User:Kharbaan Ghaltaan/sandbox8

History

Muslim influence: 7th century – 16th century

The

Mughal emperor

, expanded the empire to its greatest territorial extent but faced significant challenges due to religious policies.

, and various smaller kingdoms and principalities across the subcontinent continued to exist independently or under local rule. These regions preserved their cultural and political identities and often engaged in alliances or conflicts with the Muslim rulers.

, and his kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company.

The

Marathas

, and other regional powers.

British Colonization: 1858—1947

Netaji, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh

and several other contributed to the independence of India

In 1600, the

The

The First Anglo-Afghan War took place between, where the British fought against Afghan forces to secure their influence in the region.^[8] In 1919, Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred in Amritsar, where British troops opened fire on a crowd of peaceful protestors, resulting in hundreds of deaths.^[9][10] Quit India Movement is launched by the Indian National Congress in 1942, demanding an end to British rule.^[11] The movement faces severe repression but signifies a significant step towards independence.^[12] Partition of Bengal was implemented by the British in 1905, sparking widespread protests.^[13] The partition was later revoked in 1911 due to public pressure.^[14]

Ghaffar Khan

with fellow activists

On August 9, 1925, the revolutionaries carried out their plan and attempted to stop the train at Kakori. However, due to a series of unforeseen circumstances and delays, the robbery was not entirely successful. The British authorities swiftly responded, leading to the arrest of several individuals associated with the plot. The Kakori Conspiracy resulted in a highly publicized trial, known as the Kakori Case, which gained significant attention both within India and internationally. The trial became a platform for the revolutionaries to voice their grievances against British rule and to advocate for the freedom of India. Mahatma Gandhi led the Salt March in 1930, a nonviolent protest against the British salt tax. This act of civil disobedience becomes a symbol of resistance against British rule. Quit India Movement was launched by the Indian National Congress in 1942, demanding an end to British rule. The movement faces severe repression but signifies a significant step towards independence.

Republic of India: 1947—present

Palam Airport in New Delhi

in 1962

India gained

were introduced to foster economic development and reduce poverty.

India has faced several conflicts and wars since independence. The

, leading to the defeat of Pakistani forces. While allegations of war crimes were made by both sides, the historical context and accounts of the events are complex and varied.

Communal riots in cities of India have been unfortunate episodes marked by communal tensions and violence between different religious or ethnic communities. These incidents have occurred sporadically throughout India's post-independence history. Following the

Naxalite movement

and separatist movements in states like Punjab and Assam.

In 1991, India initiated economic reforms to liberalize its economy. The country shifted from a state-controlled model to a market-oriented approach, opening up to foreign investment, reducing trade barriers, and implementing fiscal and financial reforms. These changes led to significant economic growth, the rise of the middle class, and the emergence of India as a global economic power. India has experienced rapid advancements in technology and information technology (IT). The growth of the IT sector, the spread of mobile and internet connectivity, and the digital revolution have had a profound impact on various aspects of Indian society, including communication, commerce, and governance. It led to the rise of cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai as major IT hubs, contributing to India's economic growth and global recognition as a technology powerhouse.

Republic of India: 1950–present

In January 1980, Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party were re-elected with a significant majority. However, the rise of insurgency in Punjab and communal violence in Assam posed security challenges. Operation Blue Star, conducted by Indian forces to flush out militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar, resulted in civilian casualties and damage to the temple, leading to tensions within the Sikh community. The government used police operations to suppress militant activities, but allegations of civil liberties abuses arose. In October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, triggering the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi and Punjab, causing widespread deaths and destruction. Congress Party leaders were implicated in instigating the violence. Investigations into the causes and perpetrators have been inconclusive so far.

In 1971, India intervened in the Bangladesh War of Independence, supporting the cause of the Bengali population against the Pakistani army. The conflict resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, which became the new nation of Bangladesh. Indira Gandhi gained immense popularity for her role in the war. The Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in 1972, establishing guidelines for bilateral relations and resolving conflicts related to the Bangladesh War. In 1975, a state of emergency was declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, leading to the suspension of civil liberties and increased centralization of power.

Since 1990s, insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir have risen. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Chennai in 1991 and was succeeded by P. V. Narasimha Rao as prime minister. Rao-led government promoted economic libersalisation, which began promoting foreign investment. Following demolition of the Babri Masjid, a two month long riot occurred in Mumbai, between 1991 and 1992.

1999, another war was fought between India and Pakistan – Kargil War, before signing of Lahore Declaration. Three new states — Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand (originally Uttaranchal) — were formed in November 2000. The 2002 Gujarat riots was one of the biggest communal violence, leading to the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus and with 223 people reported missing.

Economy

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Indian economy in 2022 was nominally worth $3.46 trillion; it was the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and is, around $11.6 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012, India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. However, the country ranks 139th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 118th in GDP per capita at PPP. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy; since then, it has moved increasingly towards a free-market system by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows. India has been a member of World Trade Organization since 1 January 1995.

The 522-million-worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2017. The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's foreign exchange remittances of US$100 billion in 2022, highest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 32 million Indians working in foreign countries. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software. In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985. In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.7%; In 2021, India was the world's ninth-largest importer and the sixteenth-largest exporter. Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and manufactured leather goods. Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals. Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%. India was the world's second-largest textile exporter after China in the 2013 calendar year.

Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% for several years prior to 2007, India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the first decade of the 21st century. Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030. Though ranking 68th in

increased steadily from US$308 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,380 in 2010, to an estimated US$1,730 in 2016. It is expected to grow to US$2,466 by 2022. However, it has remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.

According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045. During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050. The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector because of rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle-class. The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition. According to the Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017 released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) which was created by comparing more than 400 individual prices across 160 products and services, four of the cheapest cities were in India: Bangalore (3rd), Mumbai (5th), Chennai (5th) and New Delhi (8th).

Industries

India's telecommunication industry is the second-largest in the world with over 1.2 billion subscribers. It contributes 6.5% to India's GDP. After the third quarter of 2017, India surpassed the US to become the second-largest smartphone market in the world after China. The Indian automotive industry, the world's second-fastest-growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–2010, and exports by 36% during 2008–2009. In 2022, India became the world's third-largest vehicle market after China and the United States, surpassing Japan. At the end of 2011, the Indian IT industry employed 2.8 million professionals, generated revenues close to US$100 billion equalling 7.5% of Indian GDP, and contributed 26% of India's merchandise exports. Concentration of automotive industry are found around Delhi NCR, Mumbai-Pune, Chennai-Bangalore and Jamshedpur-Kolkata.

The pharmaceutical industry in India emerged as a global player. As of 2021, with 3000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500 manufacturing units India is the world's third-largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines and supply up to 50–60% of global vaccines demand, these all contribute up to US$24.44 billions in exports and India's local pharmaceutical market is estimated up to US$42 billion. India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world. The Indian biotech industry grew by 15.1% in 2012–2013, increasing its revenues from ₹204.4 billion (Indian rupees) to ₹235.24 billion (US$3.94 billion at June 2013 exchange rates).

India is first country in Asia to produce iron and steel. The first steel plant in Asia was built by the Tata Steel in Jamshedpur. Since then, India have became a leading manufacturer of iron and steel in Asia. Most of the steel industry is centered around three states — Odisha, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Tata Steel is the largest private sector steel company of India, which also operates in the United Kingdom and Bangladesh.

Minerals and resources

Jharkhand holds highest mineral reserves in India. The state have been holding special positions in mineral reserves. Asia's deepest copper mines are located near Jamshedpur. World's largest mica reserves are found in the Koderma district of Jharkhand. India is the world’s third largest importer of crude oil after the European Union and China.^[15] The country doesn't hold high reserves of oil like Arab countries. However, the undiscovered oil resources in India’s EEZ is more than 7.4 BTOE, which is enough to meet the needs for more than 50 years.^[15] The government has offered 5 deep water blocks in the Andaman Basin having a total potential of 1,296 billion barrels (2.060×10¹¹ m³) to the private companies.^[16] Entire zone rich in oil & natural gas is spread across an area of 83,419 square km. 22 deep water bores were explored and were found to be rich in oil & natural gas.^[16] The 5 deep water blocks for which private companies were invited to exploit the reserves commercially have not been touched upon in the last 2 years.^[16]

Bisory

British Colonization: 1858—1947

The British presence in India began with the establishment of the British East India Company in the early 17th century. Initially, the company engaged in trade, but over time it expanded its influence and gained control over large parts of India. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British government assumed direct control over India, establishing the British Raj. The Raj lasted from 1858 to 1947 and was characterized by British governance and administration over Indian territories. The introduction of Western education led to the rise of a Western-educated Indian middle class, which played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement. The British also influenced social practices, such as the abolition of certain customs like sati (widow burning) and the promotion of the English language and culture.

The

, who emerged as prominent leaders and rallied their fellow Santhals to resist British oppression. The British responded with a brutal crackdown, deploying a large military force to suppress the rebellion. Thousands of Santhals lost their lives, and many were displaced from their ancestral lands.

On August 9, 1925, the revolutionaries carried out their plan and attempted to stop the train at Kakori. However, due to a series of unforeseen circumstances and delays, the robbery was not entirely successful. The British authorities swiftly responded, leading to the arrest of several individuals associated with the plot. The Kakori Conspiracy resulted in a highly publicized trial, known as the Kakori Case, which gained significant attention both within India and internationally. The trial became a platform for the revolutionaries to voice their grievances against British rule and to advocate for the freedom of India.

During the Quit India Movement (1942), Gandhi called for the immediate withdrawal of the British from India, leading to mass arrests and widespread civil unrest. Through his unwavering commitment to non-violence and civil disobedience, Gandhi played a pivotal role in mobilizing millions of Indians and shaping the course of the independence movement.

Republic of India: 1947—present

Main article:

History of Republic of India

India gained

were introduced to foster economic development and reduce poverty.

India has faced several conflicts and wars since independence. The

, leading to the defeat of Pakistani forces. While allegations of war crimes were made by both sides, the historical context and accounts of the events are complex and varied.

India also experienced internal conflicts, such as the

Naxalite movement

and separatist movements in states like Punjab and Assam.

Communal violence

Communal riots in cities of India have been unfortunate episodes marked by communal tensions and violence between different religious or ethnic communities. These incidents have occurred sporadically throughout India's post-independence history. Following the

was severely affected, and the violence resulted in significant loss of lives and displacement.

In 1991, India initiated economic reforms to liberalize its economy. The country shifted from a state-controlled model to a market-oriented approach, opening up to foreign investment, reducing trade barriers, and implementing fiscal and financial reforms. These changes led to significant economic growth, the rise of the middle class, and the emergence of India as a global economic power. India has experienced rapid advancements in technology and information technology (IT). The growth of the IT sector, the spread of mobile and internet connectivity, and the digital revolution have had a profound impact on various aspects of Indian society, including communication, commerce, and governance. It led to the rise of cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai as major IT hubs, contributing to India's economic growth and global recognition as a technology powerhouse.

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