Xenacanthus
Appearance
Xenacanthus Temporal range:
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Skeletal reconstruction of Xenacanthus decheni | |
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Life restoration of Xenacanthus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Chondrichthyes |
Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
Order: | †Xenacanthida |
Family: | † Xenacanthidae
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Genus: | †Xenacanthus Beyrich, 1848 |
Type species | |
Xenacanthus decheni | |
Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
Pleuracanthus Agassiz 1837 |
Xenacanthus (from Ancient Greek
freshwater
environments, and fossils of various species have been found worldwide.
Description
Xenacanthus is relatively small member in its order.[1] X. decheni reached about 1 m (3.3 ft),[2] X. meisenheimensis reached up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft),[3] X. (Expleuracanthus) gaudryi reached 58 cm (1.90 ft).[4] X. parallelus is one of the smallest xenacanth, male reached 20 cm (0.66 ft) and female reached 34 cm (1.12 ft), both are fully grown.[5]
The
conger eels, and Xenacanthus probably swam in a similar manner. A distinctive spine projected from the back of the head and gave the genus its name. The spike has even been speculated to have been venomous, perhaps in a similar manner to a sting ray. The teeth had an unusual "V" shape, and it probably fed on small crustaceans and heavily scaled palaeoniscid fishes.[6]
As with many xencanths, Xenacanthus is mainly known because of fossilised teeth and spines.
Fossils are known from the Carboniferous-Permian of North America, Europe, and South America. Triassic species have been moved into the separate genus Mooreodontus.[7][8][9]
Species
- X. texensis
- X. atriossis
- X. compressus
- X. indicus
- X. decheni
- X. denticulatus
- X. erectus
- X. gibbosus
- X. gracilis
- X. howsei
- X. laevissimus
- X. latus
- X. luedernesis
- X. ossiani
- X. ovalis
- X. parallelus
- X. ragonhai - Rio do Rasto Formation, Brazil
- X. robustus
- X. serratus
- X. slaughteri
- X. taylori
References
- ^ Beck, Kimberley G.; oler-Gijón, Rodrigo; Carlucci, Jesse R.; Willis, Ray E. (December 2014). "Morphology and Histology of Dorsal Spines of the Xenacanthid Shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: Palaeobiological and Palaeoenvironmental Implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (1): 97–117. doi:10.4202/app.00126.2014
- ^ Schneider, Joerg W.; Zajíc, Jaroslav (1994). "Xenacanths (Pisces, Chondrichthyes) of the Middle European Upper Carboniferous and Permian - revision of the originals to Goldfuss 1847, Beyrich 1848, Kner 1867 and Fritsch 1879-1890". Freiberger Forschungshefte-Reihe C-Geowissenschaften. 452: 101–152.
- ^ Heidtke, U.H.J. (2003). "Neue Rekonstruktionen xenacanthider Haie aus dem Permokarbon des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutschland)" (PDF). Mitteilungen der Pollichia. 90: 19–28.
- ISSN 0001-7272.
- ^ Soler-Gijón, R. (2004). "Development and growth in xenacanth sharks: new data from Upper Carboniferous of Bohemia". G. Arratia, M.V.H. Wilson, and R. Cloutier (eds.), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates: 533–562.
- ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- ISSN 0883-1351.
- ISSN 1437-3254.
- ISSN 0001-3765.
External links
Data related to Xenacanthus at Wikispecies
Media related to Xenacanthus at Wikimedia Commons