Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide, also known as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP, is a
VIP has a half-life (t½) in the blood of about two minutes.[10]
Function
In the digestive system
In the
In the heart
It is also found in the heart and has significant effects on the
In the brain
VIP is also found in the brain and some autonomic nerves:
One region includes a specific area of the
VIP is also expressed in a subtype of inhibitory interneuron in various regions of the brain.
Mechanisms
VIP binds to both
In addition,
Circadian time is likely to affect the synapses rather than the organization of VIP circuits.[22]
SCN and circadian rhythm
The SCN coordinates daily timekeeping in the body and VIP plays a key role in communication between individual brain cells within this region. At a cellular level, the SCN expresses different electrical activity in circadian time. Higher activity is observed during the day, while during night there is lower activity. This rhythm is thought to be important feature of SCN to synchronize with each other and control rhythmicity in other regions.[18]
VIP acts as a major synchronizing agent among SCN neurons and plays a role in synchronizing the SCN with light cues. The high concentration of VIP and VIP receptor containing neurons are primarily found in the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN, which is also located above the
After finding evidence of VIP in the SCN, researchers began contemplating its role within the SCN and how it could affect circadian rhythm. The VIP also plays a pivotal role in modulating oscillations. Previous pharmacological research has established that VIP is needed for normal light-induced synchronization of the circadian systems. Application of VIP also phase shifts the circadian rhythm of vasopressin release and neural activity. The ability of the population to remain synchronized as well as the ability of single cells to generate oscillations is composed in VIP or VIP receptor deficient mice. While not highly studied, there is evidence that levels of VIP and its receptor may vary depending on each circadian oscillation.[22]
The leading hypothesis of VIP function points to the neurons using VIP to communicate with specific postsynaptic targets to regulate
Signaling pathway
In SCN, there is an abundant amount of VPAC2. The presence of VPAC2 in ventrolateral side suggests that VIP signals can actually signal back to regulate VIP secreting cells. SCN has neural multiple pathways to control and modulate endocrine activity.[18][23]
VIP and vasopressin are both important for neurons to relay information to different targets and affect neuroendocrine function. They transmit information through such relay nuclei as the SPZ (subparaventricular zone), DMH (dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus), MPOA (medial preoptic area) and PVN (paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus).[18]
Social behavior
VIP neurons located in the hypothalamus, specifically the dorsal anterior hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus, have an effect on social behaviors in many species of vertebrates. Studies suggest that VIP cascades can be activated in the brain in response to a social situation that stimulates the areas of the brain that are known to regulate behavior. This social circuit includes many areas of the hypothalamus along with the amygdala and the ventral tegmental area. The production and release of the neuropeptide VIP is centralized in the hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic regions of the brain and from there it is able to modulate the release of prolactin secretion.[24] Once secreted from the pituitary gland, prolactin can increase many behaviors such as parental care and aggression. In certain species of birds with a knockout VIP gene there was an observable decrease in overall aggression over nesting territory.[25]
Pathology
VIP is overproduced in VIPoma.[12]
In addition to VIPoma, VIP has a role in osteoarthritis (OA). While there is existing conflict in whether down-regulation or up-regulation of VIP contributes to OA, VIP has been shown to prevent cartilage damage in animals.[26]
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146469 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019772 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 21439408.
- S2CID 8300971.
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- S2CID 24889373.
- PMID 11121793.
- ^ a b Bowen R (1999-01-24). "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide". Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System: Gastrointestinal Hormones. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ a b "Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide". General Practice Notebook. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Bergman RA, Afifi AK, Heidger PM. "Plate 6.111 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)". Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy: Section 6 - Nervous Tissue. www.anatomyatlases.org. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- PMID 6195927.
- S2CID 53207540.
- PMID 1778234.
- S2CID 21864176.
- ^ PMID 26581865.
- PMID 15935152.
- S2CID 23860010.
- )
- ^ PMID 17572414.
- S2CID 30671833.
- PMID 27553659.
Further reading
- Watanabe J (1 January 2016). "Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide". Handbook of Hormones. Academic Press. pp. 150–e18E–10. S2CID 83472580.
- Fahrenkrug J (2001). "Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP". Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum. 61 (234): 35–9. S2CID 7249967.
- Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D (June 2004). "The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation". Pharmacological Reviews. 56 (2): 249–90. S2CID 1646333.
- Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG (2006). Endogenous Ligands of PACAP/VIP Receptors in the Autocrine–Paracrine Regulation of the Adrenal Gland. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 249. pp. 1–51. PMID 16697281.
- Hill JM (2007). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (11): 1079–89. PMID 17430171.
- Gonzalez-Rey E, Varela N, Chorny A, Delgado M (2007). "Therapeutical approaches of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a pleiotropic immunomodulator". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 13 (11): 1113–39. PMID 17430175.
- Glowa JR, Panlilio LV, Brenneman DE, Gozes I, Fridkin M, Hill JM (January 1992). "Learning impairment following intracerebral administration of the HIV envelope protein gp120 or a VIP antagonist". Brain Research. 570 (1–2): 49–53. S2CID 25496970.
- Theriault Y, Boulanger Y, St-Pierre S (March 1991). "Structural determination of the vasoactive intestinal peptide by two-dimensional H-NMR spectroscopy". Biopolymers. 31 (4): 459–64. S2CID 13401260.
- Gozes I, Giladi E, Shani Y (April 1987). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene: putative mechanism of information storage at the RNA level". Journal of Neurochemistry. 48 (4): 1136–41. S2CID 21033533.
- Yamagami T, Ohsawa K, Nishizawa M, Inoue C, Gotoh E, Yanaihara N, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H (1988). "Complete nucleotide sequence of human vasoactive intestinal peptide/PHM-27 gene and its inducible promoter". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 527 (1): 87–102. S2CID 10064500.
- DeLamarter JF, Buell GN, Kawashima E, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1985). "Vasoactive intestinal peptide: expression of the prohormone in bacterial cells". Peptides. 6 (Suppl 1): 95–102. S2CID 3844766.
- Linder S, Barkhem T, Norberg A, Persson H, Schalling M, Hökfelt T, Magnusson G (January 1987). "Structure and expression of the gene encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide precursor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (2): 605–9. PMID 3025882.
- Gozes I, Bodner M, Shani Y, Fridkin M (1986). "Structure and expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in a human tumor". Peptides. 7 (Suppl 1): 1–6. S2CID 3885150.
- Tsukada T, Horovitch SJ, Montminy MR, Mandel G, Goodman RH (August 1985). "Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene". DNA. 4 (4): 293–300. PMID 3899557.
- Heinz-Erian P, Dey RD, Flux M, Said SI (September 1985). "Deficient vasoactive intestinal peptide innervation in the sweat glands of cystic fibrosis patients". Science. 229 (4720): 1407–8. PMID 4035357.
External links
- Pathway at biocarta.com
- Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_34". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P01282 (VIP peptides) at the PDBe-KB.