User:Ooboontoo satanic/aslfkaso
GNU GPL / plus various other licenses | |
Official website | www.ubuntu.com |
---|
Ubuntu (
Ubuntu is composed of multiple software packages of which the vast majority is distributed under a
Canonical endorses and provides support for three additional Ubuntu-derived operating systems: Kubuntu, Edubuntu and Ubuntu Server Edition. There are several other derivative operating systems including local language and hardware-specific versions.[7]
Canonical releases new versions of Ubuntu every six months and supports Ubuntu for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. LTS (Long Term Support) versions, which are released every two years,
History and development process
Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's code base.[10] The original aim was to release a new version of Ubuntu every six months, resulting in a more frequently updated system. Ubuntu's first release was on October 20, 2004.[11]
Ubuntu is released a month after
Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's
Ubuntu is currently funded by
Ubuntu 8.04, released on April 24, 2008, is the current Long Term Support (LTS) release. Canonical releases LTS versions every two years, with Ubuntu 10.04 Lucid Lynx (release number subject to change) scheduled as the next LTS version in 2010.[18][19][20] The current regular release, Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala), was released on October 29, 2009.
On March 12, 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party
Features
Ubuntu focuses on
Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes
Installation
Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the
Users can download a disk image (.iso) of the CD, which can then either be written to a physical medium (CD. DVD), or optionally run directly from a hard drive (via UNetbootin). Ubuntu is even available on the PowerPC platform (enabling users of older Macintosh computers to run Ubuntu natively on their machines); however, it is no longer officially supported.
Canonical offers Ubuntu[28] and Kubuntu[29] installation CDs at no cost, including paid postage for destinations in most countries around the world (via a service called ShipIt).
A
Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a
Remastering
Various programs (such as remastersys and Reconstructor) exist to produce customised remasters of the Ubuntu Live CD.
Package classification and support
Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.
free software | non-free software | |
---|---|---|
supported | Main | Restricted |
unsupported | Universe | Multiverse |
Free software includes only software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[36] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware and fonts, in the Main category, because although they are not allowed to be modified, their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.[37]
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a general-use Linux system. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.
In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive
The -updates repository provides updates to stable releases of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by
In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads which must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[40] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.
Availability of third-party software
Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software.
Additionally, several third party application suites are available for purchase through the Canonical web-based store, including software for DVD playback and media codecs.
Releases
Version | Code name | Release date |
---|---|---|
4.10 | Warty Warthog | 2004-10-20 |
5.04 | Hoary Hedgehog | 2005-04-08 |
5.10 | Breezy Badger | 2005-10-13 |
6.06 LTS | Dapper Drake | 2006-06-01 |
6.10 | Edgy Eft | 2006-10-26 |
7.04 | Feisty Fawn | 2007-04-19 |
7.10 | Gutsy Gibbon | 2007-10-18 |
8.04 LTS | Hardy Heron | 2008-04-24 |
8.10 | Intrepid Ibex | 2008-10-30 |
9.04 | Jaunty Jackalope | 2009-04-23[42] |
9.10 | Karmic Koala[43] | 2009-10-29[44] |
10.04 LTS | Lucid Lynx[45] | 2010-04-29[46] |
There are two Ubuntu releases per year, using the year and month of the release as the version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on October 20, 2004.[47] Version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed the version number changes accordingly.
Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter (e.g., "Dapper Drake" and "Intrepid Ibex"). With the exception of the first three releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name.[48]
Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases (which in turn are about one month after releases of
The current release is
Variants
Several official and unofficial Ubuntu variants exist. These Ubuntu variants install a set of packages that differ from the original Ubuntu distribution.
Official variants store packages and updates in the same repositories as Ubuntu, so that the same software is available for each of them and is generally compatible between the official variants. The Ubuntu derivatives that are fully supported by Canonical are[7]
- Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME
- Edubuntu, a GNOME-based subproject and add-on for Ubuntu, designed for school environments and home users[53]
- Ubuntu Server Edition
- Ubuntu JeOS, "Just enough Operating System" for virtual appliances[54][55]
The following are Canonical-sponsored derivatives:
- Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME, designed to run better on low-specification computers
- Mobile Internet Devices.[56]
- designed for netbooks and other ultra-portables
There are also many
System requirements
The desktop version of Ubuntu currently supports the
Desktop & Laptop[63] | Server[63] | ||
---|---|---|---|
Required | Recommended | ||
Processor | 300 MHz (x86) | 700 MHz (x86) | 300 MHz (x86) |
Memory
|
256 MB | 384 MB* | 64 MB |
Hard drive capacity | 4 GB[64] | 8 GB[64] | 500 MB |
Video card
|
VGA @ 640×480 | VGA @ 1024×768 | VGA @ 640×480 |
* With
Development
The Ubuntu Developer Summit is a gathering of software developers which occurs prior to the release of a new public version of Ubuntu.
At the beginning of a new development cycle, Ubuntu developers from around the world gather to help shape and scope the next release of Ubuntu. The summit is open to the public, but it is not a conference, exhibition or other audience-oriented event. Rather, it is an opportunity for Ubuntu developers, who usually collaborate online, to work together in person on specific tasks.
Reception
In an August 2007 survey of 38,500 visitors on DesktopLinux.com, Ubuntu was the most popular distribution with 30.3% of respondents claiming to use it.[6]
In January 2009 the
Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[67] has been favorably reviewed in online and print publications,[68][69][70] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[71]
Ubuntu has also received negative assessments. In early 2008
The Ministry of Education and Science of
The French police is in the process of installing Ubuntu on 90,000 workstations, demonstrating a 70 % saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities [76].
Vendor support
A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including
See also
- List of Ubuntu-based distributions
- Ubuntu Certified Professional
- Ubuntu Netbook Remix
References
- ^ Ubuntu 9.10 Desktop Edition puts the user at the heart of its new design
- ^ YouTube - The Ubuntu Experience (Nelson Mandela Interview)
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions | Ubuntu
- ^ Ubuntu Documentation: About the Name
- ^ "2006 [[Desktop Linux]] Market survey". 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ a b "2007 [[Desktop Linux]] Market survey". 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - ^ a b "Derivatives". Retrieved 2009-01-13.
- ^ Shuttleworth, Mark. "» Blog Archive » The Art of Release". Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Ubuntu 8.04 LTS Desktop Edition Released". www.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "ubuntu/history "The Ubuntu Story"". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Time Based Releases". Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "Releases". Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- )
- ^ "Mark Shuttleworth on binary compatibility". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "ubuntu/relationship "Website does not reference Debian visibly"". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise". 2005-04-20. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ Hill, Benjamin Mako (2005-07-08). "Announcing Launch of ($10 m) Ubuntu Foundation". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ Manchester, Phil (2008-05-13). "Next Ubuntu LTS in 2010, unless Linuxes synchronize". The Register. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
He [Shuttleworth] also pledged to deliver the next Long Term Support (LTS) release of Ubuntu, version 10.4, in April 2010[...].
{{cite web}}
: More than one of|author=
and|last=
specified (help) - ^ Voicu, Daniel (2008-05-19). "Mark Shuttleworth Wants Synchronicity between Linux Distributions - Collaboration between major distros would bring a lot of benefits". Softpedia. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
Shuttleworth wrote that the next LTS release, Ubuntu 10.4 LTS, would be launched in April 2010[...].
{{cite web}}
: More than one of|author=
and|last=
specified (help) - ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (2008-05-12). "The Art of Release". here be dragons. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
As a result, we can commit that the next LTS release of Ubuntu will be 10.04 LTS, in April 2010.
{{cite web}}
: More than one of|author=
and|last=
specified (help) - ^ "RightScale Adds Full Support for Ubuntu Server to its Cloud Managment Platform". Canonical. 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ "About Ubuntu". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2006-04-25.
- ^ "5.04 Release Notes". Canonical Ltd. 2005-04-08. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "RootSudo". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/keeping-safe/C/firewall.html
- ^ "GNOME 2.22 Release Notes - Internationalization". GNOME Foundation. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD". Integrity Enterprises. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Requesting an Ubuntu CD". Retrieved 2009-04-17.
a CD of the latest version (9.10 (Karmic Koala)) with no extra cost, but delivery may take up to ten weeks
- ^ "Requesting CDs from ShipIt". Retrieved 2009-04-17.
pre-order CDs of Kubuntu 9.10 (Jaunty Jackalope)
- ^ "Ubuntu 7.04 Adds a Migration Tool". Integrity Enterprises. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Migration Assistant in Launchpad". Launchpad.net. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "How to Install Ubuntu Linux without Optical Drive". Extra Reading Material. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
- ^ "Ubuntu 8.10 Persistent Flash Drive Installation". Pendrivelinux.com. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- ^ "Wubi - Ubuntu Installer for Windows". wubi.sourceforge.net. Sourceforge. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- ^ "ubuntu/components". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "ubuntu/licensing". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "ubuntu/components". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "UbuntuBackports". UbuntuForums. Retrieved 2006-03-16.
- ^ "StableReleaseUpdates". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
- ^ "SRU Verification". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
- ^ "partners/certification/software". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 2006-03-16.
- ^ "Jaunty Release Schedule". ubuntu.com. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
- ^ https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-announce/2009-February/000536.html
- ^ "Karmic Release Schedule". ubuntu.com. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
- ^ http://ostatic.com/blog/ubuntu-version-9-10-code-named-lucid-lynx
- ^ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LucidReleaseSchedule
- ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (2004-10-20). "Ubuntu 4.10 announcement". ubuntu-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 2008-08-19.
{{cite mailing list}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|mailinglist=
ignored (|mailing-list=
suggested) (help) - ^ "DevelopmentCodeNames - Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ Zimmerman, Matt. "Announcing Beta release of Ubuntu 6.06 LTS". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "LTS - Ubuntu Wiki".
- ^ "Ubuntu 9.10 Review". linuxcritic.com. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ^ Gavin Clarke (2009-11-03). "Early adopters bloodied by Ubuntu's Karmic Koala". Retrieved 2009-11-04.
- ^ "Edubuntu - Frequently asked questions". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Ubuntu JeOS 7.10 released". Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Krishnamurti, Srinivas. "Get Juiced!". Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- ^ "Ubuntu Mobile". Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ "Ubuntu to announce its mobile Linux in June". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Ubuntu Netbook Remix". Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ "Jaunty Jackalope ARM'd and ready". 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
- ^ "Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ "Ubuntu to Support Sun 'Niagara' Platform".
- ^ "Technical Board Decision - February 2007". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ a b "Ubuntu System Requirements". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ a b "Ubuntu Desktop Edition". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ Vance, Ashlee (2009). "A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows". Retrieved 2009-02-22.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ Dawson, Christopher (2009). "Ubuntu a minor player? Not outside the States". Retrieved 2009-06-18.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Ubuntu - A New Approach to Desktop Linux". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 6 - Ubuntu". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ McAllister, Neil (January 2008), "Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy", PC World, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 84, retrieved 2008-08-19
- ^ "Best of open source in platforms and middleware". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ "MythBuster Advocates Linux". Retrieved 2009-01-27.
- ^ "MythBusters: 7 Tech Headaches—and How to Fix Them". Retrieved 2009-01-27.
- )
- ^ Every Student in the Republic of Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-Powered Computer Workstations | Ubuntu
- ^ "French police: we saved millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- Canonical Ltd.Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "Tesco Shipping Desktops with Ubuntu - eSys ePC". Tesco. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
- Dell, Inc. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ "Ubuntu Computers". Bravium Computers. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- Canonical Ltd.Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ^ "Your Blog » Blog Archive » Dell Upgrades Consumer Linux PCs to Ubuntu 8.04". Dell.com. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
Literature
- Thomas Keir. Beginning Ubuntu Linux: From Novice to Professional. p. 608. ISBN 1590596277.
- Rickford Grant. Ubuntu Linux for Non-Geeks. p. 464. ISBN 1593271182.
- Benjamin Mako Hill, Jono Bacon, Corey Burger, Jonathan Jesse, Ivan Krstic. The Official Ubuntu Book. p. 320. ISBN 0132435942.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Jonathan Oxer, Kyle Rankin, Bill Childers. Ubuntu Hacks : Tips & Tools for Exploring, Using, and Tuning Linux. p. 447. ISBN 0596527209.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Andrew Hudson, Paul Hudson. Ubuntu Unleashed. p. 800. )
- William von Hagen. Ubuntu Linux Bible. p. 744. ISBN 0470038993.
- Moving to Ubuntu Linux. p. 464. ISBN 032142722X.
External links
- Official website
- Official Ubuntu Forums
- Ubuntu Guide (unofficial) -- help manual, tips, FAQ, and software guide.
- Ubuntu at Launchpad
- Ubuntu at DistroWatch
[[Category:2004 software]]
[[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]]
[[Category:Debian-based distributions]]
[[Category:Live CD]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
[[Category:PowerPC operating systems]]
[[Category:Launchpad consumers]]
[[Category:Launchpad projects]]