2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands
← 2004 4 June 2009 2014 →
25 seats to the European Parliament
Turnout36.75%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Wim van de Camp Barry Madlener Thijs Berman
Party CDA PVV PvdA
Alliance
EPP
 NI PES
Seats won
5 / 25
4 / 25
3 / 25
Seat change 2 Decrease 4 Increase 4 Decrease
Popular vote 913,233 772,746 548,691
Percentage 20.05% 16.97% 12.05%
Swing 4.33% Decrease new 11.60% Decrease
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Hans van Baalen Sophie in 't Veld Judith Sargentini
Party VVD D66
GL
Alliance
ALDE
ALDE
Greens-EFA
Seats won
3 / 25
3 / 25
3 / 25
Seat change 1 Decrease 2 Increase 1 Increase
Popular vote 518,643 515,422 404,020
Percentage 11.39% 11.32% 8.87%
Swing 1.81% Decrease 7.08% Increase 1.53% Increase
  Seventh party Eighth party
 
Leader Dennis de Jong Peter van Dalen
Party SP
CU–SGP
Alliance
EUL/NGL
 ECR / EFD
Seats won
2 / 25
2 / 25
Seat change 0 Steady 0 Steady
Popular vote 323,269 310,540
Percentage 7.10% 6.82%
Swing 0.13% Increase 0.91% Increase
European Union Netherlands
Elections, candidates and members of the
European Parliament for the Netherlands
1952–1958 ECSC delegation
1958–1979 EP delegation
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1984–1989 2nd election, candidates and members
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2014–2019 8th election, candidates and members
2019–2024 9th election, candidates and members

An election of

Members of the European Parliament representing Netherlands constituency took place on 4 June 2009. Seventeen parties competed in a D'Hondt type election for the available 25 seats (down from 27). For the first time, all Dutch residents of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
were also entitled to vote in the election.

Background

Political co-operation

The

electoral alliance
:

  1. Christian Union-SGP
    , with 1,223,773 votes
  2. VVD/European Liberal-Democrats and Democrats 66
    , with 1,034,065 votes
  3. GreenLeft
    , with 952,711 votes

All three alliances would be eligible for a remainder seat, because all the parties involved won a seat in the European Parliament. Without the alliance between the Dutch Labour Party and Greenleft, GreenLeft would have only two seats and PVV would have five seats. The other electoral alliances had no effect on the overall seats awarded.[1]

New electorate

The

voting rights for European elections. Before the verdict, only people who had lived in the Netherlands for 10 years or longer were allowed to vote. This ruling increased the number of people entitled to vote by 210,000. Only 20,944 people registered to vote from the islands in this election. The turnout of registered voters in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba was 77% (rest of the world 66%.)[1] This new voting right does not change the position of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. They are not considered to be part of the European Union and they do not need to adopt European law.[2]

Before this election, people placed under a guardian were not allowed to vote. Usually a person has the status of guardian because the

Council of State decided that this was not allowed under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It is not known how many people this affected, as there is no central register for individuals under guardianship.[3]

Treaty of Lisbon

Further information: Treaty of Lisbon

Under the

Ank Bijleveld-Schouten, made a proposal for allocating it if the Lisbon treaty were to be ratified by all member states, but this had not been accepted by parliament at the time of the election. According to the proposal made by the government, the seat would be awarded to the Party for Freedom
.

The Party for the Animals contested this proposal, claiming that the minister ignored part of the Electoral Council's opinion. They raised their objection after the official results came in. Under the Electoral Council's opinion, the Party for the Animals should have gained the seat.[4]

Several parties in the

Council of State on the matter. If the election had been for 26 seats rather than 25 from the start, the 26th seat would have been awarded to the Party for Freedom.[1] On 9 October, the Dutch cabinet announced that the 26th seat would be awarded to the Party for Freedom. This would give them a total of 5 seats when the Lisbon treaty came into effect.[7]

Treaty of Nice

Further information: Treaty of Nice

At present, the exact number of seats allocated to each country is determined by the Treaty of Nice, and is adjusted by the accession treaty of each new member. This last adjustment occurred with the enlargement in 2007. Hence no change to the seats occurs without ratification by all member states. According to the treaties, the maximum number of members in the Parliament is 732. However, allocation does not take into account any enlargements to the European Union expected during the Parliamentary term. Hence, when Romania and Bulgaria joined the union in 2007, the number of seats temporarily rose to 785, but later dropped back to 736 at time of the 2009 election. Because of this, the Netherlands had 27 seats in 2004 but only 25 in 2009.

Numbering of the candidates list

Further information: Party lists in the 2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands

The official order and names of candidate lists:

Candidate lists for the European Parliament election in the Netherlands
← 2004 2009 2014 →
Lists
List English translation List name (Dutch)
1 list CDA - European People's Party CDA – Europese Volkspartij
2 list P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats P.v.d.A./Europese Sociaaldemocraten
3 list
VVD - European Liberal-Democrats
 VVD – Europese Liberaal-Democraten
4 list
GreenLeft
 Groenlinks
5 list SP (Socialist Party) SP (Socialistische Partij)
6 list
Christian Union-SGP
 ChristenUnie–SGP
7 list Democrats 66 (D66) Democraten 66 (D66)
8 list Newropeans
9 list Europe Cheap! & Sustainable Europa Voordelig! & Duurzaam
10 list Solidara
11 list Party for the Animals Partij voor de Dieren
12 list European Whistleblower Party (EKP) Europese Klokkenluiders Partij (EKP)
13 list The Greens De Groenen
14 list PVV (Party for Freedom) PVV (Partij voor de Vrijheid)
15 list Liberal Democratic Party Liberaal Democratische Partij
16 list Party for European politics (PEP) Partij voor Europese Politiek (PEP)
17 list Libertas

Results

Further information: Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)
Voting ballot

The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) remained the biggest party (five seats), despite losing two seats. The biggest winners were the Party for Freedom (up four seats) and Democrats 66 (up two). The biggest loser was the Labour Party, which lost more than half its seats (down four).

Voter turnout was 36.75%, a little lower than in 2004 (39.26%). The highest turnout was in Rozendaal (65.7%) and the lowest in Rucphen (22.3%).

PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Christian Union – Reformed Political Party
310,5406.8220
Party for the Animals157,7353.4600
European Whistleblower Party21,4480.470New
Newropeans19,8400.440New
Libertas14,6120.320New
Liberal Democratic Party10,7570.240New
The Greens8,5170.190New
Solidara7,5330.170New
Europe Cheap! & Sustainable4,4310.100New
Party for European politics2,4270.050New
Total4,553,864100.0025–2
Valid votes4,553,86499.57
Invalid/blank votes19,8790.43
Total votes4,573,743100.00
Registered voters/turnout12,445,49736.75
Source: Kiesraad

Seat assignment

Electoral quota

The electoral quota is the number of votes needed for one seat. It is the total valid number of votes divided by the number of seats.
For this election it was 4,553,864 valid votes, divided by 25 seats.
The electoral quota was established as: 182,154

Electoral alliances

The results of the electoral alliances. Both parties of both alliances reached the electoral quota and are eligible for remainder seats.

Electoral alliance List Number of votes 
A
List 1: CDA – European People's Party 913,233
List 6:
Christian Union-SGP
 310,540
Total 1,223,773
Electoral alliance List Number of votes 
B
List 2: P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats 548,691
List 4:
GreenLeft
 404,020
Total 952,711
Electoral alliance List Number of votes 
C
List 3: VVD - European Liberal-Democrats 518,643
List 7: Democrats 66 (D66) 515,422
Total 1,034,065

Assigning full seats

Full seats are assigned by number of votes divided by the electoral quota. Electoral alliances are marked as a letter, instead of a number. Any seats left over are not yet assigned to a specific party.

List Party's Number of votes Electoral quota Seats
A (list 1+6)
Christian Union-SGP
 1,223,773 182,154 6
B (list 2+4)
GreenLeft
 952,711 182,154 5
C (list 3+7) People's Party for Freedom and Democracy + Democrats 66 1,034,065 182,154 5
5 Socialist Party 323,269 182,154 1
8 Newropeans 19,840 182,154 0
9 Europe Cheap! & Sustainable 4,431 182,154 0
10 Solidara 7,533 182,154 0
11 Party for the Animals 157,735 182,154 0
12 European Whistleblower Party (EKP) 21,448 182,154 0
13 The Greens 8,517 182,154 0
14 Party for Freedom 772,746 182,154 4
15 Liberal Democratic Party 10,757 182,154 0
16 Party for European politics (PEP) 2,427 182,154 0
17 Libertas 14,612 182,154 0
Total 4,553,864 21
Total seats 25
Remaining seats 4

Remainder seats

The remaining, or left over, seats are awarded sequentially to the lists with the highest average number of votes per seat. Only lists that reached the electoral quota are eligible.

List Remainder seat 1 Remainder seat 2 Remainder seat 3 Remainder seat 4 When NL gets 26 seats Total
A (list 1+6) 174,824 152,971 152,971 152,971 152,971 1
B (list 2+4) 158,785 158,785 158,785 158,785 136,101 1
C (list 3+7) 172,344 172,344 147,723 147,723 147,723 1
5 161,634 161,634 161,634 107,756 107,756 1
14 154,549 154,549 154,549 154,549 154,549 0 (+1)
Assigned to A C 5 B 14

Awarding seats within electoral alliances

To decide the seats per party for electoral alliances, the combination quota is first determined. Combination quota for electoral alliances are determined by the total number valid votes divided by the awarded seats. The party with the most votes left after the full seats are assigned gets the seat remaining.

List A
For list A, there were 1,223,773 votes divided by 7 seats. The combination quota was established as: 174,824 votes

Electoral alliance List Number of votes Combination quota Full seats Remainder votes Remainder seat Total 
A
List 1: CDA – European People's Party 913,233 174,824 5 39,109 0 5
List 6:
Christian Union-SGP
 310,540 174,824 1 135,715 1 2
Total 1,223,773 7

List B
For list B, there were 952,711 votes divided by 6 seats. The combination quota was established as: 158,785 votes

Electoral alliance List Number of votes Combination quota Full seats Remainder votes Remainder seat Total 
B
List 2: P.v.d.A./European Social Democrats 548,691 158,785 3 72,335 0 3
List 4:
GreenLeft
 404,020 158,785 2 86,449 1 3
Total 952,711 6

List C
For list C, there were 1,034,065 votes divided by 6 seats. The combination quota was established as: 172,344 votes

Electoral alliance List Number of votes Combination quota Full seats Remainder votes Remainder seat Total 
C
List 3:
VVD - European Liberal-Democrats
 518,643 172,344 3 1,610 0 3
List 7: Democrats 66 (D66) 515,422 172,344 2 170,733 1 3
Total 1,034,065 6

Summary:

European groups

The

European People's Party–European Democrats and European Socialists group
.

The

GreenLeft winning a seat. This was because Europe Transparent, which sat in the European Greens-EFA group, did not take part in this election. Newcomer Party for Freedom is not part of a European group and is under Non-Inscrits. The Christian Union-SGP was in the Independence/Democracy group, but this group did not meet the requirements to be a group in the European Parliament and was dissolved. The Christian Union and SGP entered talks with the European Conservatives after the elections. The SGP was asked to change their stance on women's issues, but declined. After that the Christian Union joined the European Conservatives on its own. After 25 years of co-operation, the Christian Union and Reformed Political Party
split into two groups in the European parliament.

Summary of the 4 June 2009 European Parliament elections in the Netherlands
← 2004 2009 2014 →
European group Seats 2004 Seats 2009 Change
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
 ALDE 5 6 1 Increase
European People's Party EPP 7 5 2 Decrease
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats S&D 7 3 4 Decrease
The Greens–European Free Alliance
 Greens-EFA 4 3 1 Decrease
European United Left–Nordic Green Left
 EUL-NGL 2 2 0 Steady
European Conservatives and Reformists ECR 0 1 1 Increase
Europe of Freedom and Democracy EFD 2 1 1 Decrease
Non-Inscrits NI 0 4(+1) 4(+1) Increase
27 25(+1) 2(+1) Decrease

Elected members

Twenty members were elected by preference vote. Twenty-four people got this amount,[1] but not all could be appointed because either the party did not get enough seats or they got no seats.

Below are all the elected members of European parliament for the Netherlands. Members elected by preference votes are in bold. The following 25 MEPs were officially announced by the Central Electoral Commission on 11 June 2009:[1]

Christian Democratic Appeal

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Ria Oomen-Ruijten, 70,388 votes
  3. Corien Wortmann-Kool, 48,270 votes
  4. Esther de Lange, 43,406 votes
  5. Lambert van Nistelrooij, 41,846 votes

Party for Freedom

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Geert Wilders, 334,846 votes (has announced that he will not claim his seat)[8]
  3. Louis Bontes, 6,751 votes
  4. Daniël van der Stoep, 5,650 votes

Dutch Labour Party

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Emine Bozkurt, 66,385 votes
  3. Judith Merkies, 18,553 votes

People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, 52,184 votes
  3. Toine Manders, 34,973 votes

Democrats 66

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Marietje Schaake, 18,662 votes
  3. Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy, 18,107 votes

GreenLeft

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Bas Eickhout, 13,782 votes
  3. Marije Cornelissen, 14,486 votes

Socialist Party

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Kartika Liotard, 32,426 votes

ChristianUnion – Reformed Political Party

  1. top candidate
    )
  2. Bastiaan Belder
     (Reformed Political Party), 53,450 votes

Members not elected, but enough preference votes:

MEPs in 2009–2014

Below is a list of members of the European Parliament for the period 2009–2014 as a result of this election.

This section is transcluded from List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 2009–2014. (edit | history)
MEPs for the Netherlands elected to the 7th European Parliament session
← 2004–2009 2009–2014 2014–2019 →
Name Sex National party EP Group Period Preference vote
Hans van Baalen Male   People's Party for Freedom and Democracy  
ALDE
 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[9] 367,796
Bas Belder Male   Reformed Political Party   EFD 20 July 1999 – 2 July 2019[10] 53,450
Thijs Berman Male  
Labour Party
   S&D 20 July 2004 – 1 July 2014[11] 372,060
Louis Bontes[12] Male   Party for Freedom   NI 14 July 2009 – 17 June 2010[13] 6,751
Emine Bozkurt Female  
Labour Party
   S&D 20 July 2004 – 1 July 2014[14] 66,385
Wim van de Camp Male   Christian Democratic Appeal   EPP 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[15] 579,775
Marije Cornelissen Female  
GreenLeft
  
G–EFA
 14 July 2009 – 1 July 2014[16] 14,486
Peter van Dalen Male   Christian Union   ECR 14 July 2009 – Present[17] 209,947
Bas Eickhout Male  
GreenLeft
  
G–EFA
 14 July 2009 – Present[18] 13,782
Gerben-Jan Gerbrandy Male   Democrats 66  
ALDE
 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[19] 18,107
Lucas Hartong Male   Party for Freedom   NI 22 June 2010 – 1 July 2014[20] 2,571
Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert[21] Female   People's Party for Freedom and Democracy  
ALDE
 20 July 2004 – 17 June 2010[22] 52,184
Dennis de Jong Male   Socialist Party  
EUL–NGL
 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[23] 194,359
Patricia van der Kammen Female   Party for Freedom   NI 27 September 2012 – 1 July 2014[24] 12,409
Esther de Lange Female   Christian Democratic Appeal   EPP 12 April 2007 – Present[25] 43,406
Kartika Liotard[26] Female   Socialist Party (2009–2010) /   Independent  
EUL–NGL
 20 July 2004 – 1 July 2014[27] 32,426
Barry Madlener[28] Male   Party for Freedom   NI 14 July 2009 – 20 September 2012[29] 372,060
Toine Manders[30] Male   People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2009–2013) /   Independent  
ALDE
 20 July 1999 – 1 July 2014
2 July 2019 – Present[31] 		34,973
Judith Merkies Female  
Labour Party
   S&D 14 July 2009 – 1 July 2014[32] 18,553
Jan Mulder Male   People's Party for Freedom and Democracy  
ALDE
 19 July 1994 – 14 July 2009
22 June 2010 – 1 July 2014[33] 		12,884
Lambert van Nistelrooij Male   Christian Democratic Appeal   EPP 20 July 2004 – 2 July 2019[34] 41,846
Ria Oomen-Ruijten Female   Christian Democratic Appeal   EPP 25 July 1989 – 1 July 2014[35] 70,388
Judith Sargentini Female  
GreenLeft
  
G–EFA
 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[36] 321,744
Marietje Schaake Female   Democrats 66  
ALDE
 14 July 2009 – 2 July 2019[37] 18,662
Laurence Stassen[38][39] Female   Party for Freedom (2009–2014) /   Independent   NI 14 July 2009 – 1 July 2014[40] 17,880
Daniël van der Stoep[41] Male   Party for Freedom (2009–2011) /   Independent   NI 14 July 2009 – 1 September 2011
15 December 2011 – 1 July 2014[42] 		5,650
Sophie in 't Veld Female   Democrats 66  
ALDE
 20 July 2004 – Present[43] 433,957
Corien Wortmann-Kool Female   Christian Democratic Appeal   EPP 20 July 2004 – 1 July 2014[44] 48,270
Auke Zijlstra Male   Party for Freedom   NI 13 September 2011 – 1 July 2014
7 September 2015 – 2 July 2019[45] 		3,617
Source:[46]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Uitslag verkiezing van de leden van het Europees Parlement van 4 juni 2009 Archived 14 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Turnout in Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
  2. ^ Europees kiesrecht in Aruba en Nederlandse Antillen Dutch allowed to vote on the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
  3. ^ Core data for 2009 elections Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Dutch parliament asks advice from Council of State Archived 21 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine in NRC
  5. ^ Dutch labour party wants remainder seat for Party for Freedom Archived 14 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine in Telegraaf
  6. ^ Junior minister says: remainder seat "de facto" for Party for Freedom in Trouw
  7. ^ PVV krijgt vijfde zetel in Europarlement on Nu.nl
  8. ^ Laurenca Stassen replaces Geert Wilders in EP Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine TcTubantia (in Dutch)
  9. ^ "Parlement.com: Mr.Drs. J.C. (Hans) van Baalen" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  10. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. B. (Bas) Belder" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  11. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. M. (Thijs) Berman" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  12. 2010 election. Replaced by Lucas Hartong
    on 22 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. L. (Louis) Bontes" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. E. (Emine) Bozkurt" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  15. ^ "Parlement.com: Mr.ing. W.G.J.M. (Wim) van de Camp" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  16. ^ "Parlement.com: M. (Marije) Cornelissen" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  17. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. P. (Peter) van Dalen" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  18. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. B. (Bas) Eickhout" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  19. ^ "Parlement.com: G.J.M. (Gerben-Jan) Gerbrandy" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Parlement.com: L. (Lucas) Hartong" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  21. 2010 election. Replaced by Jan Mulder
    on 22 June 2010.
  22. ^ "Parlement.com: J.A. (Jeanine) Hennis-Plasschaert" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  23. ^ "Parlement.com: Dr. C.D. (Dennis) de Jong" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  24. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. P. (Patricia) van der Kammen" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  25. ^ "Parlement.com: E.M.R. (Esther) de Lange" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  26. ^ Withdrew her membership of the Socialist Party on 1 June 2010 after internal conflicts in the Socialist Party. Sits as an independent while still part of the EUL-NGL.
  27. ^ "Parlement.com: Mr. K.T. (Kartika) Liotard" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  28. 2012 election. Replaced by Patricia van der Kammen
    on 27 September 2012.
  29. ^ "Parlement.com: B. (Barry) Madlener" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  30. ^ Withdrew his membership of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy on 17 October 2013 to run as party leader of 50PLUS in the 2014 European Parliament election. Sits as an independent, while still part of the ALDE.
  31. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. A.J.M. (Toine) Manders" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  32. ^ "Parlement.com: Mr. J.A. (Judith) Merkies" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  33. ^ "Parlement.com: Ir. J. (Jan) Mulder" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  34. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. L.J.J. (Lambert) van Nistelrooij" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  35. ^ "Parlement.com: M.G.H.C. (Ria) Oomen-Ruijten" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  36. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. J. (Judith) Sargentini" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  37. ^ "Parlement.com: M.R. (Marietje) Schaake MA" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  38. ^ Geert Wilders, as "party list pusher" was chosen on the number of preferences votes, however he declined to join the European Parliament. Stassen took up his seat.
  39. ^ Withdrew her membership of the Party for Freedom on 21 March 2014 after allegedly discriminatory remarks by party leader Wilders. Sits as an independent.
  40. ^ "Parlement.com: L.J.A.J. (Laurence) Stassen" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  41. ^ Resigned in 2011 because he caused a car crash while drunk driving. Replaced by Auke Zijlstra on 13 September 2011. Van der Stoep returned to the Parliament in December 2011 because of seat increases provided for by the Treaty of Lisbon. As the first candidate on the Party for Freedom election list who did not have a seat in the European Parliament he was allowed to return to the Parliament. However, the Party for Freedom did not allow him to rejoin their delegation, and he currently sits as an independent.
  42. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. D.T. (Daniël) van der Stoep" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  43. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. S.H. (Sophie) in 't Veld" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  44. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. C.M. (Corien) Wortmann-Kool" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  45. ^ "Parlement.com: Drs. A.J. (Auke) Zijlstra" (in Dutch). Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  46. ^ "Parlement.com: Nederlandse leden Europees Parlement" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
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