108 (number)
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardinal | one hundred eight | |||
Ordinal | 108th (one hundred eighth) | |||
Factorization | 22 × 33 | |||
Divisors | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108 | |||
Greek numeral | ΡΗ´ | |||
Roman numeral | CVIII | |||
Binary | 11011002 | |||
Ternary | 110003 | |||
Senary | 3006 | |||
Octal | 1548 | |||
Duodecimal | 9012 | |||
Hexadecimal | 6C16 |
108 (one hundred [and] eight) is the natural number following 107 and preceding 109.
In mathematics
108 is:
- an abundant number.
- a semiperfect number.
- a tetranacci number.[1]
- the 3since it is of the form .
- divisible by the value of its φ function, which is 36.
- divisible by the total number of its divisors (12), hence it is a refactorable number.
- the angle in degrees of the interior angles of a regular pentagon in Euclidean space.
- palindromic in bases 11 (9911), 17 (6617), 26 (4426), 35 (3335) and 53 (2253)
- a Harshad number in bases 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 16
- a self number.[2]
- an Achilles number because it is a powerful number but not a perfect power.
- nine dozen
There are 108 free polyominoes of order 7.
The equation results in the golden ratio.
This could be restated as saying that the "chord" of 108 degrees is , the golden ratio.
Religion and the arts
The number 108 is considered sacred by the
.Hinduism
In Hindu tradition, the
Similarly, in
The Sri Vaishnavite Tradition has 108
The Sudarshana Chakra is a spinning, discus weapon with 108 serrated edges, generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the four hands of Vishnu.
The total number of Upanishads is 108 as per Muktikā canon.
Jainism
In Jainism, the total number of ways of Karma influx (Aasrav). 4 Kashays (anger, pride, conceit, greed) x 3 karanas (mind, speech, bodily action) x 3 stages of planning (planning, procurement, commencement) x 3 ways of execution (own action, getting it done, supporting or approval of action).[citation needed]
Buddhism
In Buddhism, according to Bhante Gunaratana[3] this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 108.
The
In Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (Bonnō) a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.
Other references
In the neo-
Martial arts
Many East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.
- According to
- The Chinese school of martial arts agrees with the Indian school of martial arts on the principle of 108 pressure points.[11][12]
- 108 number figures prominently in the symbolism associated with Foochow language pronunciation of the number 108, while gojūshi of Gojūshiho is the Japanese pronunciation of the number 54. The other Gōjū-ryū kata, Sanseru (meaning "36") and Seipai ("18") are factors of the number 108.[5]
- The 108 moves of the Yang Taijiquan long form and 108 moves in the Wing Chun wooden dummy form, taught by Ip Man, are noted in this regard.[8]
- The Eagle Claw Kung Fu style has a form known as the 108 Locking Hand Techniques.[13] This form is considered the essence of the style, consisting of an encyclopedia of Chin Na techniques, and is said to be passed down from the founder General Yue Fei.[13]
- Paek Pal Ki Hyung, the 7th form taught in the art of Kuk Sool Won, translates literally to "108 technique" form. It is also frequently referred to as the "eliminate 108 torments" form. Each motion corresponds with one of the 108 Buddhist torments or defilements.
- In the Cambodian martial art of Bokator, there are 108 kbach in gates 1 through 8 of the hand-to-hand combat techniques.
- There 108 defense combinations that are considered canon in Shaolin Kempo Karate.[14]
In literature
- In Homer's Odyssey, the number of suitors coveting Penelope, wife of Odysseus.
- There are 108 outlaws in the Chinese classic Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh by Shi Nai'an.
- There are 108 love sonnets in Astrophil and Stella, the first English sonnet sequence by Sir Philip Sidney.
- There are 108 lines in Edgar Allan Poe's 1845 poem "The Raven".
- 108 alien colonists (called Salaxalans) die when their landing craft accidentally explodes on the primordial Earth in Douglas Adams' 1987 novel Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency.
- There are 108 murders detailed in "The Part About The Crimes" in Roberto Bolaño's 2004 novel 2666.
- The repeated numbers in the tv show 4,8,15,16,23,42) total 108.
In science
- 108 is the atomic number of hassium.
- 108 degrees Fahrenheit is the internal temperature at which the human body's vital organs begin to fail from overheating.
- The distance of Aphelion).
- The distance between the total solar eclipsespossible.
In technology
- The number of channel bonding.
In sports
- 108 is the number that the Belgian cyclist Wouter Weylandt wore when he crashed fatally in the Giro d'Italia on May 9, 2011. As a tribute, many supporters held replicas of his race number by the side of the road the next day. The organization of the Giro d'Italia decided not to issue race number 108 in future editions, to commemorate him.
- An official Major League Baseball baseball has 108 stitches.[15]
- In 2016 the Chicago Cubs (MLB) won the World Series for the first time in 108 years, ending the longest championship drought in North American professional sports. The Cubs' win came in the 10th inning with 8 runs (108).
In card games
- There are 108 cards in a deck of UNO cards.
- The traditional card game Canasta is played with 108 cards.
In other fields
- In India, 108 (1-0-8) is the toll-free emergency telephone number.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Sloane's A000078: Tetranacci numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
- ^ "Sloane's A003052: Self numbers or Colombian numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
- ^ Bhante Gunaratana, Four Foundations of Mindfulness in Plain English 2012, Wisdom Publications page 86
- ISBN 1-55939-055-7
- ^ a b "Hyaku Hachi No Bonno: The Influence of The 108 Defilements and Other Buddhist Concepts on Karate Thought and Practice By Charles C. Goodin. The article has appeared in Issue #7, Winter 1996-97 of Furyu: The Budo Journal". Archived from the original on 2007-06-01. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ The Lankavatara Sutra translated by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Chapter Two, Section II,[1]
- ^ The Lankavatara Sutra translated by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Chapter Two, Section III,[2]
- ^ a b "108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri..." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ISBN 0-9745916-8-8.
- ISBN 81-241-0795-5
- ^ Subramaniam, P. (1994). Shu Hikosaka; Norinaga Shimizu; G. John Samuel (eds.). Varma Cuttiram வர்ம சுத்திரம்: A Tamil Text on Martial Art from Palm-Leaf Manuscript. Translated by M. Radhika. Madras: Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 90 & 91.
- ISBN 0-87951-433-7.
- ^ a b Leung, Shum and Jeanne Chin. The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai. Tuttle martial arts. Boston: Tuttle Pub, 2001, p. 15
- ^ "The Combinations". kempoinfo.com. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
- ^ Official Major League Baseball by Rawlings
References
- Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 134