Emilia (region)
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Emilia
Emégglia / Emîlia ( ISO 3166 code | IT-45 | |
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Emilia (
Etymology
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Emilia takes its name from the
The district of Ravenna was, as a rule, from the 3rd to the 5th century, not treated as part of Aemilia, the chief town of the latter being Placentia (Piacenza). In the 4th century Aemilia and Liguria were joined to form a consular province; after that Aemilia stood alone, Ravenna being sometimes temporarily added to it.[1]
Under the Byzantine Empire Ravenna became the seat of an exarch, and after the Lombards had for two centuries attempted to subdue the Pentapolis (Ravenna, Bologna, Forlì, Faenza, Rimini), Pepin took these cities from the Lombard king Aistulf and gave them, with the March of Ancona, to the papacy in 755, to which, under the name of Romagna, they continued to belong. At first, however, the archbishop of Ravenna was in reality supreme. The other chief cities of Emilia—Ferrara, Modena, Reggio, Parma, Piacenza—were, on the other hand, independent, and in the period of the communal independence of the individual towns of Italy each of the chief cities of Emilia, whether belonging to Romagna or not, had a history of its own. Notwithstanding the feuds of Guelphs and Ghibellines, they prospered considerably. The study of Roman law, especially at Bologna, acquired great importance. The imperial influence kept the papal power in check.[1]
Pope Nicholas III obtained control of Romagna in 1278, but the papal dominion almost fell during the Avignon Papacy, and was only maintained by the efforts of Cardinal Albornoz, who was sent to Italy by Pope Innocent VI in 1353. Even so, however, papal supremacy existed in little more than name only. This state of affairs only ceased when Cesare Borgia crushed most of the petty princes of Romagna, intending to found a dynasty of his own there.
Upon the death of
The Duchy of Guastalla, for its part, was annexed to the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, after the extinction in 1746 of the Guastalla line of the House of Gonzaga. In 1728 another branch of the same House, which had ruled the County of Novellara and Bagnolo for almost 350 years, had also died out, but in this case the fiefdom was granted in 1737 by Emperor Charles VI to Duke Rinaldo I of Modena and Reggio in recognition for his services during the War of the Polish Succession.
From 1796 to 1814, Emilia was first incorporated in the Napoleonic Italian republic and then in the Napoleonic Italian kingdom; after 1815 there was a return to the status quo ante, Romagna returning to the papacy and its ecclesiastical government, the duchy of Parma being given to Marie Louise, wife of the deposed Napoleon, and Modena to archduke Francis of Austria, the heir of the last Este. In 1821 and in 1831 there were unsuccessful attempts at revolt in Emilia; another attempt in 1848 to 1849 was crushed by Austrian troops. In 1859, the struggle for independence was finally successful, Emilia passing to the Italian kingdom almost without resistance.[3]
Boundaries
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The eastern boundary is formed by the rivers
The region corresponds approximately to the ancient
Language
Although
References
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 338.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 338–339.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 339.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Emilia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 337–339.
44°45′N 11°00′E / 44.750°N 11.000°E
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