1854 Nankai earthquake

Coordinates: 33°00′N 135°00′E / 33.0°N 135.0°E / 33.0; 135.0
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1854 Nankai earthquake
Nankai megathrust
Areas affectedJapan, Tōkai region
Tsunamiyes
Casualties>3,000

The 1854 Nankai earthquake occurred at about 16:00

magnitude of 8.4 and caused a damaging tsunami. More than 30,000 buildings were destroyed and there were at least 3,000 casualties.[1]

It was the second of the three Ansei great earthquakes; the 1854 Tōkai earthquake of identical magnitude had hit northwest the previous morning, and the third 1855 Edo earthquake would strike less than a year later.

Background

See also: Nankai megathrust earthquakes

The southern coast of Honshu runs parallel to the

convergent plate boundary leads to many earthquakes, some of them of the megathrust type. The Nankai megathrust has five distinct segments (A–E) that can rupture independently,[2][3] the segments have ruptured either singly or together repeatedly over the last 1300 years.[4] Megathrust earthquakes on this structure tend to occur in pairs, with a relatively short time gap between them. In addition to the two events in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. In each case the northeastern segment ruptured before the southwestern segment.[5]

Damage

The damage due to the earthquake was severe with 5,000 houses being destroyed and 40,000 houses badly damaged. A further 6,000 homes were damaged by fire. The tsunami washed away a further 15,000 houses and a total of 3,000 people died from either the earthquake or the tsunami.

Goryo Hamaguchi set fires using rice straw to help guide villagers to safety. This story was turned into "A living god" by the Greek-born writer Lafcadio Hearn.[8]

Characteristics

Earthquake

Much of southwestern Honshu, Shikoku and

Kansai suffering an intensity of 6.[9]

Tsunami

On Shikoku, the greatest inundation heights were 7.5 m in Mugi, 7.5 m in Kamikawaguchi (Japanese: 上川口) of Kuroshio,[10] 7.2 m at Asakawa on the Tokushima coast, 7.4 m at Usa, 8.4 m at Ōnogō in the Susaki area, 8.3 m at Kure on the Kōchi coast and 5 m at both Hisayoshiura and Kaizuka on the coast of Ehime.[7]

A tsunami was observed in Shanghai, China, and a water surge of about 2 to 3 Chi was recorded in Huangpu River.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Usami, T. (1979). "Study of Historical Earthquakes in Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 54: 399–439. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  2. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(75)90102-X
    .
  3. ^ Ishibashi, K. (2004). "Status of historical seismology in Japan" (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 47 (2/3): 339–368. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
  4. ^ Sieh, K.E. (1981). A Review of Geological Evidence for Recurrence Times of Large Earthquakes (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-04. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  5. S2CID 45347574
    .
  6. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
    . Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7923-3483-5
    .
  8. doi:10.3133/pp1707
    . Retrieved 2009-11-14.
  9. ^ "Great earthquakes along the Nankai Trough(The Ansei Nankai Earthquake, December 24, 1854, M 8.4)(The Nankai Earthquake, December 21, 1946, M 8.0)". Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  10. ^ "Document" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  11. ^ "科学普及". www.shgeophys.org. Retrieved 2021-07-11.

Further reading

  • Kusumoto, Satoshi; Imai, Kentaro; Obayashi, Ryoko; Hori, Takane; Takahashi, Narumi; Ho, Tung–Cheng; Uno, Karen; Tanioka, Yuichiro; Satake, Kenji (10 June 2020). "Origin Time of the 1854 Ansei–Tokai Tsunami Estimated from Tide Gauge Records on the West Coast of North America". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (5). Seismological Society of America (SSA): 2624–2630.
    S2CID 225268596
    .
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