User:Tfmbty/1991 Pacific typhoon season
Tfmbty/1991 Pacific typhoon season | |
---|---|
Yuri | |
• Maximum winds | 315 km/h (195 mph) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 890 hPa (mbar) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 38 |
Total storms | 28 |
Typhoons | 17 |
Super typhoons | 5 |
Total fatalities | ~5,505 |
Total damage | > $10.1 billion (1991 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1991 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1991, but most
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the
Season summary
Systems
32 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 30 became tropical storms. 17 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 5 reached super typhoon strength.
Typhoon Sharon
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | March 5 – March 16 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min); 985 hPa (mbar) |
Sharon hit the Philippines.
Typhoon Tim
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | March 20 – March 27 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 150 km/h (90 mph) (1-min); 975 hPa (mbar) |
On March 17, a cluster of thunderstorms grouped together which formed a low pressure area far east of the Mariana islands. The low pressure area rapidly intensified and became a tropical storm 4 days after formation. Favorable conditions allowed the system to continue to intensify into a Category 1 typhoon. High wind shear on March 25 caused the system to weakened, and it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.
Tropical Storm Vanessa
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | April 23 – April 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min); 994 hPa (mbar) |
Vanessa deepened over the South China Sea.
Typhoon Walt
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | May 5 – May 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 260 km/h (160 mph) (1-min); 915 hPa (mbar) |
On May 3 an area of disturbed area formed south east of the
Typhoon Yunya
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 12 – June 17 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (1-min); 945 hPa (mbar) |
After a month without any activity in the Western Pacific, a weak tropical depression (with winds of only 10 knots) developed just east of the Philippines and south of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough on June 11. Located in an area of little wind shear, it headed southwestward, developing spiral-band outflow and becoming a tropical storm on the 12th. As a small central dense overcast (CDO) developed over Yunya, it rapidly developed, becoming a typhoon on the 13th as it paralleled the eastern Philippines. The mid-level ridge forced Yunya westward, where it briefly reached a peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) winds on the 14th. Subsequently, the eastward building of the subtropical ridge produced unfavorable vertical wind shear that weakened Yunya to a minimal typhoon before hitting Dingalan Bay, Luzon early on the 15th. Yunya left Luzon as a minimal tropical storm at Lingayen Gulf. It turned northward due to a break in the ridge, and dissipated on the 17th near southern Taiwan due to the vertical shear.
Yunya would normally have been an uneventful cyclone, but for the day it hit Luzon, was when the colossal eruption of Mount Pinatubo took place. The ash cloud that normally would have been dispersed across the oceans was redistributed over Luzon by the cyclonic winds of the typhoon, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption. The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings. In some areas it was practically raining mud.
Yunya exited Luzon through the Lingayen Gulf as a weak tropical storm and then turned north toward a break in the subtropical ridge. The system continued to weaken due to the strong vertical wind shear. It then brushed the southern coast of Taiwan as a tropical depression and finally dissipated before it could complete full recurvature into the mid-latitude westerlies. Yunya directly caused one death from the flooding and heavy rainfall it left.[2]
Typhoon Zeke
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 9 – July 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 140 km/h (85 mph) (1-min); 970 hPa (mbar) |
At least 23 people were killed by Zeke on Hainan Island.[3]
Typhoon Amy
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 14 – July 20 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 230 km/h (145 mph) (1-min); 911 hPa (mbar) |
145 mph Typhoon Amy, having developed on July 12 over the open Western Pacific, brushed southern Taiwan on the 18th. Its outflow became restricted, and Amy hit southern China on the 19th as a 120 mph typhoon. It caused heavy flooding, resulting in 99 casualties, 5000 people injured, and 15,000 people homeless. In addition, Amy caused the sinking of the freighter in a river, resulting in an additional 31 deaths.
Typhoon Brendan
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 19 – July 25 |
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Peak intensity | 130 km/h (80 mph) (1-min); 975 hPa (mbar) |
Brendan hit China.
Typhoon Caitlin
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 21 – July 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 195 km/h (120 mph) (1-min); 950 hPa (mbar) |
Typhoon Caitlin developed from a disturbance in the eastern
Tropical Depression
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 31 (Entered basin) – August 1 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min); 1006 hPa (mbar) |
Tropical Storm Enrique formed in the eastern Pacific basin, where it reached its peak intensity as a
As Enrique approached the
Tropical Storm Doug
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 7 – August 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min); 1000 hPa (mbar) |
Doug was a tropical storm according to the JTWC.
Typhoon Ellie
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 10 – August 19 |
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Peak intensity | 155 km/h (100 mph) (1-min); 960 hPa (mbar) |
Ellie hit Taiwan.
Typhoon Fred
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – August 18 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 185 km/h (115 mph) (1-min); 960 hPa (mbar) |
Typhoon Fred organized from a monsoon trough situated to the east of the Central
Tropical Depression 13W
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 11 – August 13 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 45 km/h (30 mph) (1-min); 1002 hPa (mbar) |
13W lasted two days.
Typhoon Gladys
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 15 – August 24 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min); 965 hPa (mbar) |
Minimal typhoon Gladys brushed by southern Japan on August 22. It moved to the northwest, and hit the
Tropical Depression 15W
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 26 – August 30 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min); 992 hPa (mbar) |
15W was a long-lived depression that moved northwest.
Tropical Storm Harry
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 28 – August 31 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min); 992 hPa (mbar) |
Harry hit Japan.
Typhoon Ivy
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 2 – September 10 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 215 km/h (130 mph) (1-min); 950 hPa (mbar) |
Typhoon Ivy formed from a broad monsoon trough situated near
Tropical Storm Joel
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 3 – September 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min); 985 hPa (mbar) |
Joel hit southern China.
Typhoon Kinna
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 10 – September 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 185 km/h (115 mph) (1-min); 953 hPa (mbar) |
Typhoon Kinna formed in a monsoon trough in the western
Typhoon Mireille
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 13 – September 28 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 250 km/h (155 mph) (1-min); 915 hPa (mbar) |
On September 13, Tropical Depression 21W developed over the open Western Pacific. It tracked westward under the influence of the Subtropical Ridge, slowly organizing until becoming a tropical storm on the 15th. A small storm, Mireille rapidly became a typhoon on the 16th, but larger Tropical Storm Luke to its north and Typhoon Nat to its west kept Mireille a minimal typhoon. When the other two storms were far enough away, Mireille rapidly intensified, reaching super typhoon strength on the 22nd with a peak of 150 mph (240 km/h) winds. The storm recurved to the northeast, where it slowly weakened until hitting southwestern Japan on the 27th as a 105 mph (169 km/h) typhoon. Mireille continued to the northeast, and became extratropical later that day, after causing 52 casualties and heavy crop damage amounting to $3 billion (1991 USD). The name Mireille was retired after this season and was replaced by Melissa. The Panama flagged vessel MV "Darshan" loaded with cement clinker from Ube, Japan and intended to bound for Kuching, East Malaysia has grounded in the Eastern part of Hime-shima island "Princess Island".[citation needed]
Tropical Storm Luke
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 14 – September 19 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 95 km/h (60 mph) (1-min); 980 hPa (mbar) |
Tropical Storm Luke formed from a disturbance that moved through the
Typhoon Nat
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 14 – October 3 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 205 km/h (125 mph) (1-min); 950 hPa (mbar) |
Nat took an erratic track for over two weeks.
Typhoon Orchid
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 3 – October 14 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 215 km/h (130 mph) (1-min); 940 hPa (mbar) |
Typhoon Orchid formed from a broad monsoon trough that moved through the
Typhoon Pat
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 4 – October 13 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 230 km/h (145 mph) (1-min); 919 hPa (mbar) |
Pat stayed at sea.
Typhoon Ruth
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 19 – October 31 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 285 km/h (180 mph) (1-min); 895 hPa (mbar) |
Super Typhoon Ruth formed from a tropical disturbance the originated between Chuuk and Pohnpei, as the disturbance moved on a westerly path, a tropical depression formed on October 20. Tropical Storm Ruth was named on the 21st as the storm moved to the southwest of Guam and began to steadily intensity. Ruth reached typhoon strength on October 22 and became a super typhoon on the 24th as the storm reached peak intensity of 165 mph (266 km/h). Super Typhoon Ruth began to slowly decline in strength as it neared the northern Philippines. Typhoon Ruth made landfall on October 27 on northern Luzon Island with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) before weakening to a tropical storm. Heavy flooding and numerous landslides were reported on Luzon Island as a result 12 people were killed. After departing Luzon Island Tropical Storm Ruth recurved south of Taiwan and dissipated. Heavy seas caused the freighter Tung Lung to sink west of Taiwan, all 18 aboard were killed.[13]
Typhoon Seth
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 1 – November 15 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 240 km/h (150 mph) (1-min); 910 hPa (mbar) |
A Category 4 Super Typhoon that affected the northern part of the Philippines. During most of Seth's early life, Seth remained a Tropical Storm, until it encountered warmer waters, where it began to reach its peak intensity on November 5. Seth peaked as a strong category 4 storm, but considerably weakened under typhoon strength when it made landfall in the Philippines as a Tropical Storm. After crossing through the Philippines near the end of its life, Seth stalled and dissipated about halfway between the Philippines and mainland Asia. Seth did feature a well defined eye, and struck the same area of the Philippines right after Super Typhoon Ruth did.
Tropical Storm Thelma
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 1 – November 8 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (1-min); 986 hPa (mbar) |
50 mph (80 km/h) Tropical Storm Thelma hit the central Philippines on November 4. It slowly tracked across the Archipelago, bringing heavy flooding across the islands. Vertical shear weakened it as it continued westward, and it dissipated on November 8 just after hitting southern Vietnam. Thelma, though a weak storm, caused dam failures, landslides, and flash flooding, resulting in a horrendous death toll of 6,000 people. Due to the massive casualties, the name Thelma was retired and replaced with Teresa.
Tropical Storm Verne
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 5 – November 12 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 110 km/h (70 mph) (1-min); 980 hPa (mbar) |
Verne curved away from land.
Typhoon Wilda
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 14 – November 20 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 120 km/h (75 mph) (1-min); 985 hPa (mbar) |
Wilda hit the Philippines.
Typhoon Yuri
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 22 – December 1 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 305 km/h (190 mph) (1-min); 885 hPa (mbar) |
Super Typhoon Yuri was the most powerful storm during the season, with winds reaching up to 120
Typhoon Zelda
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS) | |
Duration | November 27 – December 5 |
---|---|
Peak intensity | 155 km/h (100 mph) (1-min); 970 hPa (mbar) |
Tropical Storm Zelda was the last storm of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season.
Storm names
During the season 29 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from mid-1989.
Sharon | Tim | Vanessa | Walt | Yunya | Zeke | Amy | Brendan | Caitlin | Doug | Ellie | Fred | Gladys | Harry | Ivy |
Joel | Kinna | Luke | Mireille | Nat | Orchid | Pat | Ruth | Seth | Thelma | Verne | Wilda | Yuri | Zelda |
Retirement
Due to extensive damage and a high death toll, the JTWC retired the names Mireille and Thelma, which were replaced by Melissa and Teresa. Both names were first used in the 1994 season.
Season effects
This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 1991. The tables also provide an overview of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.
Name | Dates | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Sharon (Auring) | March 5 – 16 | Severe tropical storm | 95 km/h (60 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Philippines | None | None | |
Tim | March 20 – 27 | Typhoon | 165 km/h (105 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Philippines, Japan | None | None | |
Vanessa (Bebeng) | April 23 – 28 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 994 hPa (29.35 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam, China | None | None | |
Walt (Karing) | May 5 – 17 | Typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands | None | None | |
TD | May 20 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1010 hPa (29.83 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Yunya (Diding) | June 12 – 17 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Philippines | None | 7 | |
TD | June 14 – 19 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Caroline Islands | None | None | |
TD | June 18 – 19 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1006 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Mariana Islands | None | None | |
Zeke (Etang) | July 9 – 15 | Typhoon | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Philippines, South China | None | 23 | |
Amy (Gening) | July 14 – 20 | Typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | Unknown | 130 | |
TD | July 14 – 18 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
Brendan (Helming) | July 19 – 25 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, South China | None | None | |
Caitlin (Ising) | July 21 – 30 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea | $4 million | 19 | |
Enrique | July 31 – August 1 | Tropical depression | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 1016 hPa (30.01 inHg) | None | None | None | |
TD | August 2 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Doug | August 7 – 10 | Tropical depression | 65 km/h (40 mph) | 1000 hPa (29.53 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Ellie (Mameng) | August 10 – 19 | Typhoon | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China | None | None | |
Fred (Luding) | August 11 – 18 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 1000 hPa (27.53 inHg) | Philippines, South China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand | Unknown | 38 | |
13W | August 11 – 13 | Tropical depression | 45 km/h (30 mph) | 1002 hPa (29.59 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Gladys | August 15 – 24 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 965 hPa (28.65 inHg) | Japan, Korean Peninsula, Northeast China | $420,000 | 103 | |
TD | August 19 – 24 | Tropical depression | Not specified | 996 hPa (29.41 inHg) | None | None | None | |
15W | August 26 – 30 | Tropical depression | 55 km/h (35 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Japan, South Korea | None | None | |
Harry | August 28 – 31 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Japan, South Korea | None | None | |
Ivy | September 2 – 10 | Typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan | Unknown | 1 | |
Joel | September 3 – 31 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Philippines, China, Taiwan | None | None | |
Kinna (Neneng) | September 10 – 14 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Japan, Korean Peninsula | Unknown | 9 | |
Mireille (Rosing) | September 13 – 28 | Typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Japan, Korean Peninsula, Russia Far East | $10 billion | 64 | |
Luke (Pepang) | September 14 – 19 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Mariana Islands, Japan | None | 8 | |
Nat (Oniang) | September 14 – October 3 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Philippines, Taiwan, China | Unknown | None | |
Orchid (Sendang) | October 3 – 14 | Typhoon | 175 km/h (110 mph) | 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) | Guam, Japan | None | None | |
Pat | October 4 – 13 | Typhoon | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Mariana Islands | None | None | |
Ruth (Trining) | October 19 – 31 | Typhoon | 215 km/h (130 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines | Unknown | 30 | |
Seth (Warling) | November 1 – 15 | Typhoon | 185 km/h (115 mph) | 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) | Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Philippines | Unknown | None | |
Thelma (Uring) | November 1 – 8 | Tropical storm | 75 km/h (45 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Philippines, Vietnam | $27.7 million | 5,081 | |
Verne | November 5 – 12 | Severe tropical storm | 100 km/h (65 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands | None | None | |
Wilda (Yayang) | November 14 – 31 | Tropical storm | 85 km/h (50 mph) | 992 hPa (29.29 inHg) | Philippines | None | None | |
Yuri | November 22 – December 1 | Typhoon | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands | $36 million | None | |
Zelda | November 27 – December 5 | Severe tropical storm | 110 km/h (70 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Marshall Islands | None | None | |
Season aggregates | ||||||||
38 systems | March 5 – December 5 | 220 km/h (140 mph) | 895 hPa (26.43 inHg) | >$10.1 billion | ~5,505 |
See also
- 1991 Atlantic hurricane season
- 1991 Pacific hurricane season
- 1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92
- Australian region cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92
- South Pacific cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92
References
- ^ Gary Padgett. May 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary. Archived 2010-12-20 at WebCite Retrieved August 26, 2006.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Typhoon Yunya. Retrieved on January 10, 2006.
- ^ https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/465634551.html?dids=465634551:465634551&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+1991&author=Steve+Newman&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Earthweek%3A+A+Diary+Of+The+Planet+For+the+week+ending+July+19%2F1991&pqatl=google
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Retrieved on December 26, 2007. - ^ Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ a b Edward Rappaport (1991). "Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique" (GIF). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Tropical Storm Enrique (06E)" (PDF). 1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 70–1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ "The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- ^ Steve J. Fatjo. "Typhoons Georgette (11E) and Tip (10W)" (PDF). 1986 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 58–66. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949–2007". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
- ^ "No. 52931". The London Gazette (Supplement). May 22, 1992. p. 8939.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [1] Retrieved on December 26, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [2] Retrieved on December 27, 2007.
- ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Super Typhoon Yuri. Archived June 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 18, 2007.
External links
- Japan Meteorological Agency
- Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
- China Meteorological Agency
- National Weather Service Guam
- Hong Kong Observatory
- Macau Meteorological Geophysical Services
- Korea Meteorological Agency
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
- Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
- Satellite movie of 1991 Pacific typhoon season