comedies, Playing with Fire (1893) and his post-inferno trilogy To Damascus (1898–1904).
In 1892, he experienced writer's block, which led to a drastic reduction in his income. Depression followed as he was unable to meet his financial obligations and to support his children and former wife. A fund was set up through an appeal in a German magazine. This money allowed him to leave Sweden and he joined artistic circles in
Similar to twenty years earlier when he would frequent The Red Room, he now went to the German tavern The Black Porker. Here he would meet a diverse group of artists from Scandinavia, Poland, and Germany. His attention turned to Frida Uhl, who was twenty-three years younger than him; they were married in 1893. Less than a year later, their daughter Kerstin was born and the couple separated, though their marriage was not officially dissolved until 1897. Frida's family, in particular her mother, who was a devout Catholic, had an important influence on Strindberg and in an 1894 letter he declared "I feel the hand of our Lord resting over me".
Some critics think that Strindberg suffered from severe paranoia in the mid 1890s, and perhaps that he experienced temporarily insanity. Others, including Evert Sprinchorn and Olof Lagercrantz believed he intentionally turned himself into his own guinea pig by doing psychological and drug-induced self-experimentation. He wrote on subjects such as botany, chemistry, and optics before returning to literature with the publication of his edited journals Legends and Jacob Wrestling (both 1898), where he noted the impact Emanuel Swedenborg had on his current work.
"The Powers" were central to Strindberg's later work. He said "the Powers" were an outside force that had caused him his physical and mental suffering because they were acting for retribution to humankind for their wrongdoings. As
In 1899, he returned to Sweden, following a successful production of Master Olaf in 1897 (which was re-staged in 1899 to mark Strindberg's fiftieth birthday). He had the desire to become the national poet and he felt the way to attain that status would be to write historical dramas. Though Strindberg claimed that he was writing "realistically," he freely altered past events and biographical information, and telescoped chronology. Works included the so called Vasa Trilogy: The Saga of the Folkungs (1899), Gustavus Vasa (1899), and Erik XIV (1899).
1900s
Strindberg was pivotal in the creation of chamber plays. Max Reinhardt was a big supporter of his, staging some of his plays at the Kleines Theater in 1902 (including The Bond, The Stronger, and The Outlaw). Once Otto Brahm relinquished his role as head as of the Deutsches Theater, Reinhardt took over and produced Strindberg's plays.
In 1903, Strindberg planned to write a grand cycle of plays based on world history, but the idea soon faded. He had completed short plays about
His other works, such as Days of Loneliness (1903), The Roofing Ceremony (1907), and The Scapegoat (1907), and the novels The Gothic Rooms (1904) and Black Banners (1907) have been viewed as precursors to Marcel Proust and Franz Kafka.
August Falck, an actor, wanted to put on a production of Miss Julie and wrote to him for permission. In September 1906 he staged the first Swedish production of Miss Julie. August Palme, Strindberg's friend, played Jean and Manda Bjorling played Julie.
In 1909, Strindberg thought he might get the
He founded
Later life and death
Strindberg died shortly after the first of his plays was staged in the United States—
During Christmas 1911, Strindberg became sick with pneumonia and he never recovered completely. He also started to suffer from a stomach disease, presumably cancer. He died on 14 May 1912 at the age of 63. Strindberg was interred in the Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm, and thousands of people followed his corpse during the funeral proceedings.
Legacy
Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, Maxim Gorky, John Osborne, and Ingmar Bergman are a few of the many people who have cited him as an influence.[88]
A multi-faceted author, Strindberg was often extreme. His novel
Strindberg wanted to attain what he called "greater Naturalism." He disliked the expository character backgrounds that characterise the work of Henrik Ibsen and rejected the convention of a dramatic "slice of life" because he felt that the resulting plays were mundane and uninteresting. Strindberg felt that true naturalism was a psychological "battle of brains": two people who hate each other in the immediate moment and strive to drive the other to doom is the type of mental hostility that Strindberg strove to describe. He intended his plays to be impartial and objective, citing a desire to make literature akin to a science.
Following the inner turmoil that he experienced during the "Inferno crisis," he wrote an important book in French,
Strindberg subsequently ended his association with Naturalism and began to produce works informed by Symbolism. He is considered one of the pioneers of the modern European stage and Expressionism. The Dance of Death, A Dream Play, and The Ghost Sonata are well-known plays from this period.
His most famous and produced plays are
Politics
The history of the
The changing nature of his political positions is perhaps illustrable by the women's rights issue. Early on, Strindberg was sympathetic to women of 19th-century Sweden, calling for women's suffrage as early as 1884. However, during other periods he had wildly misogynistic opinions, calling for lawmakers to reconsider the emancipation of these "half-apes ... mad ... criminal, instinctively evil animals". This has become controversial in contemporary assessments of Strindberg, as have his antisemitic descriptions of Jews (and, in particular, Jewish enemies of his in Swedish cultural life) in some works (e.g. Det nya riket), particularly during the early 1880s. Strindberg's antisemitic pronouncements, just like his opinions of women, have been debated, and also seem to have varied considerably. Many of these attitudes, passions and behaviours may have been developed for literary reasons and ended as soon as he had exploited them in books.[89]
In satirizing Swedish society—in particular the upper classes, the cultural and political establishment, and his many personal and professional foes—he could be very confrontational, with scarcely-concealed caricatures of political opponents. This could take the form of brutal character disparagement or mockery, and while the presentation was generally skilful, it was not necessarily subtle.
His daughter
Other interests
Strindberg, something of a polymath, was also a telegrapher, theosophist, painter, photographer and alchemist.
Painting and photography offered vehicles for his belief that chance played a crucial part in the creative process.[91] Strindberg's paintings were unique for their time, and went beyond those of his contemporaries for their radical lack of adherence to visual reality. The 117 paintings that are acknowledged as his, were mostly painted within the span of a few years, and are now seen by some as among the most original works of nineteenth century art.[92] Today, his best-known pieces are stormy, expressionist seascapes, selling at high prices in auction houses. Though Strindberg was friends with Edvard Munch and Paul Gauguin, and was thus familiar with modern trends, the spontaneous and subjective expressiveness of his landscapes and seascapes can be ascribed also to the fact that he painted only in periods of personal crisis. Anders Zorn also did a self-portrait.[93]
His interest in photography resulted, among other things, in a large number of arranged self-portraits in various environments, which now number among the best-known pictures of Strindberg.
Personal life
Strindberg was married three times, as follows:
- Siri von Essen: married 1877–1891 (14 years), 2 daughters (Karin Smirnov, Greta), 1 son (Hans); and a daughter who died in infancy
- Frida Uhl: married 1893-1895, (2 years) 1 daughter, Kerstin, and
- Harriet Bosse: married 1901-1902(?) (2 years), 1 daughter, Anne-Marie.
Strindberg was age 28 and Siri was 27 at the time of their marriage. He was 44 and Frida was 21 when they married and he was 52 and Harriet was 23 when they married. Late during his life he met the young actress and painter Fanny Falkner (1890–1963) who was 41 years younger than Strindberg. She wrote a book which illuminates his last years, but the exact nature of their relationship is debated.[94] He had a brief affair in Berlin with Dagny Juel before his marriage to Frida; it has been suggested that the news of her murder in 1901 was the reason he cancelled his honeymoon with his third wife, Harriet. He was also related to Nils Strindberg (a son of one of August's cousins).
Strindberg's relationships with women were troubled and have often been interpreted as
Strindberg's last home was
Several statues and busts of him have been erected in Stockholm, the most prominent of which is Carl Eldh's, erected in 1942 in Tegnérlunden, a park next to the house where Strindberg lived the last years of his life.
Bibliography
See also
References
- ^ Lane (1998, 1040), Meyer (1985, 3, 567), and Williams (1952, 75).
- ^ Williams (1952, 75).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1040-1041) and Williams (1952, 75-76, 100).
- ^ Raymond Williams offers the following example of the cinematic scope of Strindberg's dramatic imagination: "Transformation. The landscape changes from winter to summer; the ice on the brook disappears and the water runs between the stones; the sun shines over all." Henrik Ibsen, too, developed a similar kind of dramatic action in his Peer Gynt (1867); see Williams (1952, 76-77).
- ^ Adams (2002) and Meyer (1985, 79).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 49, 95).
- ^ Carlson (1993, 280), Innes (2000, 22), Lane (1998, 1040), and Williams (1952, 77-80).
- ^ Quoting from Strindberg's Preface to Miss Julie; see Carlson (1993, 281), Innes (2000, 12-13), and Lane (1998, 1040).
- ^ Carlson (1993, 280) and Lane (1998, 1040).
- ^ a b Lane (1998, 1040).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 350); on 23 August 1896 he wrote in a letter to Torsten Hedlund: "You said recently that people are looking for the Zola of occultism. That I feel is my vocation."
- ^ Lane (1998, 1041), Meyer (1985, 374), and Williams (1952, 86-93).
- ^ Carlson (1993, 346-347) and Lane (1998, 1041).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1041).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1041) and Williams (1952, 96-99).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 3-4). In his autobiographical novel, The Son of a Servant (1886), Strindberg described his father as "an aristocrat by birth and upbringing"; quoted by Meyer (1985, 8). When Johan August was four his father was declared bankrupt; see Meyer (1985, 7). He had two elder brothers, Carl Axel and Oscar, who were born before their parents were married. After Johan August came another brother, Olle, and three sisters, Anna, Elisabeth, and Nora; see Meyer (1985, 3, 7).
- ^ Merriam-Webster (1995, 1074-5). One of his biographers, Olof Lagercrantz, warns against the use of The Son of a Servant as a biographical source. Lagercrantz notes Strindberg's "talent to make us believe what he wants us to believe" and his unwillingness to accept any characterization of his person other than his own (1984).[citation needed]
- ^ Meyer (1985, 9-10). Norrtullsgatan is not far from Tegnérlunden, the park where Carl Eldh's grand statue of Strindberg was later placed.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 11).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 10).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 11-13).
- ^ a b Meyer (1985, 13).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 12-13).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 13-15).
- ^ a b Meyer (1985, 15).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 15). Together they had a son, Emil, who was born in the year after their marriage.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 18-19).
- ^ Adams (2002).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 30).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 30-32).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 31). The membership was restricted to a maximum of nine.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 31-32).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 32) and Robinson (2009, xvii).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 32-34).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 34-35) and Robinson (2009, xvii).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 37) and Robinson (2009, xvii).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 38-39).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 37, 40-41) and Robinson (2009, xvii). The Outlaw was first published in December 1876; see Meyer (1985, 71).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 41-43). After asking when he could expect the next payment in the spring of 1872, he was informed that it was not a regular arrangement, but was sent one further payment.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 43) and Robinson (2009, xvii).
- ^ Merriam-Webster (1995, 1074-5) and Meyer (1985, 49).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 43-44).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 73), Meyer (1985, 70), and Robinson (2009, xviii). Meyer gives the collection's date of publication as December 1876, while Lagercrantz and Robinson give it as December 1877.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 44).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 46-47).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 55-56) and Robinson (2009, xvii).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 49) and Meyer (1985, 53). He was accepted for the position despite not possessing the requisite university degree; it is possible that two articles that had been published in The Swedish Citizen in March 1874, in which he praised the library and its chief librarian, may have prompted his acceptance. After taking several periods of unpaid leave in 1881 and 1882, he finally resigned from the library on 31 August 1882; see Lagercrantz (1984, 49) and Meyer (1985, 92).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 49).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 54-58) and Meyer (1985, 57-60). "All his life," Meyer observes, "Strindberg, while affecting to despise aristocrats, was unwillingly attracted by them." Strindberg in different works gives both late May and June as the date of their first meeting. Siri had performed as an amateur, but her husband did not want her to become a professional.
- ^ Quoted by Lagercrantz (1984, 57).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 60-61) and Meyer (1985, 63, 109).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 61-63) and Meyer (1985, 63).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 71) and Meyer (1985, 70-72).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 69-70) and Meyer (1985, 75). Siri was seven months pregnant at the time.
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 75-77) and Meyer (1985, 76).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 79) and Meyer (1985, 77).
- ^ a b Meyer (1985, 79).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 79-80).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 81) and Robinson (2009, xix).
- ^ Quoted by Meyer (1985, 84).
- ^ Letter to Edvard Brandes, 29 July 1880; quoted by Meyer (1985, 85).
- ^ a b Meyer (1985, 82).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 81-82) and Robinson (2009, xix).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 81, 86). The first two volumes appeared in November and December 1880.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 88).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 83, 90-97) and Robinson (2009, xix).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 90).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 91).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 91) and Robinson (2009, xix). Meyer translates the title as Cultural-Historical Studies. The collection includes Strindberg's assessment of Impressionism.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 89, 95) and Robinson (2009, xix). Lane gives the length of the production as six hours. The name of the theatre in Swedish is Nya Teatern. Two former theatres of Stockholm have used this name (one is also known as the Swedish Theatre, which burnt-down in 1925, while the other, Mindre teatern, was demolished in 1908). August Lindberg took over from Edvard Stjernström, who founded the one known as the Swedish Theatre; see Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 89).
- ^ Lane (1998, 1040), Meyer (1985, 96), and Robinson (2009, xix).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 96-97).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 99).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 81, 102) and Robinson (2009, xix-xx).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 126) and Robinson (2009, xx).
- ^ Meyer (129-141) and Robinson (2009, xx).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 135).
- ^ Quoted by Meyer (1985, 142).
- ^ Meyer (145).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 143).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 130, 146-147).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 147).
- ^ Lagercrantz (1984, 55), Meyer (1985, 178-179), and Schleussner (1912). The title of the novel (Le Plaidoyer d'un Fou) has also been translated as A Madman's Defence and A Fool's Apology. A public domain English-language translation is available online.
- ^ Robinson (2009, xxi). The play's original title was Marauders. It received its première on 23 October 1905 at the Lustspieltheater in Vienna.
- ^ Meyer (1985, 183) and Robinson (2009, xxi).
- ^ Meyer (1985, 183-185).
- ^ Oland and Oland (1912a) and (1912b, v).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Adams 2002
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lagercrantz (1984).
- ^ SPB.ru (in Russian)
- ^ Strindberg exhibition, Tate Modern
- ^ Gunnarsson (1998, 256-60).
- ^ Gunnarsson (1998, 256).
- ^ Falkner (1921). The book's title includes the name of Strindberg's home in his final years (Bla Tornet).
Sources
- Adams, Ann-Charlotte Gavel, ed. 2002. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Vol. 259 Twentieth-Century Swedish Writers Before World War II. Detroit, MI: Gale. ISBN 078765261X.
- Carlson, Marvin. 1993. Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801481546.
- Ekman, Hans-Göran. 2000. Strindberg and the Five Senses: Studies in Strindberg's Chamber Plays. London and New Brunswick, New Jersey: Athlone. ISBN 0485115522.
- Falkner, Fanny. 1921. August Strindberg i blå tornet. Stockholm: Norstedt.
- Gunnarsson, Torsten. 1998. Nordic Landscape Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale UP. ISBN 0300070411.
- Innes, Christopher, ed. 2000. A Sourcebook on Naturalist Theatre. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415152291.
- Lagercrantz, Olof. 1984. August Strindberg. Trans. Anselm Hollo. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0374106851.
- Lane, Harry. 1998. "Strindberg, August." In The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Ed. Martin Banham. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 1040-1041. ISBN 0521434378.
- Martinus, Eivor, trans. 1987. Motherly Love / Pariah / The First Warning. By August Strindberg. Oxford: Amber Lane. ISBN 0906399793.
- ---, trans. 1990. The Great Highway. By August Strindberg. Absolute Classics ser. Bath: Absolute. ISBN 0948230282.
- Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1995. Merrian Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0877790426.
- Meyer, Michael. 1985. Strindberg: A Biography. Oxford Lives ser. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. ISBN 019281995X.
- Oland, Edith, and Wärner Oland, trans. 1912a. Plays. Volume 1: The Father, Countess Julie, The Outlaw, The Stronger. Boston: Luce. Available online.
- ---, trans. 1912b. Plays. Volume 2: Comrades, Facing Death, Pariah, Easter. By August Strindberg. Boston: Luce. Available online.
- ---, trans. 1912c. Plays. Volume 3: Swanwhite, Advent, The Storm. By August Strindberg. Boston: Luce. Available online.
- Paulson, Arvid, trans. 1970. World Historical Plays. By August Strindberg. New York: Twayne Publishers & The American-Scandinavian Foundation. ISBN 1135841403.
- Robinson, Michael, ed. 2009. The Cambridge Companion to August Strindberg. Cambridge Companions to Literature ser. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ISBN 052160852X.
- Sandbach, Mary, trans. 1984. By The Open Sea. By August Strindberg. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1987. ISBN 0140444882.
- Schluessner, Ellie, trans. 1912. The Confession of a Fool. By August Strindberg. London: Stephen Swift. Available online.
- ---, trans. 1913. The Red Room. By August Strindberg. New York and London: Putnam. Available online.
- Ward, John. 1980. The Social and Religious Plays of Strindberg. London: Athlone. ISBN 0485111837.
- ISBN 0701207930.
- ---. 1966. Modern Tragedy. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0701112603.
- ---. 1989. The Politics of Modernism: Against the New Conformists. Ed. Tony Pinkney. London and New York: Verso. ISBN 0860919552.
External links
English-language translations in the public domain
Public domain translations of Strindberg's drama
- The Father, Countess Julie, The Outlaw, The Stronger
- Comrades, Facing Death, Pariah, Easter
- Swanwhite, Advent, The Storm
- There are Crimes and Crimes, Miss Julia, The Stronger, Creditors, and Pariah
- To Damascus Part 1
- Road To Damascus Parts 1, 2, and 3
Public domain translations of Strindberg's novels
Other external links
- Works by August Strindberg at Projekt Runebergin Swedish
- The "national edition" of Strindberg's collected works, published by an editorial committee at Stockholm University pages in Swedish
- Concordance of Strindberg's works, based on the so far completed parts of the "national edition", hosted by Språkbanken at Gothenburg University
- The Strindberg Society (Strindbergssällskapet) pages in Swedish
- The Strindberg Society (Strindbergssällskapet) pages in English
- The Strindberg museum
- Strindberg in Austria, Only museum outside of Sweden dedicated to Strindberg - in Saxen, Upper Austria currently only in German
- August Strindberg Society of Los Angeles
- Citations of Strindberg in the streets of Stockholm
- List of productions of Strindberg's plays in Australia from AusStage
- "The Celestographs of August Strindberg", Article in Cabinet magazine, Issue 3, Summer 2001.
- Review of exhibition of paintings by Strindberg
- The New Arts! or The Role of Chance in Artistic Creation, in: Selected essays By August Strindberg, Michael Robinson via Google Books