White-whiskered spinetail
White-whiskered spinetail | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Furnariidae |
Genus: | Synallaxis |
Species: | S. candei
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Binomial name | |
Synallaxis candei d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838
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The white-whiskered spinetail (Synallaxis candei) is a species of
Taxonomy and systematics
The white-whiskered spinetail was originally described in genus Synallaxis.
The white-whiskered spinetail has three subspecies, the
The white-whiskered spinetail's
Description
The white-whiskered spinetail is 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) long and weighs 14 to 16 g (0.49 to 0.56 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a wide white "moustache" and a wide rufous
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of the white-whiskered spinetail is found in northern Colombia's Sucre and Magdalena departments. Subspecies S. c. atrigularis is found in the middle reaches of the Magdalena River valley in northern Colombia. S. c. venezuelensis is found in far northern Colombia's Cesar and La Guajira departments and east into northwestern Venezuela as far as Falcón and Lara states.[7]
The white-whiskered spinetail inhabits tropical deciduous forest, arid scrublands, overgrown pastures, and the edges of mangrove stands. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 300 m (1,000 ft) in Colombia and to 1,100 m (3,600 ft) in Venezuela.[7][8]
Behavior
Movement
The white-whiskered spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.[7]
Feeding
The white-whiskered spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs, gleaning prey mostly from the ground but also from twigs and branches up to about 2 m (7 ft) above the ground.[7]
Breeding
The white-whiskered spinetail is thought to breed during the rainy season of October to January, and is thought to be monogamous. Its nest is a mass of thorny sticks about twice as long as it is wide and high with a tunnel entrance near the top. The nest's exterior is "thatched" with smaller twigs and bark. The inner chamber's bottom is lined with leaves and sometimes snake skins. It is typically placed in a thorny bush between 1.3 and 2.5 m (4 and 8 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is three to four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[7]
Vocalization
The white-whiskered spinetail's song has four notes of which the middle two are stronger, a repeated "nasal 'a-dít-dít-du' ". Its call is "a nasal 'paa-pip' " and it renders "a nasal 'naaaa' " when alarmed.[7][8]
Status
The
References
- ^ . Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ Revue Zoologique (in French). Paris: La Société Cuvierienne. 1938. p. 165.
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
- ^ Derryberry, E. P., S. Claramunt, G. Derryberry, R. T. Chesser, J. Cracraft, A. Aleixo, J. Pérez-Emán, J. V. Remsen, Jr., and R. T. Brumfield. (2011). Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large-scale continental radiation: the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Aves: Furnariidae). Evolution 65(10):2973–2986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x
- ISBN 978-1-4729-0574-1, retrieved 2018-08-04
- ^ a b c d e f g h Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). White-whiskered Spinetail (Synallaxis candei), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whwspi1.01 retrieved December 6, 2023
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.