Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Sosong District , , |
Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea | |
Chosŏn'gŭl | 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원[2] |
---|---|
Hancha | 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國科學院 |
Revised Romanization | Joseon Minjujuui Inmin Gonghwaguk Gwahagwon |
McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk Kwahagwŏn[3] |
The Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원) or State Academy of Sciences,[4] formerly the National Academy of Sciences, is the national academy of sciences of North Korea.[5] It was founded in 1952, and until 1981 was responsible for all research conducted in the country before various organizational reforms and splittings of academies were conducted.
Since 1980s the Academy has suffered from a long-term lack of funding, but it remains as a large and the most important scientific institution in the country.
The Academy has played a role in the
History
Preparations to found the Academy were begun in the spring of 1952,[6] and the Academy was founded on 1 December 1952.[7] When the Academy was founded, it had 10 full and 15 candidate members in nine research institutes and 43 smaller research laboratories. Its first president was Hong Myng-hi who, according to Andrei Lankov, was not a skilled administrator and chosen for his political loyalty. Hong was followed by Paek Nam-un, who was more adept.[6]
The Academy initiated the
A parallel development in the late 1950s was the purging of intellectuals unfavorable to
In the 1970s, a number of State Academy of Sciences institutes were moved from the Pyongyang to the city of Pyongsong, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) outside of the capital. The headquarters of the Academy remained in Sosong District in central Pyongyang. There are now 17 such research institutions in Pyongsong, all of them part of the network of the Academy of Sciences.[13]
According to Lankov, the Academy does not exhibit "a hint of the intellectual, let alone political, independence" that academies in other countries, including the
On 11 January 1999,
Organization
The Academy is the most important scientific institution in the country and is considerably large.[5][6]
The Academy reports directly to the
The Academy Headquarters is based in the
Pyongyang retains branches involved in the research of biology, construction and building materials, electronics and automation, and light industry.[20]
A branch exists in Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province.[5]
Between 1994 and 1998 it was briefly renamed the National Academy of Sciences.[6] On 5 September 1999, the Academy merged with the State Commission for Science and Technology.[21] Since the 1980s, the Academy has suffered from the lack of funds,[5] and since the early 1990s, it and its personnel have experienced "a dramatic decline" in standing. Before that, positions in the Academy were much sought-after and could provide good wages, rations, and prestige.[6]
The Academy maintains websites, but they are only accessible through the
All science on the highest level was conducted by the single Academy of Sciences until 1981, when it was split into separate academies of the Academy of Social Sciences,
The Academy has 40 research institutes and 200 smaller research centers.[6] It has 50,000 employees.[19] Its current president Jang Chol,[24] who was preceded by Pyon Yong-rip.[1] The Academy is a member of the International Council for Science since 1961.[21]
The Academy operates a
See also
- Kim Il Sung University
- Korean Committee of Space Technology
- Korea Computer Center
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- National academy
- National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea
- Nuclear power in North Korea
- University of Sciences: University of Sciences belongs to National Academy of Sciences the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4522-9937-2.
- ^ 조선민주주의인민공화국과학원통보. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- OCLC 1169132.
- ^ Annual Report 2015 (PDF). Choson Exchange. 12 March 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hoare 2012, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lankov, Andrei (1 April 2007). "Academies". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Alt URL
- ^ Hoare 2012, p. xxxi.
- ^ Minnich 2008, p. 260.
- ^ Zhebin 2011, p. 30.
- ^ Arrigoni 1994, p. 254.
- ^ Lankov 2002, p. 98.
- ^ Lankov 2002, p. 97.
- ^ Denisov 2011, p. 23.
- ISBN 978-0-7914-8093-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8108-4331-8.
- ^ Hoare 2012, p. 244.
- ^ Melvin, Curtis (21 May 2013). "Located: State Academy of Science's Turf Institute". NK News. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ a b Madden, Michael (17 October 2013). "Analysis: North Korea's proposed special economic zones". NK News. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-78308-341-1.
- ^ a b "Korea Democratic People's Republic of, State Academy of Sciences". International Council for Science. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
- ^ Ko, Jang & Lee 2008, p. 246.
- ^ Seekins 1981, p. 92.
- ^ "State leadership bodies elected". The Pyongyang Times. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Abrahamian, Andray; Melvin, Curtis (6 September 2019). "Unjong High-Tech Development Zone". 38 North. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
Works cited
- Arrigoni, Guy R. (1994). "National Security". In Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fourth ed.). Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. pp. 209–278. ISBN 0-8444-0794-1.
- Denisov, Valery I. (2011). "Nuclear Institutions and Organizations in North Korea". In Clay, James Moltz; Mansourov, Alexandre Y. (eds.). The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia. New York: Routledge. pp. 21–26. ISBN 978-1-136-74991-9.
- Hoare, James E. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4.
- Kyungmin Ko; Seungkwon Jang; Heejin Lee (2008). ".kp North Korea". Digital Review of Asia Pacific 2007/2008. IDRC. pp. 244–250. ISBN 978-0-7619-3674-9.
- Lankov, Andrei N. (2002). "Kim Takes Control: The 'Great Purge' in North Korea, 1956-1960". Korean Studies. 26 (1): 87–119. S2CID 153356279.
- Minnich, James M. (2008). "National Security". In Worden, Robert L. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Fifth ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 237–282. LCCN 2008028547.
- Seekins, Donald M. (1981). "The Society and Its Environment". In Bunge, Frederica M. (ed.). North Korea: A Country Study (Third ed.). Washington: American University, Foreign Area Studies. pp. 47–106. OCLC 855170869.
- Zhebin, Alexander (2011). "A Political History of Soviet-North Korean Nuclear Cooperation". In Clay, James Moltz; Mansourov, Alexandre Y. (eds.). The North Korean Nuclear Program: Security, Strategy and New Perspectives from Russia. New York: Routledge. pp. 27–37. ISBN 978-1-136-74991-9.
Further reading
- Kim Il-sung (1981) [1952]. "Warm Congratulations on the Inauguration of the Academy of Sciences" (PDF). Kim Il Sung: Works. Vol. 6. Pyongyang: OCLC 827642144.
- — (1991) [1983]. "On Making a Fresh Advance in Scientific Research: Speech Delivered to the Scientists of the Academy of Sciences" (PDF). Kim Il Sung: Works. Vol. 37. Pyongyang: OCLC 827642144.
- "State Academy of Sciences DPR Korea" (PDF). Pyongyang: U.S.-DPRK Scientific Engagement Consortium. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2017.