GroenLinks
GroenLinks GroenLinks | |
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Elections |
GroenLinks (Dutch pronunciation: [ɣrunˈlɪŋks], lit. 'GreenLeft') is a green[4] political party in the Netherlands.
It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four
After the 2021 general election, the party intensified cooperation with the Labour Party (PvdA) in an alliance called GroenLinks–PvdA. The two parties participated in the 2023 general election with a joint candidate list, and currently have a joint parliamentary group of 25 seats.
GroenLinks describes itself as "green", "social" and "tolerant".[8] The party's voters are concentrated in larger cities, particularly in college towns.
History
Before 1989: predecessors
GroenLinks was founded in 1989 as a merger of four parties that were to the
From the 1980s onwards, the four parties started to cooperate in municipal and provincial elections. As fewer seats are available in these representations, a higher percentage of votes is required to gain a seat. In the 1984 European election, the PPR, CPN and PSP formed the Green Progressive Accord that entered as one into the European elections. They gained one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party-members of the four parties also encountered each other in grassroots extraparliamentary protest against nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. More than 80% of the members of the PSP, CPN and PPR attended at least one of the two mass protests against the placement of nuclear weapons, which took place in 1981 and 1983.[11]
The
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The increasingly close cooperation between PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP, and the ideological change that accompanied it was not without internal dissent within the parties. The ideological change that CPN made from
In the
In the spring of 1989, the PSP party board initiated formal talks between the CPN, the PSP and the PPR about a common list for the upcoming general elections. It soon became clear that the CPN wanted to maintain an independent communist identity and not merge into a new left-wing formation. This was reason for the PPR leaving the talks. Negotiations about cooperation were reopened after the fall of the
1989–1994: completion of the merge and first term in parliament
In the 1989 elections, the PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP entered in the elections with one single list called Groen Links. In the Netherlands, parties usually participate in the elections with one list for the whole country. The candidates on top of the list get the priority for the distribution of seats won. The GroenLinks list of candidates was organised in such a way that all the parties were represented and new figures could enter. The PPR, which had been the largest party in 1986 got the top candidate (the lead candidate, Ria Beckers) and the number five; the PSP got the numbers two and six, the CPN the number three and the EVP number eleven. The first independent candidate was Paul Rosenmöller, trade unionist from Rotterdam, on the fourth place. In the elections, the party doubled its seats in comparison to 1986 (from three to six), but the expectations had been much higher.[11] In the 1990 municipal elections, the party fared much better, strengthening the resolve to cooperate.[10]
In the period 1989–1991, the merger developed further. A board was organised for the party-in-foundation and also a 'GroenLinks Council', which was supposed to control the board and the parliamentary party and stimulate the process of merger. In this council, all five groups – CPN, PPR, PSP, EVP and the Vereniging Groen Links – had seats on ratio of the number of their members. Originally, the three youth organisations, the CPN-linked
GroenLinks had considerable problems formulating its own ideology. In 1990, the attempt to write the first manifesto of principles failed because of the difference between socialists and communists on the one side and the more liberal former PPR members on the other side.[12] The second manifesto of principles – which was not allowed to be called that – was adopted after a lengthy debate and many amendments in 1991.[12]
Although the party was internally divided, the GroenLinks parliamentary party was the only party in the Dutch parliament which opposed the Gulf War.[12] A debate within the party about the role military intervention led to a more-nuanced standpoint than the pacifism of some of its predecessors: GroenLinks would support peacekeeping missions as long as they were mandated by the United Nations.[12]
In the fall of 1990, MEP Verbeek announced that he would not, as he had promised, leave the European Parliament after two-and-a-half years to make room for a new candidate.[12] He would continue as an independent and remain in parliament until 1994. In the 1994 European elections, he would run unsuccessfully as top candidate of The Greens.[13]
In 1992, party leader Ria Beckers left the House of Representatives because she wanted more private time. Peter Lankhorst replaced her as chair ad interim, but he announced that he would not take part in the internal elections.[14]
1994–2002: opposition during the purple cabinets
Before the
Some candidates ran in duos because they wanted to combine family life with politics. Brouwer, Rosenmöller and Sipkes already were MPs for GroenLinks, whilst Rabbae was new – he had been chair of the Dutch Centre for Foreigners. In the first round, the duos ended up ahead of the others, but neither had an
After the disappointing elections, Brouwer left parliament. She was replaced as party leader by Paul Rosenmöller and her seat was taken by Tara Singh Varma.[13] The charismatic Rosenmöller became the "unofficial leader" of the opposition against the first Kok cabinet because the largest opposition party, the Christian Democratic Appeal, was unable to adapt well to its new role as opposition party.[10][15] Rosenmöller set out a new strategy: GroenLinks should offer alternatives instead of only rejecting the proposals made by the government.[16][17]
In the 1998 general election, GroenLinks more than doubled its seats to eleven. The charisma of "unofficial leader" Rosenmöller played an important role in this.[17] Many new faces entered parliament, including Femke Halsema, a political talent who had left the Labour Party for GroenLinks in 1997.[18] The party began to speculate openly about joining government after the elections of 2002.[19][20]
The 1999 Kosovo War divided the party internally. The parliamentary party in the House of Representatives supported the NATO intervention, while the Senate parliamentary party was against the intervention. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. A compromise was found: GroenLinks would support the intervention as long as it limited itself to military targets. Prominent members of the founding parties including Marcus Bakker and Joop Vogt left the party over this issue.[21]
In February 2001, Roel van Duijn and a few former members of The Greens joined GroenLinks.[22][23]
In 2001, the integrity of former MP Tara Singh Varma came into doubt: it was revealed that she had lied about her illness and that she had made promises to
In the same year, the parliamentary party supported the
2002–present
The 2002 general election was characterised by changes in the political climate. The right-wing populist political commentator Pim Fortuyn entered into politics. He had an anti-establishment message, combined with a call for restrictions on immigration. Although his critique was oriented at the second Kok cabinet, Rosenmöller was one of the few politicians who could muster some resistance against his message. Days before the election, Fortuyn was assassinated. Ab Harrewijn, GroenLinks MP and candidate also died.[25] Before and after the elections serious threats were made against Rosenmöller, his wife and his children. These events caused considerable stress for Rosenmöller.[26] GroenLinks lost one seat in the election, although it had gained more votes than in the 1998 elections. Before the 2003 general election Rosenmöller left parliament, citing the ongoing threats against his life and those of his family as the main reason. He was replaced as chair of the parliamentary party and top candidate by Femke Halsema. She was unable to keep ten seats and lost two.[25]
In 2003, GroenLinks almost unanimously turned against the
At the end of 2003, Halsema temporarily left parliament to give birth to her
During the European Elections congress of 2004, the candidacy committee proposed that the chair of the GroenLinks delegation, Joost Lagendijk, should become the party's lead candidate in those elections. A group of members, led by Senator Leo Platvoet submitted a motion "We want to choose". They wanted a serious choice for such an important office. The party's board announced a new electoral procedure. During the congress Kathalijne Buitenweg, an MEP and candidate, announced wish to be considered for the position of top candidate. She narrowly won the elections from Lagendijk. This came as a great surprise to all. Especially for Buitenweg who had not written an acceptance speech and read out Lagendijk's.[27]
In May 2005, MP Farah Karimi wrote a book in which discussed in detail how she had taken part in the Iranian Revolution, because this information was already known by the party board this did not lead to any upheaval.[31] In November 2005, the party board asked Senator Sam Pormes to give up his seat. Continuing rumours about his involvement with guerrilla-training in Yemen in the 1970s and the 1977 train hijacking by Moluccan youth and allegations of welfare fraud were harmful for the party, or at least so the party board claimed.
When Pormes refused to step down, the party board threatened to expel him. Pormes fought this decision. The party council of March 2006 sided with Pormes. Party chair Herman Meijer felt forced to resign. He was succeeded by Henk Nijhof who was chosen by the party council in May 2006. In November 2006 Pormes left the Senate, he was replaced by Goos Minderman.[32]
In the
In preparation of the 2006 general election the party held a congress in October. It elected Halsema, again the only candidate, as the party's top candidate. MEP Kathalijne Buitenweg and comedian Vincent Bijlo were last candidates. In the 2006 elections the party lost one seat.[32]
In the subsequent
In August 2008, GroenLinks parliamentarian Wijnand Duyvendak published a book in which he admitted to a burglary of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in order to steal plans for nuclear power plants. This led to his resignation on 14 August, after media reported that the burglary also led to threats against civil servants.[33][34] He was replaced by Jolande Sap.[35]
In 2008, MEPs
On 18 April 2010, the party congress composed the list of candidates for the
In the
GroenLinks lost the 2021 general election, and combined with the Labour Party during the subsequent government formation. There have been discussions about a merger with that party; they participated in the 2023 Dutch Senate election as one.[38] GroenLinks and the Labour Party announced in 2023 that they would also participate as one, GroenLinks–PvdA, in the general elections of 2023, as members of both parties voted in favour of an alliance.[39]
Name and logo
The name "GroenLinks" (until 1992 "Groen Links" with a space between Groen and Links) is a compromise between the PPR and the CPN and the PSP. The PPR wanted the word "Green" in the name of the party, the PSP and the CPN the word "Left". It also emphasises the core ideals of the party, environmental sustainability and social justice.[11]
In 1984, the common list of the PPR, PSP and CPN for the
-
Logo from 1989 to 1994
-
Current logo
-
Variant logo
Ideology and issues
Ideology
The party combines green and left-wing ideals.[15] The core ideals of GroenLinks are codified in the party's programme of principles (called Partij voor de Toekomst, "Party for the Future").[40] The party places itself in the freedom-loving tradition of the left. Its principles include:
- The protection of the Earth, ecosystems and a respectful treatment of animals.
- A fair distribution of natural resources between all citizens of the world and all generations.
- A just distribution of income and fair chance for everyone to work, care, education and recreation.
- A pluralist society where everyone can participate in freedom. The party combines openness with a sense of community.
- Strengthening the international rule of law, in order to ensure peace and respect for human rights.
The party's principles reflect the ideological convergence between the four founding parties which came from different ideological traditions: the
Halsema, the former political leader of the party, has started a debate about the ideological course of GroenLinks. She emphasised the freedom-loving tradition of the left and chose freedom as a key value. Her course is called left-liberal by herself and observers,[41] although Halsema herself claims that she does not want to force an ideological change.
Following
Proposals
The
GroenLinks considers itself a "
To increase employment, the GroenLinks proposes a participation contract, where unemployment recipients sign an agreement with their local council to become involved in volunteer work, schooling, or work experience projects – for which they get paid minimum wage.[45] The unemployment benefit should be increased and limited to one year. In this period, people would have to look for a job or education. If at the end of the year one should not succeed in finding a job, the government will offer one a job for the
International cooperation is an important theme for the party. This includes
GroenLinks wants to solve environmental problems, especially
GroenLinks values individual freedom and the
In the party's 2021 election programme it stated that it wants to introduce a basic income for all Dutch citizens within eight years.[46]
Electoral results
House of Representatives
Election | Lead candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1989 | Ria Beckers | 362,304 | 4.1 (#6) | 6 / 150
|
3 | Opposition |
1994 | Ina Brouwer | 311,399 | 3.5 (#6) | 5 / 150
|
1 | Opposition |
1998 | Paul Rosenmöller | 625,968 | 7.3 (#5) | 11 / 150
|
6 | Opposition |
2002 | 660,692 | 7.0 (#5) | 10 / 150
|
1 | Opposition | |
2003 | Femke Halsema | 495,802 | 5.1 (#6) | 8 / 150
|
2 | Opposition |
2006 | 453,054 | 4.6 (#6) | 7 / 150
|
1 | Opposition | |
2010 | 628,096 | 6.7 (#7) | 10 / 150
|
3 | Opposition | |
2012 | Jolande Sap | 219,896 | 2.3 (#8) | 4 / 150
|
6 | Opposition |
2017 | Jesse Klaver | 959,600 | 9.1 (#5) | 14 / 150
|
10 | Opposition |
2021 | 537,584 | 5.2 (#7) | 8 / 150
|
6 | Opposition | |
2023[a] | Frans Timmermans | 1,643,073 | 15.8 (#2) | 13 / 150
|
5 | TBD |
- ^ Run as part of GroenLinks–PvdA, a joint list with PvdA.
Senate
Election | Votes | Weight | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 4 / 75
|
1 | |||
1995 | 4 / 75
|
||||
1999 | 8 / 75
|
4 | |||
2003 | 10,866 | 6.7 (#4) | 5 / 75
|
3 | |
2007 | 9,074 | 5.6 (#6) | 4 / 75
|
1 | |
2011 | 10,757 | 6.5 (#7) | 5 / 75
|
1 | |
2015 | 30 | 9,520 | 5.6 (#7) | 4 / 75
|
1 |
2019 | 65 | 19,363 | 11.2 (#4) | 8 / 75
|
4 |
2023 | 55 | 17,313 | 9.67 (#3) | 7 / 75
|
1 |
European Parliament
Election | List | Vote | % | Seats | +/– | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1994 | List | 154,362 | 3.74 (#6) | 1 / 31
|
1 | [47] |
1999 | List | 419,869 | 11.85 (#4) | 4 / 31
|
3 | [48] |
2004 | List | 352,201 | 7.39 (#4) | 2 / 27
|
2 | [49] |
2009 | List | 404,020 | 8.87 (#6) | 3 / 25
|
1 | |
3 / 26
|
[50] | |||||
2014 | List | 329,906 | 6.98 (#8) | 2 / 26
|
1 | [51] |
2019 | List | 599,283 | 10.90 (#5) | 3 / 26
|
1 | |
3 / 29
|
[52] |
Provincial
Election | Votes | % | Seats | Change | Involved in Executives |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991 | 36 / 758
|
||||
1995 | 34 / 758
|
2 | |||
1999 | 50 / 764
|
||||
2003 | 37 / 564
|
1 / 12
| |||
2007 | 33 / 564
|
4 | 2 / 12
| ||
2011 | 6.30% (7th) | 34 / 566
|
1 | 2 / 12
| |
2015 | 324,572 | 5.35% (7th) | 30 / 570
|
4 | 2 / 12
|
2019 | 783,006 | 10.76% (4th) | 61 / 570
|
31 | 8 / 12
|
2023[a] | 694,678 | 8.96% (3rd) | 51 / 533
|
10 | 5 / 11
|
- ^ Contested as part of GroenLinks–PvdA in Zeeland.
Municipalities
On the
Representation
Members of the House of Representatives
Members of the Senate
Members of the European Parliament
Current members of the European Parliament since the European Parliamentary election of 2019:
3 Seats:
- Bas Eickhout (top candidate)
- Tineke Strik
- Kim van Sparrentak
Electorate
According to a survey done in 2006 more women vote for GroenLinks than men by a margin of 20%.[55] The party also disproportionately appeals to gay voters. The party also polls well among migrant voters, especially those from Turkey and Morocco, where its support is twice as high as in the general population.[56][57]
GroenLinks voters have an eccentric position in their preferences for particular policies. Between 1989 and 2003 they were the most leftwing voters in the Netherlands, often a little more to the left than voters of the
GroenLinks has the second-largest proportion of
Style and campaign
The logo of GroenLinks is the name of the party with the word "
Many well-known Dutch people have supported GroenLinks election campaigns. In 1989, choreographer Rudi van Dantzig and writer Astrid Roemer were last candidates.[62] In 2006, comedian Vincent Bijlo shared this position with MEP Kathalijne Buitenweg.[63] Comedian Sara Kroos ,[64] rapper Raymzter,[65] astronaut Wubbo Ockels[66] en soccer player Khalid Boulahrouz,[67][68] business man Harry de Winter ,[67][68] journalist Anil Ramdas,[67] actrice Kim van Kooten,[67] commediene Sanne Wallis de Vries ,[67] comedian Herman Finkers,[67] artist Herman van Veen,[67] soccer player-columnist Jan Mulder[67][68] and writer Geert Mak[68] have also committed their name to (part of) the 2006 or 2007 GroenLinks election campaign. In 2004, singer Ellen ten Damme, poet Rutger Kopland and presenter Martijn Krabbé supported the European election campaign.[69]
From 2007 onwards, GroenLinks has adopted the idea of a "permanent campaign", which implies that campaign activities are held even when there is no immediate connection to an election.[70] Permanent campaign activities are intended to create and maintain a base level of sympathy and knowledge about the party platform.
The introduction of guerrilla gardening in the Netherlands in 2008 was heavily supported by GroenLinks,[71] as part of the permanent campaign.
Organisation
Organisational structure
The highest organ of GroenLinks is the
For the months that the congress does not convene, a party council takes over its role. It consists out of 80 representatives of all the 250 municipal branches. The party board and the nationally elected representatives of the party are responsible to the party council. It has the right to fill vacancies in the board, make changes to the party constitution and takes care of the party's finances.[72]
GroenLinks MPs face relatively strong regulation: MPs are not allowed to run for more than three terms and a relatively high percentage of the income of MPs is taken by the party.[72]
GroenLinks has 250 branches in nearly all
There are several independent organisations which are linked to GroenLinks:
- DWARS, the independent youth organisation of GroenLinks
- De Linker Wang ("The Left Cheek"), platform for Religion and Politics, which is a progressive Christian platform, which was formed by former members of the Evangelical People's Party.[74]
- Scientific Bureau GroenLinks, the independent political think tank which publishes "De Helling"[75] (Dutch for "the Slope").[76]
- PinkLeft, an LGBT organisation for GroenLinks members.[77]
GroenLinks is also active on the European and the global stage. It is a founding member of the
Relationships to other parties
GroenLinks was founded as a mid-sized party to the left of the Labour Party (PvdA). In the 1994 elections, the Socialist Party (SP) also entered parliament. GroenLinks now takes a central position in the Dutch left between the socialist SP, which is more to the left, and the social-democratic PvdA, which is more to the centre.[79] This position is exemplified by the call of Femke Halsema to form a left-wing coalition after the 2006 elections, knowing that such a coalition is only possible with GroenLinks. The electoral alliance between SP and GL in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 elections,[80] and between GroenLinks and PvdA in the 2004 European elections are examples of this position.[81] In the 2007 First Chamber election, it had an electoral alliance with the Party for the Animals.[82] More and more, however, GroenLinks is seen as the most culturally progressive of the three parties.[83][84]
See also
- Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for GroenLinks, 1989–present
- Green party
- Green politics
- List of environmental organizations
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