Yukon River
Yukon River | |
---|---|
Southern Tutchone) | |
Location | |
Countries | |
State | Alaska |
Province/Territory | |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Llewellyn Glacier at Atlin Lake |
• location | Atlin District, British Columbia, Canada |
• coordinates | 59°10′N 133°50′W / 59.167°N 133.833°W |
• elevation | 669 m (2,195 ft)[1] |
Mouth | Bering Sea |
• location | Kusilvak, Alaska, U.S. |
• coordinates | 62°35′55″N 164°48′00″W / 62.59861°N 164.80000°W |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Length | 3,190 km (1,980 mi) |
Basin size | 833,232 km2 (321,713 sq mi) to 854,700 km2 (330,000 sq mi)[2] |
Width | |
• average | 0.8 km (0.50 mi) Rampart to Tanana;[3]
820 m (2,690 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) ( Pilot Station)[4] |
Depth | |
• average | 9.1 m (30 ft)-12.1 m (40 ft) (Rampart to Tanana);[3] |
• maximum | 40 m (130 ft) (Rampart);[3] 24.4 m (80 ft) ( |
• average | (Period of data: 2000/10/01–2023/09/30) 6,860.3 m3/s (242,270 cu ft/s)[7]
(Period of data: 1971–2015) 6,576 m3/s (232,200 cu ft/s)[5] (Period of data: 1977–2006) 6,428 m3/s (227,000 cu ft/s)[8] |
• minimum | 340 m3/s (12,000 cu ft/s) |
• maximum | 24,600 m3/s (870,000 cu ft/s) 34,000 m3/s (1,200,000 cu ft/s) (2005)[7] |
Discharge | |
• location | Yukon Delta, U.S., Alaska, Bering Sea |
• average | |
Discharge | |
• location | Kaltag (450 miles upstream of mouth; Basin size: 767,000 km2 (296,000 sq mi)[2] |
• average | 6,040.2 m3/s (213,310 cu ft/s)[6] to 6,130.6 m3/s (216,500 cu ft/s)[2] |
Discharge | |
• location | Stevens Village (Basin size: 508,417 km2 (196,301 sq mi)[6] |
• average | (Period of data: 1977–2022) 3,471.1 m3/s (122,580 cu ft/s)[2] |
Discharge | |
• location | Dawson (1,300 miles upstream of mouth; Basin size: 264,000 km2 (102,000 sq mi)[6] |
• average | 2,160 m3/s (76,000 cu ft/s)[6] to 2,319.1 m3/s (81,900 cu ft/s)[9] |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | White, Fortymile, Birch Creek, Tanana, Nowitna, Innoko |
• right | Tagish River, Atlin, Teslin, Big Salmon, Pelly, Stewart, Klondike, Porcupine, Christian, Chandalar, Melozitna, Koyukuk, Anvik, Atchuelinguk, Andreafsky |
[10][11] |
The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. From its source in British Columbia, it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river continues westward through the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is 3,190 kilometres (1,980 mi)[11][12] long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is 6,400–7,000 m3/s (230,000–250,000 cu ft/s).[2] The total drainage area is 833,000 km2 (321,500 sq mi),[2] of which 323,800 km2 (125,000 sq mi) lies in Canada.[13] The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta.
The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903
The Yukon River has a recent history of
The
Name
The name Yukon, or ųųg han, is a
The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk.
Course
The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the
The river passes through the communities of
Hazards
Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks.
Bridges
Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream:
- The Lewes Bridge, north of Marsh Lake, Yukon, on the Alaska Highway;
- The Riverdaleto the downtown area;
- The Yukon River Bridge in Carmacks, Yukon, on the Klondike Highway; and
- The Yukon River Bridge, north of Fairbanks, Alaska on the Dalton Highway.
A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over the frozen river during the winter. Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted.
There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a
Transportation is also performed along the river in summer by barge, enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers. This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River.[26]
Geography and ecology
Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e.g.
The river flows into several parklands and refuges including:
- Innoko National Wildlife Refuge
- Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge
- Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve
- Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge
- Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge
Discharge
Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge:[7][29][30]
Water year | Discharge (Period: 1975/10/01 – 2023/09/30) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean | Max | |||||
cfs | m3/s | cfs | m3/s | km3 | cfs | m3/s | |
1975/76 | 65,000 | 1,840 | 218,300 | 6,182 | 195 | 700,000 | 19,800 |
1976/77 | 44,000 | 1,250 | 204,100 | 5,779 | 182 | 669,000 | 18,900 |
1977/78 | 42,000 | 1,190 | 185,300 | 5,247 | 166 | 465,000 | 13,200 |
1978/79 | 40,000 | 1,130 | 224,200 | 6,349 | 200 | 587,000 | 16,600 |
1979/80 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 236,900 | 6,708 | 212 | 660,000 | 18,700 |
1980/81 | 40,000 | 1,130 | 229,600 | 6,502 | 205 | 563,000 | 15,900 |
1981/82 | 38,000 | 1,080 | 240,800 | 6,819 | 215 | 866,000 | 24,500 |
1982/83 | 45,000 | 1,270 | 218,900 | 6,199 | 196 | 554,000 | 15,700 |
1983/84 | 35,000 | 990 | 231,900 | 6,567 | 207 | 642,000 | 18,200 |
1984/85 | 40,000 | 1,130 | 239,200 | 6,773 | 214 | 1,100,000 | 31,150 |
1985/86 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 231,400 | 6,553 | 207 | 585,000 | 16,600 |
1986/87 | 47,000 | 1,330 | 223,800 | 6,337 | 200 | 649,000 | 18,400 |
1987/88 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 218,700 | 6,193 | 195 | 680,000 | 19,300 |
1988/89 | 55,000 | 1,560 | 225,500 | 6,385 | 202 | 800,000 | 22,650 |
1989/90 | 47,000 | 1,330 | 235,400 | 6,666 | 210 | 900,000 | 25,500 |
1990/91 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 249,800 | 7,074 | 223 | 1,070,000 | 30,300 |
1991/92 | 46,000 | 1,300 | 239,500 | 6,782 | 214 | 788,000 | 22,300 |
1992/93 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 240,400 | 6,807 | 215 | 854,000 | 24,200 |
1993/94 | 50,000 | 1,420 | 253,700 | 7,184 | 227 | 660,000 | 18,700 |
1994/95 | 42,000 | 1,190 | 218,300 | 6,182 | 195 | 696,000 | 19,700 |
1995/96 | 36,000 | 1,020 | 209,700 | 5,938 | 187 | 502,000 | 14,200 |
1996/97 | No incomplete data have been used
for statistical calculation | ||||||
1997/98 | |||||||
1998/99 | |||||||
1999/00 | |||||||
1975–1996 | 45,800 | 1,300 | 227,400 | 6,439 | 203 | 713,800 | 20,200 |
2000/01 | 46,000 | 1,300 | 249,500 | 7,067 | 223 | 901,000 | 25,500 |
2001/02 | 38,000 | 1,080 | 210,400 | 5,958 | 188 | 884,000 | 25,000 |
2002/03 | 48,000 | 1,360 | 236,500 | 6,697 | 211 | 543,000 | 15,400 |
2003/04 | 46,500 | 1,320 | 211,800 | 5,998 | 189 | 648,000 | 18,350 |
2004/05 | 41,000 | 1,160 | 254,600 | 7,209 | 228 | 1,240,000 | 35,100 |
2005/06 | 45,000 | 1,270 | 252,300 | 7,144 | 226 | 920,000 | 26,050 |
2006/07 | 38,000 | 1,080 | 213,600 | 6,048 | 191 | 531,000 | 15,000 |
2007/08 | 40,500 | 1,150 | 231,600 | 6,558 | 207 | 775,000 | 21,950 |
2008/09 | 48,000 | 1,360 | 231,900 | 6,567 | 207 | 1,090,000 | 30,900 |
2009/10 | 42,000 | 1,190 | 205,600 | 5,822 | 184 | 675,000 | 19,100 |
2010/11 | 47,000 | 1,330 | 227,000 | 6,428 | 203 | 670,000 | 19,000 |
2011/12 | 44,000 | 1,250 | 247,700 | 7,014 | 221 | 660,000 | 18,700 |
2012/13 | 48,500 | 1,370 | 231,700 | 6,561 | 207 | 820,000 | 23,200 |
2013/14 | 45,000 | 1,270 | 266,400 | 7,544 | 238 | 553,000 | 15,700 |
2014/15 | 55,000 | 1,560 | 229,400 | 6,499 | 205 | 621,000 | 17,600 |
2015/16 | 58,000 | 1,640 | 274,600 | 7,776 | 245 | 603,000 | 17,100 |
2016/17 | 46,700 | 1,320 | 214,900 | 6,085 | 192 | 562,000 | 15,900 |
2017/18 | 48,000 | 1,360 | 257,600 | 7,294 | 230 | 669,000 | 18,900 |
2018/19 | 60,900 | 1,730 | 233,300 | 6,606 | 208 | 647,000 | 18,300 |
2019/20 | 52,400 | 1,480 | 290,900 | 8,237 | 260 | 704,000 | 19,900 |
2020/21 | 50,900 | 1,440 | 262,200 | 7,425 | 234 | 589,000 | 16,700 |
2021/22 | 49,400 | 1,400 | 269,900 | 7,643 | 241 | 682,000 | 19,300 |
2022/23 | 64,900 | 1,840 | 268,800 | 7,611 | 240 | 1,140,000 | 32,300 |
2000–2023 | 48,000 | 1,360 | 242,300 | 6,860 | 216 | 744,650 | 21,100 |
1975–2023 | 47,000 | 1,330 | 234,700 | 6,646 | 210 | 729,900 | 20,650 |
Fisheries
The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in the world. Each year
The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs. Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and
. The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas. Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical.Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks. The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species. In the summer of 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service counted 58,500 Chinook salmon, the second lowest season on record.[32] The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing.[citation needed] The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about the effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch.[33][34] In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7.5 inches (190 mm).[35] In 2021, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Division of Commercial Fisheries banned all fishing of Chinook and chum salmon, including for subsistence.[31][36]
Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future. The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years. Its organizational goals include giving voice to the village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological Knowledge[37]
In March 2001, the U.S. & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across the border.[38] The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management.[39]
Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities.
Tributaries
Yukon Territory
- Takhini River
- Big Salmon River
- Little Salmon River (Yukon)
- Nordenskiold River
- Teslin River
- Pelly River
- Stewart River
- Nadaleen River
- Lansing River
- Hess River
- Mayo River
- McQuesten River
- White River
- Donjek River
- Kluane River
- Nisling River
- Beaver Creek
- Donjek River
- Sixtymile River
- Indian River
- Klondike River
- Fortymile River
Alaska
- Tatonduk River
- Seventymile River
- Nation River
- Fourth of July Creek
- Kandik River
- Charley River
- Porcupine River
- (tributaries in the Yukon)
- Miner tributaries
- Bell River
- Eagle River
- Rock River (Yukon)
- Driftwood River (Yukon)
- Old Crow River
- Bluefish River
- (tributaries in Alaska)
- Coleen River
- Black River
- Wood River
- Bear Mountain Creek
- Mountain Creek
- Chandalar Creek
- Sheenjek River
- Sheenjek River East Fork
- Koness River
- Eskimo Creek
- Christian River
- Chandalar River
- East Fork Chandalar River
- Junjik River
- Wind River
- Middle Fork Chandalar River
- North Fork Chandalar River
- West Fork Chandalar River
- Marten Creek
- Birch Creek
- Hadweenzic River
- Beaver Creek
- Hodzana River
- Dall River
- Ray River
- Big Salt River
- Hess Creek
- Garnet Creek
- Fish Creek
- Texas Creek
- Coal Creek
- Tanana River
- Nabesna River
- Chisana River
- Tetlin River
- Goodpaster River
- Delta River
- Salcha River
- Chena River
- Wood River
- Nenana River
- Tolovana River
- Kantishna River
- NC Creek
- Tozitna River
- Bluebell Creek
- Dagislakhna Creek
- Banddana Creek
- Blind River
- Bering Creek
- Nowitna River
- Sulatna River
- Big Creek
- Beaver Creek
- Glacier Creek
- Melozitna River
- Black Sand Creek
- Little Melozitna River
- Ruby Slough
- Yuki River
- East Fork Yuki River
- Kala Creek
- Kelly Creek
- Galena Creek
- Bishop Creek
- Koyukuk River
- Workyard Creek
- Gisasa River
- Kateel River
- Dulbi River
- Huslia River
- Nulitna River
- Tom Cook Slough
- Billy Hawk Creek
- Cutoff Slough
- Hogatza River
- Clear Creek
- Batza River
- Matthews Slough
- Little Indian River
- Indian River
- Calamity Creek
- Pocahontas Creek
- Kanuti River
- Discovery Creek
- Alatna River
- Siruk Creek
- South Fork Koyokouk River
- Jim River
- Jane Creek
- John River
- North Fork Koyukuk River
- Nulato River
- Khotol River
- Anvik River
- Bonasila River
- Stuyahok River
- Innoko River
- Paimiut Slough
- Reindeer River
- Iditarod River
- Yetna River
- First Chance Creek
- Mud River
- Dishna River
- Coffee Creek
- Tolstoi Creek
- Madison Creek
- Mastodon Creek
- Hurst Creek
- Taft Creek
- Finland Creek
- Scandinavian Creek
- North Fork Innoko River
- Tango Creek
- West Fork North Fork Innoko River
- Colorado Creek
- Paimiut Slough
- Kako Creek
- Engineer Creek
- Reindeer River
- Atchuelinguk River
- Andreafsky River
- Kashunuk River (distributary)
List of major tributaries
The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):
Left
tributary |
Right
tributary |
Length
(km) |
Basin size
(km2) |
Average discharge
(m3/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yukon Delta
| ||||
Nanvaranak Slough | 1,735 | 28.1 | ||
Archuelinguk | 56 | 705 | 12.8 | |
Lower Yukon | ||||
Andreafsky | 193 | 5,369 | 91.4 | |
Kashunuk
(distributary) |
362 | 2,906 | 51.7 | |
Atchuelinguk | 266 | 5,439 | 73.8 | |
Reindeer | 97 | 1,191 | 22 | |
Talbiksok | 129 | 1,857 | 26.5 | |
Kako Creek | 550 | 9.8 | ||
Innoko | 805 | 36,517 | 335.5 | |
Koserefski | 48 | 897 | 13.1 | |
Bonasila | 201 | 3,108 | 43.7 | |
Anvik | 225 | 4,610 | 65 | |
Khotol | 137 | 2,331 | 40.1 | |
Nulato | 114 | 2,287 | 54.2 | |
Koyukuk | 805 | 81,326 | 770 | |
Bear Creek | 789 | 10.8 | ||
Kala Creek | 893 | 13 | ||
Yuki | 137 | 2,771 | 33.4 | |
Melozitna | 217 | 7,045 | 67.6 | |
Big Creek | 814 | 4.6 | ||
Nowitna | 455 | 18,596 | 102.4 | |
Blind | 34 | 587 | 3.4 | |
Boney Creek | 72 | 788 | 3.9 | |
Tozitna | 134 | 4,248 | 28.2 | |
Tanana | 1,061 | 113,959 | 1,246 | |
Middle Yukon | ||||
Hess Creek | 80 | 3,082 | 15.6 | |
Ray
|
69 | 1,751 | 14.2 | |
Dall | 129 | 3,714 | 17.6 | |
Old Lost Creek | 10.3 | |||
Hodzana | 201 | 4,323 | 19.5 | |
Beaver Creek | 290 | 5,426 | 54.9 | |
Hadweenzic | 150 | 2,422 | 19.4 | |
Birch Creek | 241 | 13,064 | 127 | |
Chandalar | 328 | 24,165 | 141.8 | |
Christian | 225 | 8,827 | 67.8 | |
Porcupine | 916 | 116,431 | 623 | |
Charley | 142 | 4,377 | 22.7 | |
Kandik | 132 | 2,840 | 19.7 | |
Nation | 113 | 2,411 | 24.6 | |
Tatonduk | 110 | 15.6 | ||
Upper Yukon | ||||
Seventymile | 93 | 7.5 | ||
Fortymile | 97 | 16,602 | 79.4 | |
Klondike | 161 | 8,044 | 63.9 | |
Indian | 2,242 | 20.4 | ||
Sixtymile | 137 | 3,719 | 25.4 | |
Stewart | 533 | 51,023 | 510 | |
White | 322 | 46,900 | 566 | |
Pelly | 608 | 48,174 | 412 | |
Nordenskiöld | 6,371 | 16 | ||
Little Salmon | 3,626 | 9.7 | ||
Big Salmon | 240 | 6,760 | 67.6 | |
393 | 35,014 | 331 | ||
Takhini | 180 | 6,993 | 103.1 | |
Atlin | 6,812 | 110 |
In media
- The Yukon River features as the setting for the 2015 National Geographic Channel series Yukon River Run.[41]
- The industrial metal band Lindemann wrote a song named "Yukon" on their first album Skills in Pills.
See also
- Alaska salmon fishery
- List of longest rivers of Canada
- List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
- List of rivers of Alaska
- List of Yukon rivers
- Steamboats of the Yukon River
References
- ^ "Atlin Lake". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "USGS".
- ^ a b c "Yukon River Panel".
- ^ a b "Yukon (Pilot) River".
- ^ S2CID 236682638.
- ^ a b c d e "GRDC".
- ^ a b c "USGS 15565447 YUKON R AT PILOT STATION AK".
- ^ a b c d "River Discharge". Arctic.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Rivers Network".
- ^ Brabets, Timothy P; Wang, Bronwen; Meade, Robert H. (2000). "Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ a b Yukon River at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "Yukoninfo.com". Yukoninfo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- S2CID 128894194.
- ^ The Thirty Mile (Yukon River) National Heritage River Archived January 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, National Heritage Rivers System
- ^ Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park Archived October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Parks Canada
- ^ "Earth Snapshot • Yukon River". Eosnap.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
- ^ "USGS Water Quality Samples – 1 sites found". Nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- ^ "Arctic Great Rivers Observatory". Arctic Great Rivers. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
- ^ ISBN 0-88830-331-9. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
- ^ a b In Gwich'in, adjectives, such as choo [big] and gąįį [white], follow the nouns that they modify. Thus, white water is chųų gąįį [water white]. White water river is chųų gąįį han [water white river]. Peter, Katherine (1979). Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį: Gwich'in Junior Dictionary (PDF). Univ. of Alaska. pp. ii (ą, į, ų are nasalized a, i, u), xii (adjectives follow nouns), 19 (nitsii or choo [big]), 88 (ocean = chųų choo [water big]), 105 (han [river]), 142 (chųų [water]), 144 (gąįį [white]). Retrieved 2017-10-16.
- ^ Gwich'in vowels may or may not be nasalized. A hook under a vowel, as in "ų," indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Peter (1979). Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį., at page ii (footnote). English, of course, has no nasalized vowels.
- Gwich'in– the language from which the word came.
- ^ In Holikachuk, big river or big water would be xinmiksekh, xinchux, toomiksekh, or toochux. Kari, James; et al. (1978). Holikachuk Noun Dictionary (PDF). Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 19 (xin [river], too [water]). Retrieved 2017-10-16.; Zagoskin; Michael (1967). Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels., at page 309 (Inkilik proper [Holikachuk] tu [water], miksekh [large]); Hargus, Sharon (2008). Vowel quality and duration in Deg Xinag (PDF). Univ. of Washington. p. 29 (note 33: Holikachuk chux [big]). Retrieved 2017-10-16. Adjectives followed the nouns that they modified in Holikachuk.
- Gwich'in. Nor do Orth's "Sources" include aboriginal dictionaries.
- Simpson from Bell (1845), HBC Archives, D.5/14, fos. 212, 213. For these reasons, the Holikachuk were in a position to conflate the meanings of the Gwich'in and Yup'ik names, and to furnish this conflated information to the Russian-American Company.
- ^ "Ruby Marine". Rubymarineinc.com. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ Scott R. Robinson. 1988. Movement and Distribution of Western Arctic Caribou Herd across the Buckland Valley and Nulato Hills, U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open file Report 23, Alaska
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008 Archived October 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "USGS Surface Water for USA: USGS Surface-Water Daily Statistics for the Nation".
- ^ "USGS Current Conditions for USGS 15565447 YUKON R AT PILOT STATION AK".
- ^ a b Graham, Max (November 9, 2023). "Salmon are vanishing from the Yukon River — and so is a way of life". Grist. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/tab2-yukon-river-salmon-summary-fall-2023508.pdf
- ^ Thiessen, Mark. Feds declare fisheries disaster for Yukon River Archived December 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved 15 March 2010
- ^ Hopkins, Kyle. Pollock vs. salmon bycatch issue stirs waters at meeting Archived June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 15 March 2010
- ^ Associated Press. Fisheries board restricts Yukon salmon gillnets Archived March 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 15 March 2010
- ^ http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/applications/dcfnewsrelease/1323432313.pdf
- ^ Sea Grant Alaska. Yukon Fishermen Celebrate Ten Years. Arctic Science Journeys. Retrieved 15 March 2010
- ^ Yukon River Salmon Agreement. Yukonriverpanel.com, March 2001
- ^ Bylaws of the Yukon River Panel Society. Yukonriverpanel.com, November 2002
- ^ "Alaska Guide Co".
- ^ Alcinii, Daniele (June 26, 2015). "Nat Geo sets summer premieres for adventure series". Real Screen. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
External links
- Arctic Great Rivers Observatory
- Canadian Council for Geographic Education page with a series of articles on the history of the Yukon River Archived 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- The Yukon River Bridge at Dawson City
- Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council
- Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association
- Yukon River Panel