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Indigenous American beliefs are both spiritual and material practices that originate throughout the Americas, where they were once widespread before European colonization. While perhaps being defined as indigenous religions, many who practice them do not consider their beliefs to be religious, but more so as a way of life. It can likewise often be distinguished from western religion, in that ultimate authority is usually not found beyond nature and human reason, but is found within it.[1]
Not every Indigenous person or member of an Indigenous community practices traditional beliefs. This can happen due to religious conversion; either forced or willing to a western religion or likewise different belief, the loss of traditional knowledge when it's not passed down to the next generation, or other factors. In some Indigenous communities, traditional belief was not completely replaced; instead adopting western religion into their own belief system and merging both or more, usually due to compatibility between beliefs or incomplete religious assimilation.
Indigenous peoples and their traditional beliefs
Indigenous peoples of the American Arctic
Aleut (Unangax̂) belief
Aleut belief has been profoundly suppressed ever since colonization, and it could be that little of it remains. Aleut belief is believed to have incorporated the idea of two-spirited people or third and fourth gender people, known as ayagigux̂ and tayagigux̂ respectively. The Aleut also widely practiced tattoo art and piercing. These had various spiritual and material purposes.
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, or traditional knowledge, is the practical and
Yup'ik Yuuyaraq
The Yuuyaraq or way of life of the Yup'ik people, is a fundamental view and understanding of the world to those who believe in it.
Indigenous peoples of the American Subarctic
Cree (néhinaw/néhiyaw/nihithaw) belief
Cree traditional belief is deeply spiritual, including the use of dreams, visions, and spirits to understand the world and one's own existence; and likewise, the belief that everything has a spirit. In Cree tradition, honor is found in death, just as it is in life. This is displayed in two ceremonies; the wake and the round dance. In these, laugher is just as accepted as crying.[2]
Innu belief
In traditional Innu belief, animals are divided into kingdoms, or tipentamun, and each kingdom is ruled by an animal master, or utshimau. Named spirits are also abundant, and many are still relevant in daily life, being used as explanations of happenings, or to assist in cautionary advice.[3]
Ojibwe (Anishinaabe(-g)) belief
In Ojibwe belief, the sweat lodge is a structure used for ceremonies that have to do with the four directions. Each year, there is a social and a spiritual gathering (powwow), known as niimi'idimaa and jiingotamog. During these, female dancers wear what's known as a jingle dress. The dreamcatcher is derived from a traditional Ojibwe charm known as a "spider web charm", which is meant to spiritually protect infants.
Slavey (Dene)
Indigenous peoples of the Northeast
Ho-Chunk (Hocąk/Hoocągra)
Mi'kmaq
Mohawk (Kanienʼkehá꞉ka)
Seneca (Onödowáʼga꞉)
Indigenous peoples of the Southeast
Alabama (Albaamaha)
Cherokee (Tsalagi/Aniyvwiyaʔi/Anigiduwagi) belief
In traditional Cherokee belief, both the corporeal and spiritual world are united as one. Some examples of traditional dances include the tsu'nigadu'li, in which masks are used, and the stomp dance, which is practiced by numerous indigenous people groups. A Cherokee spiritual leader is called a didanawisgi.
Natchez (Na·šceh)
Yuchi (Tsoyaha) belief
In Yuchi belief, the Green Corn Ceremony is held, a practice shared by multiple other nearby peoples. Similarly, the stomp dance is practiced. Black drink is also used in purification ceremonies.[4]
Indigenous peoples of the North American Plains
Blackfoot (Niitsitapi/Siksikaitsitapi)
Comanche (Nʉmʉnʉʉ)
Iowa (Báxoje)
Pawnee (Chaticks si Chaticks)
Indigenous peoples of the Southwest
Apache (Indé)
Hopi
Tiwa
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
Northern Paiute (Numu/Numa)
Shoshone (Newe)
Ute (Núuchi-u)
Washo (Waashiw/Wašišiw)
Indigenous peoples of the North American Plateau
Klickitat (Qwû'lh-hwai-pûm/χwálχwaypam)
Nez Perce (nimíipuu)
Walla Walla (Walawalałáma/Walúulapam)
Yakama (Mamachatpam)
Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast
Chinook
Haida (X̱aayda/X̱aadas/X̱aad/X̱aat)
Hupa (Natinixwe/Natinook-wa)
Tlingit (Lingít)
Indigenous peoples of California
Miwok
Mojave ('Aha Makhav)
Pomo
Yuki (Ukomno'om/Huchnom/Ukohtontilka/Ukosontilka)
Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica
Achi
Mixe (Ayüükjä'äy)
Mixtec (Ñuù savi/Nayívi savi/Ñuù davi/Nayivi davi)
Nahuas
Indigenous peoples of Circum-Caribbean
Arawak
Bokota
Kalinago
Taíno
Indigenous peoples of the Andes
Awá (Kwaiker/Awa-Kwaiker)
Barí
Uru (Qhas Qut suñi)
Yagua (nijyąąmíy)
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
Bará
Guaraní
Waujá
Zo'é
Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone
Mapuche
Puelche (Gününa künä)
Selk'nam (Onawo/Ona)
Tehuelche (Aónikenk)
See also
- Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Footnotes
- ^ "Native American religions | History, Beliefs, Tribes, Culture, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ "Traditional Cree Philosophy: Death, Bereavement and Healing". web.archive.org. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ "The World of Animal Masters and Other Spirits". web.archive.org. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ Jackson, Jason Baird (1 April 2003). "Yuchi Ceremonial Life: Performance, Meaning, and Tradition in a Contemporary American Indian Community". University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 23 March 2024.