Willow tit

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Willow tit
Subspecies kleinschmidti, Wigan, England
Song recorded near Bryansk, Russia

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Paridae
Genus: Poecile
Species:
P. montanus
Binomial name
Poecile montanus
Range of Poecile montanus
  Resident
Synonyms

Parus montanus

In the UK

The willow tit (Poecile montanus) is a

Palearctic. The plumage is grey-brown and off-white with a black cap and bib. It is more of a conifer specialist than the closely related marsh tit, which explains it breeding much further north. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate
.

Taxonomy

The willow tit was

Canton of Grisons, Switzerland.[3] The willow tit is now placed in the genus Poecile that was erected by the German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup in 1829.[4] The genus name, Poecile, is the Ancient Greek name for a now unidentifiable small bird, and the specific montanus is Latin for "of the mountains".[5]

Poecile was at one time treated as a subgenus within the genus Parus but

sister to the Caspian tit (Poecile hyrcanus).[6][7]

There are 14 recognised subspecies:[8]

  • P. m. kleinschmidti (Hellmayr, 1900) – Britain
  • P. m. rhenanus (Kleinschmidt, 1900) – northwest France to west Germany, north Switzerland and north Italy
  • P. m. montanus (Conrad von Baldenstein, 1827) – southeast France to Romania, Bulgaria and Greece
  • P. m. salicarius (Brehm, CL, 1831) – Germany and west Poland to northeast Switzerland and Austria
  • P. m. borealis (de Sélys-Longchamps, 1843) – Scandinavia south to Ukraine
  • P. m. uralensis (Grote, 1927) – southeast European Russia, west Siberia and Kazakhstan
  • P. m. baicalensis Swinhoe, 1871 – central east, east Siberia, north Mongolia, north China and north Korea
  • P. m. anadyrensis (Belopolski, 1932) – northeast Siberia
  • P. m. kamtschatkensis Bonaparte, 1850 – Kamchatka Peninsula and north Kuril Islands
  • P. m. sachalinensis (Lönnberg, 1908) – Sakhalin and south Kuril Islands
  • P. m. restrictus (Hellmayr, 1900) – Japan
  • P. m. songarus (Severtsov, 1873) – southeast Kazakhstan to Kyrgyzstan and northwest China
  • P. m. affinis Przevalski, 1876 – central north China
  • P. m. stoetzneri (Kleinschmidt, 1921) – northeast China

The

mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene.[9][10] The single locus results were later confirmed by a larger multi-locus analysis published in 2017.[7]

Description

Subspecies Poecile montanus restrictus in Japan

The willow tit is 11.5 cm (4.5 in) in length, has a wingspan of 17–20.5 cm (6.7–8.1 in) and weighs around 11 g (0.39 oz).[11] It has a large head, a thin bill, a long dull black cap that descends to the mantle and a black bib. The sides of the face are white, the back is grey-brown and the underparts are buff. The sexes are similar in appearance.[12]

In the east of its range it is much paler than marsh tit, but as one goes west the various races become increasingly similar, so much so that it was not recognised as a breeding bird in Great Britain until the end of the 19th century, despite being widespread.

The willow tit is distinguished from the marsh tit by a sooty brown instead of a glossy blue black cap; the general colour is otherwise similar, though the under parts are more buff and the flanks distinctly more rufous; the pale buff edgings to the secondaries form a light patch on the closed wing. The feathers of the crown and the black bib under the bill are longer, but this is not an easily noticed character.[12]

The commonest call is a nasal zee, zee, zee, but the notes of the bird evidently vary considerably. Occasionally a double note, ipsee, ipsee, is repeated four or five times.[13]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Eggs, collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany

The willow tit excavates its own nesting hole, even piercing hard bark; this is usually in a rotten stump or in a tree, more or less decayed. Most nests are cups of felted material, such as fur, hair and wood chips, but feathers are sometimes used. The eggs are laid daily. The clutch is typically between six and nine eggs. The eggs have a white background and are marked with red-brown speckles and spots which are often concentrated at the broader end. They measure around 15.8 mm × 12.3 mm (0.62 in × 0.48 in) and weigh 1.2 g (0.042 oz). The eggs are incubated by the female alone and hatch after 13–15 days. The chicks are then cared for and fed by both parents but only the female broods the young. The nestlings fledge after 17–20 days. Only a single brood is raised each season.[14]

In a study using ring-recovery data carried out in northern Finland, the survival rate for juveniles for their first year was 0.58, and the subsequent adult annual survival rate was 0.64.[15] For birds that survive the first year the typical lifespan is thus only three years.[16] The maximum recorded age is 11 years; this has been recorded for a bird in Finland and for another near Nottingham in England.[17][18]

Food and feeding

Birds feed on insects, caterpillars, and seeds, much like other tits. This species is parasitised by the moorhen flea, Dasypsyllus gallinulae.[19]

Status

The willow tit has an extremely large range with an estimated population of between 175 and 253 million mature individuals. This large population appears to be slowly decreasing but the decline is not sufficiently rapid to approach the threshold of vulnerability. The species is therefore classed as of least-concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] In contrast, the number in the United Kingdom declined by 83% between 1995 and 2017. There was also a contraction in the range.[20] The rapid decline is believed be due to three factors: habitat loss, competition for nest holes by other tits particularly blue tits, and nest predation by the great spotted woodpecker.[21][22][23] Over the same period, the number of great spotted woodpeckers increased fourfold.[20]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T155139697A155139155.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ von Baldenstein, Thomas Conrad (1827). "Nachrichten über die Sumpf-Meise (Mönchs-Meise) (Parus palustris Linn.)". In Steinmüller, Johann Rudolf (ed.). Neue Alpina : eine Schrift der Schweizerischen Naturgeschichte Alpen- und Landwirthschaft gewiedmet (in German). Vol. 2. Winterthur: Steiner. pp. 30–36 [31].
  3. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1986). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 77.
  4. ^ Kaup, Johann Jakob (1829). Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt (in German). Darmstadt: Carl Wilhelm Leske. p. 114.
  5. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  6. ^
    PMID 23831453
    .
  7. ^
    PMID 27965081
    .
  8. Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Waxwings and their allies, tits & penduline tits"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  9. PMID 12128026
    .
  10. ^ Eck, S.; Martens, J. (2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 49. A preliminary review of the Aegithalidae, Remizidae and Paridae". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80–5: 1–63 [18–19].
  11. ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, pp. 169, 184.
  12. ^ a b Cramp & Perrins 1993, p. 161.
  13. ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2
    .
  14. ^ Cramp & Perrins 1993, pp. 181–182.
  15. doi:10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00575.x
    .
  16. ^ "Willow Tit Poecile montanus". Bird Facts. British Trust for Ornithology. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  17. ^ "European Longevity Records: Willow Tit". Euring: European Union for Bird Ringing. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Ringing and Nest Recording Report: Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2018". Thetford: British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  19. ^ Rothschild, Miriam; Clay, Theresa (1953). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos: A Study of Bird Parasites. London: Collins. p. 113.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-1-912642-05-2
    .
  21. doi:10.1080/00063650409461354
    .
  22. ^ Lewis, Alex J.G.; Amar, Arjun; Chormonond, Elisabeth C.; Stewort, Finn R.P. (2009). "The decline of the Willow Tit in Britain" (PDF). British Birds. 102: 386–393.
  23. S2CID 199097252
    .

Sources

External links

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