National academy
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A national academy is an organizational body, usually operating with
The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in the
- The fellowshipis elected, on the basis of excellence, by existing fellows (members)
- The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion
- The governance of the academy is democratic and "bottom up". The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy's authority
- The academy is independent of government, industry and professional associations. Most, if not all, academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organisations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy's independence.
United States
In 1863,
Name | Year founded | Area of focus | President | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
National Academy of Sciences | 1863 | Science | Marcia McNutt | |
National Academy of Engineering | 1964 | Engineering | John L. Anderson | |
National Academy of Medicine | 1970 | Medicine | Victor Dzau | Established as the Institute of Medicine (1970–2015) |
United Kingdom
In the
Name | Country | Year founded | Area of focus | Patron or President | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Royal Society | England | 1660 | soft sciences
|
Charles III[5] | The Invisible College was a precursor to the Royal Society of London. In 1660, the informal committee of 12 philosophers formed the College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning. |
Royal Society of Edinburgh | Scotland | 1783 | social sciences
|
Professor Dame Anne Glover as President | The Royal Society was founded during the Scottish Enlightenment as the Edinburgh Society for Improving Arts and Sciences. |
British Academy | England | 1902 | social sciences
|
Sir David Cannadine as President
|
The British Academy was first proposed in 1899 as the British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies. The name was subsequently shortened and incorporated in 1901, receiving King Edward VII in 1902.
|
Royal Academy of Engineering | England | 1976 | Engineering | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was Senior Fellow until his death[6] Anne, Princess Royal and Prince Edward, Duke of Kent as Royal Fellows[7] |
The Fellowship of Engineering was conceived in the late 1960s under Harold Wilson, and subsequently established in 1976. It was granted royal charter in 1983 and renamed the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992. |
Academy of Medical Sciences
|
England | 1998 | health research
|
Professor Dame Anne Johnson as President | The academy was established by a working group chaired by Michael Atiyah. |
Learned Society of Wales | Wales | 2010 | social sciences
|
Hywel R. Thomas as President; Charles, Prince of Wales as Patron |
|
UK Young Academy | United Kingdom & Ireland | 2022 | Young scientists | The academy was established by seven UK/Irish academies. |
Japan
In Japan, all of the national academies were established during the early years of the Showa Era. The two premier national academies in the country are the Science Council of Japan and The Japan Academy. Representing the artistic profession and literature is the Japan Art Academy.
The Science Council of Japan (SCJ) was founded by American physicist Harry C. Kelly in 1949 during the Allied occupation of Japan as a special organisation under the Prime Minister's jurisdiction, operating independently from the Government of Japan to promoting and enhancing scientific research in the country. The SCJ represents all Japanese scientists, researchers and engineers from multiple fields from the natural sciences to the humanities, making necessary policy recommendations relating to science and technology to the national government. The SCJ has 210 Council Members stipulated by a mandated quota as well as 2,000 Associate Members nationwide.
Name | Japanese name | Year founded | Area of focus | President | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Science Council of Japan | 日本学術会議 | 1949 | Social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, medicine, humanities | Takaaki Kajita | |
The Japan Academy | 日本学士院 | 1947 | Social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, medicine, humanities | Takeshi Sasaki | The Japan Academy was originally established as the Tokyo Academy, becoming the Imperial Academy later in 1907. The Academy awards three prestigious awards: The Imperial Prize, The Duke of Edinburgh Prize, and The Japan Academy Prize. |
Japan Art Academy | 日本芸術院 | 1937 | Fine art, literature, music, drama, dance | Man Nomura |
List
- Albania: Academy of Sciences of Albania
- Armenia: Armenian National Academy of Sciences
- Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Australian Academy of the Humanities, Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, National Academies Forum
- Austria: Austrian Academy of Sciences
- Belarus: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
- Belgium: Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium, Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature; see also Academies of Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil: Brazilian Academy of Sciences
- Bulgaria: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Canada: Royal Society of Canada, Canadian Academy of Health Sciences, Canadian Academy of Engineering
- Cambodia: Royal Academy of Cambodia
- Chile: Academia Chilena de Ciencias
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
- Costa Rica – Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)
- Côte d'Ivoire – Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines
- Croatia: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- Denmark: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
- Estonia: Estonian Academy of Sciences
- Ethiopia: Imperial Academy (former)
- Academy of Finlandis not an academy in the sense of this article, but the state research funding agency.
- Académie française and French Academy of Sciences.
- Georgia (country): Georgian National Academy of Sciences
- Leopoldina
- Ghana: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Greece: Academy of Athens
- Hungary: Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarian: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia)[9]
- The National Academy of Sciences, India; Indian National Science Academy; Indian Academy of Sciences; Indian National Academy of Engineering; Sahitya Akademi; National Bal Bhawan; Lalit Kala Akademi
- Indonesia: Indonesian Academy of Sciences (Indonesian: Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia)
- Iran: Academy of Persian Language and Literature; Academy of Sciences of Iran; Iranian Academy of the Arts; Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences
- Ireland: Royal Irish Academy
- Israel: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
- Accademia d'Italiaduring the Fascist period.
- Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo
- Latvia: Latvian Academy of Sciences
- Lithuania: Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
- Netherlands: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- North Korea: Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea[10]
- North Macedonia: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Norway: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
- Pakistan: Pakistan Academy of Letters, Pakistan Academy of Sciences
- Philippines: National Academy of Science and Technology
- Polish Academy of Learning
- Academia das Ciências de Lisboa
- Romania: The Romanian Academy covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains.
- Russia: The Russian Academy of Sciences is the main organising body for fundamental sciences and humanities. There are also five independent specialised national academies: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, and Russian Academy of Arts. These are government-funded, but self-governing.
- San Marino: International Academy of Sciences San Marino
- Scotland: Royal Society of Edinburgh
- Serbia: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Slovenia: Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- South Africa: Academy of Science of South Africa
- Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislacióncovers the field of law.
- Sri Lanka: National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka
- Sudan: Sudanese National Academy of Sciences
- Sweden: Swedish Academy for language, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Taiwan (Republic of China): Academia Sinica
- Royal Institute of Thailand
- Turkey: Turkish Academy of Sciences is funded by the government but maintains autonomy
- National Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Minor Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
- Academy of Medical Sciences for medicine; the UK Young Academyis for young scientists.
- National Research Council (NRC). See also American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Letters, American Academy of Diplomacy, Academy of American Poets, National Academy of Design.
- Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences
- Vietnam: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST)
Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy. For example, within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the U.S. National Academies.
See also
- Academy of Medicine (disambiguation)
- Academy of Sciences
- International Science Council
References
- ^ "Policy and Global Affairs Units". www.nationalacademies.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- ^ "Cooperative Research Programs Division". www.trb.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
- S2CID 148496966.
- ^ "Joint Academies' Statement: Building a Stronger Future". The Academy of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- ^ "Royal Fellows". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ "Senior Fellow". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ^ "Royal Fellows". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ^ "President of the Royal Academy of Engineering". Royal Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
- ^ "MTA: Címlap". Archived from the original on 2006-05-15.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-7987-4. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2017-02-06.