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Vulture Investors, Predators of the 90s: An Ethical Examination
The conservation of seabirds is the application of the principals of
Threats
Interactions with fisheries
Fisheries also have negative effects on seabirds, and these effects, particularly on the long-lived and slow-breeding
Other fisheries have or do also pose a threat. Diving species, most especially the
Exploitation
The
Both hunting and egging continue today, although not at the levels that occurred in the past, and generally in a more controlled manner. For example, the
Introduced species
Introduced goats, cattle, rabbits and other herbivores can lead to problems, particularly when species need vegetation to protect or shade their young.[11] Introduced plants can also have a deleterious effect, reducing nesting habitat.[12] The loss of nesting sites through habitat modification by introduced species intensifies competition between species for the remaining habitat, which can cause declines in smaller less aggressive species.
Human disturbance
Disturbance of breeding colonies by humans is often a problem as well—visitors, even well-meaning
Pollution
The build-up of
Ingestion of plastic
Some species such as the
Conservation
Protection of breeding colonies
The threats faced by seabirds have not gone unnoticed by scientists or the
.Island Restoration
Fisheries
Seabird mortality caused by long-line fisheries can be massively reduced by techniques such as setting long-line bait at night, dying the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and by using bird scarers,
Treaties and laws
The plight of albatross and large seabirds, as well as other marine creatures, being taken as bycatch by long-line fisheries, has been addressed by a large number of NGOs (including
References
- ^ BirdLife International/RSPB (2005) Save the Albatross: The Problem Retrieved March 17, 2006
- ^ Brothers NP. 1991. "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean." Biological Conservation 55: 255-268.
- ^ King, W.B. (1984) "Incidental mortality of seabirds in gillnets in the North Pacific" in Status and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds (Croxall, J.P, Evans, P.G.H. & Schreiber, R.W., eds) ICBP technical publication ISBN 0-946888-03-5 667-690
- ^ Ogi, H., (1984)Seabird mortality incidental to the Japanese salmon gill-net fishery” in Status and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds (Croxall, J.P, Evans, P.G.H. & Schreiber, R.W., eds) ICBP technical publication ISBN 0-946888-03-5 667-690
- ^ Simeone, A. & Navarro, X. (2002) "Human exploitation of seabirds in coastal southern Chile during the mid-Holocene" Rev. chil. hist. nat 75(2): 423-431 [1]
- ^ Anderson, A. (1996) "Origins of Procellariidae Hunting in the Southwest Pacific" International Journal of Osteoarcheology 6: 403-410
- ^ White, Peter; (1995), The Farallon Islands, Sentinels of the Golden Gate, Scottwall Associates:San Francisco, ISBN 0-942087-10-0
- ^ Burnham, W., Burnham, K.K., Cade, T.J., (2005) "Past and present assessments of bird life in Uummannaq District, West Greenland" Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidsskr. 99: 196-208 [2]
- ^ Moors, P.J. & Atkinson, I.A.E. (1984) "Alien predation on seabirds" in Status and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds (Croxall, J.P, Evans, P.G.H. & Schreiber, R.W., eds) ICBP technical publication ISBN 0-946888-03-5 667-690
- ^ A contempory account of the decline of the Guadalupe Storm-petrel can be found here - Thayer, J. & Bangs, O (1908) "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" Condor 10(3): 101-106 [3]
- ^ Carlile, N., Proiddel, D., Zino, F., Natividad, C. & Wingate, D.B. (2003) "A review of four successful recovery programmes for threatened sub-tropical petrels" Marine Ornithology 31: 185-192
- ^ Flint, E. & Rehkemper, G. (2002) "Control and eradication of the introduced grass, Cenchrus echinatus, at Laysan Island, Central Pacific Ocean." in Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species (proceedings of the international conference on eradication of island invasives) (Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 27. Veitch, C. R. and Clout, M.N., eds) [4].
- ^ Fry, D. & Toone, C. (1981) "DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos" Science 213(4510): 922-924
- ^ Dunnet, G., Crisp, D., Conan, G., Bourne, W. (1982) "Oil Pollution and Seabird Populations [and Discussion]" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B 297(1087): 413-427
- ^ Pierce, K., Harris, R., Larned, L., Pokras, M., (2004) "Obstruction and starvation associated with plastic ingestion in a Northern Gannet Morus bassanus and a Greater Shearwater Puffinus gravis" Marine Ornithology 32: 187–189 [5]
- ^ Le Correa, M., Ollivier, A., Ribesc S., Jouventin, P., (2002) "Light-induced mortality of petrels: a 4-year study from Réunion Island (Indian Ocean)" Biological Conservation 105: 93–102 [6]
- ^ USFWS Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge History of Pelican Island Retrieved September 2 2006
- ^ Williams, J.C., Byrd G.V.& Konyukhov, N.B. (2003) Whiskered Auklets Aethia pygmaea, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong. 'Marine Ornithology 31: 175-180 [7]
- ^ BirdLife International (2005) Stamps celebrate seabird return. Retrived August 12 2006
- ^ Food and Agriculture Organisation (1999) "The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation. FAO Fisheries Circular No.937. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [8]
- ^ Australian Antarctic Division Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels Site Retrieved September 2 2006