172nd Tunnelling Company
172nd Tunnelling Company | |
---|---|
The Bluff Vimy Ridge | |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | William Henry Johnston VC William Clay Hepburn |
The 172nd Tunnelling Company was one of the
Background
By January 1915 it had become evident to the
Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915.
Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916.[1] On 10 September 1915, the British government sent an appeal to Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to raise tunnelling companies in the Dominions of the British Empire. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The New Zealand Tunnelling Company arrived at Plymouth on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France.[6] A Canadian unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three Australian tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.[1]
Unit history
172nd Tunnelling Company included a significant number of miners from South Wales, as did the 184th, 170th, 171st, 253rd and 254th Tunnelling Company.[7]
From its formation in April 1915 until the end of the war the company served under First Army south of the Ypres Salient.[3][8]
Ypres Salient
Following its formation, 172nd Tunnelling Company was first employed in the area of
.The Germans held the top of Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British 5th Division after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the Royal Engineers. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and 172nd Tunnelling Company.[9] In July 1915,
At St Eloi, military mining began in early 1915. The Germans had built an extensive system of defensive tunnels and were actively mining at the intermediate levels.[13] In March 1915, they fired mines under the elevated area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi[14] and in the ensuing fighting (the Action of St Eloi,[15] 14–15 March 1915) the British infantry suffered some 500 casualties. A month later, on 14 April 1915, the Germans fired another mine producing a crater over 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter. After these experiences, the British started an extensive programme of defensive mining at St Eloi to protect the British trenches from future German mines, but also included offensive elements by placing large attack mines beneath the German trenches. Much of this work was done by the 177th Tunnelling Company and the 172nd Tunnelling Company, the latter commanded in early 1915 by Captain William Henry Johnston VC.[14] Johnston left 172nd Tunnelling Company in early May, when he was succeeded as officer commanding by William Clay Hepburn, a Territorial Army Captain in the Monmouthshire Regiment. Hepburn was a mining engineer and colliery agent in civilian life, and the first non-regular Royal Engineer officer to command a Tunnelling Company.[16] The officer in charge of 172nd Tunnelling Company's offensive mining activities at St Eloi was Lieutenant Horace Hickling, who would go on to command 183rd Tunnelling Company on the Somme in 1916,[17] supported by Lieutenant Frederick Mulqueen, who would go on to command 182nd Tunnelling Company at Vimy in 1917.[18] The geology of the Ypres Salient featured a characteristic layer of sandy clay, which put very heavy pressures of water and wet sand on the underground works and made deep mining extremely difficult. In autumn of 1915, 172nd Tunnelling Company managed to sink shafts through the sandy clay at a depth of 7.0 metres (23 ft) down to dry blue clay at a depth of 13 metres (43 ft), which was ideal for tunneling, from where they continued to drive galleries towards the German lines at a depth of 18 metres (60 ft).[19] This constituted a major achievement in mining technique and gave the Royal Engineers a significant advantage over their German counterparts.
Meanwhile, at
The British decided to use the deep mines created by 172nd Tunnelling Company at St Eloi in a local operation (the Battle of St Eloi Craters, 27 March – 16 April 1916) and six charges were prepared.
In March 1916, 172nd Tunnelling Company handed its work at St Eloi over to
Vimy sector
In April 1916, the 172nd Tunnelling Company was relieved at The Bluff by 2nd Canadian Tunnelling Company and moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast near Vimy in northern France,[1] where it was deployed alongside 176th Tunnelling Company, which had moved to Neuville-Saint-Vaast in April 1916 and remained there for a considerable time.[1] The front sectors at Vimy and Arras, where extremely heavy fighting between the French and the Germans had taken place during 1915, were taken over by the British in March 1916.[18] Vimy, in particular, was an area of busy underground activity. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling companies along the Vimy Ridge, and during the first two months of their tenure in the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans.[18] Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) sector of the Western Front.[27]
Neuville-Saint-Vaast was close to the German "Labyrinth"
172nd Tunnelling Company stayed near Vimy and remained active in the area in preparation for the
In early 1918 half of 252nd Tunnelling Company, arriving in the Vimy Ridge sector from Beaumont-Hamel, was attached to 172nd Tunnelling Company.[27]
Somme sector
March 1918 saw 172nd Tunnelling Company working on a new defensive line on the Somme, near Bray-Saint-Christophe. It fought as emergency infantry near Villecholles, where it carried out a fighting retreat.[1]
Amiens 1918
In April 1918, troops of 172nd Tunnelling Company fought a large fire in Amiens.[1]
Memorial
On a small square in the centre of
Notable people
- Captain William Henry Johnston VC commanded 172nd Tunnelling Company at St Eloi in early 1915, at a time when the Germans exploded mines under the area known as The Mound just south-east of St Eloi. Johnston had won the Victoria Cross on 14 September 1914 during the Race to the Sea at Missy in France. He was killed in the Ypres Salient on 8 June 1915.[14]
- heart condition. He spent two weeks of basic training at Chatham, joining 172nd Tunnelling Company.[34] He later served with 254th Tunnelling Company. He was 43 years old and a Sapper when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross on 22 June/23 June 1916 at Shaftesbury Avenue Mine, near Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée, France.
See also
- Mine warfare
References
- An overview of the history of 172nd Tunnelling Company is also available in Robert K. Johns, Battle Beneath the Trenches: The Cornish Miners of 251 Tunnelling Company RE, Pen & Sword Military 2015 (ISBN 978-1473827004), p. 215 see online
- A detailed account of 172nd Tunnelling Company's activities at The Bluff: see online
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Tunnelling Companies RE Archived May 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, access date 25 April 2015
- ^ a b c d "Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Norton-Griffiths (1871–1930)". Royal Engineers Museum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, p. 49.
- ^ a b Peter Barton/Peter Doyle/Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields - The Tunnellers' War 1914-1918, Staplehurst (Spellmount) (978-1862272378) p. 165.
- ^ "Corps History – Part 14: The Corps and the First World War (1914–18)". Royal Engineers Museum. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ a b c Anthony Byledbal, "New Zealand Tunnelling Company: Chronology" (online Archived July 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine), access date 5 July 2015
- ISBN 978-1911096498.
- ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 19.
- ^ Holt & Holt 2014, p. 247.
- ^ Karel, Roose (2003-02-03). "Cycling Belgium's Waterways: Comines-Ieper". Gamber Net Home. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ Baker, Chris. "Fighting at the Bluff". The Long, Long Trail. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ "CWGC: Cemetery Details". Information on the burial places of Commonwealth soldiers, sailors and air crew. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 101.
- ^ a b c d Holt & Holt 2014, p. 248.
- ^ "Action of St. Eloi". theactionofsteloi1915.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 79.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 130.
- ^ a b c d e Jones 2010, p. 133.
- ^ a b Jones 2010, pp. 101–103.
- ^ "St Eloi Craters". firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Jones 2010, pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Jones 2010, p. 106.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 137.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 107–109.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 100.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 146.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Durand Group: Vimy Ridge online, access date 2016-08-03
- ^ Boire (1992) pp. 22–23
- ^ Boire (1992) p. 20
- ^ Jones 2010, pp. 134–135.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 136.
- ^ Jones 2010, p. 135.
- ^ Holt & Holt 2014, p. 184.
- ^ "Tunnelling in the First World War". tunnellersmemorial.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-23. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
Further reading
- Ritchie Wood (2017). Miners at War 1914-1919: South Wales Miners in the Tunneling Companies on the Western Front. ISBN 978-1-91109-649-8.
- Alexander Barrie (1988). War Underground – The Tunnellers of the Great War. ISBN 1-871085-00-4.
- The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War 1914–1919, – MILITARY MINING.
- Jones, Simon (2010). Underground Warfare 1914–1918. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-84415-962-8.
- Arthur Stockwin (ed.), Thirty-odd Feet Below Belgium: An Affair of Letters in the Great War 1915-1916, Parapress (2005), ISBN 978-1-89859-480-2 (online).
- Holt, Tonie; Holt, Valmai (2014) [1997]. Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide to the Ypres Salient & Passchendaele. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-551-9.
- Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.