Šumadija
Šumadija
Шумадија | |
---|---|
Geographic region of Serbia | |
Country | Serbia |
Largest city | Kragujevac |
Population | |
• Total | cca. 850,000 (excl. Belgrade) |
Šumadija (
The region is very fertile, and it is known for its extensive fruit production (apples, grapes, plums, etc.).
Name
Šumadija received its name from the dense and impassable forests which covered the region, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries. These forests were preserved until the early 19th century; they are mentioned in literature and tradition.
The region of Šumadija is surrounded by the river Morava in the east, Kolubara in the west, the Danube in the north, and the mountains of Crni Vrh, Kotlenik and Rudnik in the southeast, south and southwest. The inhabitants of this region have earned the demonym Šumadinci.[1]
Geography
Šumadija is located between mountain Kosmaj in the north, city Smederevska Palanka in the east, mountain Gledić in the south, and
Central Šumadija is well known for its rich horticulture, with major products being plums, apples, pears, apricots, peaches, nuts, cherries, strawberries, and raspberries.[4]
The geological region of Šumadija includes formations of enhanced uranium, such as the Brajkovac granitic massif, and volcanites of Medvednjak, Rudnik and Borač , with high average instance of uranium and thorium.[5]
History
Prehistory
Archaeological sites of the Neolithic
Middle Ages
Šumadija was located directly northeast of
Central Šumadija's three parts –
The medieval Serbian state saw its end with the Serbian Despotate's fall in Šumadija in the 15th century.[12]
Early modern history
Until the fall of the Serbian Despotate, the region was advanced, rich and well-populated. This stands out from the travellers that passed through Šumadija in that period. Many topographic names that have survived until today confirm old settlements, churches and monasteries (selište, crkvine, manastirine, kućerine, podrumine, varoševo, etc.), as does old graveyards and other traces. After the fall of the Despotate, opportunities changed. The Ottoman invasion and the events that took place in Šumadija up until the early 19th century were the primary cause for the population motion. Removing themselves ahead of the Ottomans, they left their homes, concealed themselves up in the mountains and ravines, or left in different directions. Settlements disappeared, the churches and monasteries were destroyed, and the population numbers constantly decreased. One traveller, Gerlach, described the path from Batočina to Palanka: "I couldn't find no trace of settlements or culture, everywhere there is wasteland, not a single piece of land has been cultivated, there is not a single village".[13]
In addition to population emigration, there was also immigration, more or less, depending on the circumstance which prevailed in Šumadija. However, after the Austro-Turkish War, after the establishment of
During the 18th century, the forests and hills of Šumadija were the refuge for the
Contemporary period
Between 1922 and 1929, one of the administrative units in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was the Šumadijska Oblast. It roughly included territory of present-day Šumadija District with its administrative seat in Kragujevac, which is the seat of the modern district as well.
Cities and towns
This section includes towns with a population larger than 15,000.
- Kragujevac (150,835)
- Aranđelovac (24,797)
- Gornji Milanovac (24,216)
- Mladenovac (23,609)
- Smederevska Palanka (23,601)
- Velika Plana (16,078)
Culture
The most common
The fertile region of Šumadija is particularly known for its
Anthropology
Studies by J. Cvijić
In the Šumadija regions – Kačer, Gruža, Lepenica, Kragujevačka Jasenica, Smederevsko Podunavlje and Jasenica, Kosmaj and in the villages around Belgrade, 8,894 kin families with 52,475 households were included in the study of J. Cvijić. Of these, only 464 families with 3,603 houses were "old" (starinci, also called "natives"), which is close to the number of families of unknown descent (470 families with 2,464 houses), with the rest of the population being settlers (7,960 families, 46,408 houses). Šumadija was settled from almost all of the regions of the then
According to the studies by J. Cvijić, almost 90% of the families of Šumadija descended from settler families of various Serb ethnographic groups. The Dinaric group was predominant, while other South Slavic regions are included in lesser percentages. This diverse population blended, mutually permeated and leveled, thus creating an ethnographic group (the Šumadinci), with characteristical psychical traits.[19]
Cvijić noted the particular striking character of the Šumadinci as "something very strong, bold, with great activeness, and healthy nerves", that many of them are capable, "it seems, they manage to succeed in any enterprise", and that "there is increasingly appearing personalities with great will", "Foreign observers would have the impression that everyone thrives with intractible persistence and tenacity", "Rigid traditionalism has almost completely disappeared. All adapt to new ways of life. There is less talk, less epic poems and epic preferences than in pure Dinaric people". Among other traits, the Šumadinac has "common sense, measures and sense of reality. They know how to assess things and events fairly and without anger, when they are fully aware of these. The peasants are often characterized by sensing measures, which is rarely held by their schooled compatriots."[19] They were shown to be a very honest and humorous people.[20]
In popular culture
- Songs
- Smak, Šumadijski blues (1976)
- Braća Bajić, Šumadijo, šumovita, folk song (?)
- interpreted by Bora Spužić Kvaka (1981), Predrag Gojković Cune, Radiša Urošević (1990s), among others
- Miroslav Ilić, Šumadijo, folk song (1982)
- Rade Petrović, Šumadijo ko bi tebe ostavio, folk song (1981)
- interpreted by Era Ojdanić, Šumadijo, Šumadijo
- Snežana Đurišić, Odakle si, sele, folk song (1981)
- Gordana Stojićević, Dobro jutro Šumadijo, folk song (1979)
- Olivera Katarina, Šu, Šu, Šumadijo, pop song (1969)
- Vasilija Radojčić, Šumadijo, rodni kraju, folk song (?)
- interpreted by Pavle Stefanović (1977)
See also
- Šumadija District
- Geographical regions in Serbia
- Šumadija and Western Serbia
References
- ^ a b Drobnjaković 1998, intro
- ^ Miodrag Milošević, Geografija za 8. razred osnovne škole, Beograd, 1994.
- ^ Ivić, Beleske o biogračićkom govoru, Srpski dijalektoloski zbornik, 24/1978, 125
- ISBN 978-0-945428-00-8.
Central Sumadija is well known as a fruit-producing region, the major products being plums, apples, pears, apricots, peaches, nuts, cherries, strawberries, and raspberries. Domesticated animals are the same as those raised in other regions of Europe. A variety of wild mammals occur in the region and include boar, deer, wolf, fox, weasel, hare, badger, polecat, hedgehog, squirrel, mole, and a variety of smaller rodents. Birds are also numerous and various. Wildlife was obviously more abundant in the past, with bear, roe deer, and sparrow hawk as well as migratory birds.
- ISBN 978-0-08-053609-5.
- ISBN 978-0-521-44920-5.
- ISBN 978-0-945428-00-8.
- ^ Andrejić, Živojin (2005). "Средњовековна жупа Лепеница до XVI века". Митолошки зборник. 13. Центар за митолошки студије Србије: 21–.
- ^ Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije. Vizantološki institut. 1971.
Неки научници су у Ден- дри видели Шумадију
- ^ Dragoljub M. Trajković (1961). Nemanjina Dubočica.
- ISBN 9788683883103.
- ^ Đorđević 1932, p. 133.
- ^ a b Drobnjaković 1998, Do pada Despotovine Šumadija je bila razvijen i bogat kraj
- ^ a b Drobnjaković 1998, Vrhunac doseljavanja u Karađorđevo vreme
- ^ ISBN 9788682893059.
- ISBN 978-0-313-34436-7.
- ISBN 978-91-89116-38-2.
- ISBN 9788680825526.
- ^ a b Drobnjaković 1998, Karakter Šumadinaca, po Jovanu Cvijiću
- ^ Drobnjaković 1998, Društvenost i sklonost ka šalama i ismejavanju
Sources
- Books
- Borisav Čeliković (2011). Шумадија, Шумадијска Колубара: насеља, порекло становништва, обичаји. Службени гласник. ISBN 978-86-519-1015-2.
- Dragoslav P. Đorđević (1932). Šumadija u prošlosti i sadašnjosti. Izdanje Jugoslovenskog dnevnika.
- Недељковић, Миодраг (2001). Ко су Шумадинци (PDF). Glas javnosti. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
- Journals
- Petrović, Petar Ž. Vladimir Živančević (ed.). "Šumadija". Гласник Етнографског музеја у Београду (26). Etnografski muzej u Beogradu: 141–. GGKEY:SW93K9QPS7K.
- "Шумадија и Шумадинци" (in Serbian). Belgrade. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- "Шумадија и Шумадинци". Književni Sever. 3. 1927.
- Pavlović, Živko (1937-09-01). "Шумадија и Шумадинци". Београдске општинске новине.
- Other
- Drobnjaković, Borivoje (October 1998). "Šumadinci, nekoliko podataka o njihovom poreklu". SRPSKO NASLEĐE - Istorijske Sveske (10).
- "Srpsko Nasledje" [Serbian Heritage].
External links