American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) states that it is "the largest

Arab
country.

The ADC seeks to “empower Arab Americans, defend the civil rights of all people, promote Arab cultural heritage, promote civic participation, encourage a balanced US policy in the Middle East and support freedom and development in the Arab World.” ADC has a number of programs to combat discrimination and bias against Arab-Americans, including stereotypes of Arabs in the United States.[3][4][5] The ADC is a member of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights and holds a seat on the Leadership Conference National Board of Directors.[6]

ADC was founded in 1980 by

United States senator, and Arab-American political activist James Zogby.[citation needed] Samer Khalaf, an attorney from New Jersey who was on the national board and executive committee of the ADC, and former interim legal director, became ADC national president in December 2013.[7]

Organization

The ADC Legal Department offers counseling in cases of

hate crimes and provides assistance in selected litigation. Since the September 11 attacks, ADC attorneys have addressed hundreds of cases against airlines and employers for discrimination on the basis of ethnicity and national origin and against the United States government for discriminatory detentions of Arabs and Muslims without probable cause.[3][8]

The Government Affairs department works with the

Political Action Committee (PAC) to support political candidates for federal office.[3][9]

Convention speakers have included government officials like

Colin L. Powell[11]

History

20th century

During the 1970s American Arabs' concerns about negative media images grew as a result of the

anti-Arabism in general and the Abscam sting where Federal Bureau of Investigation agents posed as Arabs. He brought together more than 60 Arab leaders from around the nation who agreed to form the committee.[12] Abourezk has stated: "When we started up people used to ask us why we started. Now they ask us for our opinion on things.”[13]

After the 1982 Lebanon War, ADC began organizing demonstrations and marches.[13] The war increased Arab Americans' willingness to speak out in general, as well as groups' use of the term "Arab American" to self-identify.[14]

In 1985, ADC offices suffered a series of violent attacks. On August 16, a bomb exploded in the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee office in

Jewish American was shot and thrown overboard, Alex Odeh, ADC's west-coast regional director, was killed in an explosion when he opened the door to his office. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) suspected Jewish Defense League and Jewish Defense Organization members.[17]

Although Jewish Defense League leader Irv Rubin, who lived in Southern California, made controversial statements about the bombing,[18][19] the investigation focused on Robert Manning and his wife Rochelle who fled to Israel. They eventually were prosecuted on another bombing charge[16] and Manning is serving a life sentence on that charge.[20]

During the 1991 Gulf War, ADC president James Abourezk expressed concern that Arab Americans would be targeted. He claimed a violent anti-Arab telephone message had been left on an ADC answering machine.[21] ADC documented more than 100 hate crimes against Arab-Americans committed from August 1990 through March 1991, including arson against a Detroit restaurant and the planting of a bomb in a San Diego mosque.[22][23]

In 1993, ADC and the

Pan American World Airways for their detention of a man of Iranian descent during the 1991 Gulf War. The groups and individual shared in the $110,000 settlement.[24]

In 1993, ADC protested the characterization of Arabs and song lyrics in the 1992 Disney film, Aladdin, leading Entertainment Weekly to describe Aladdin as one of the most controversial films in history.[25]

In 1993, twelve civil rights groups led by the ADC and the

U.S. District Court in Los Angeles alleging that the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) had spied on their political activities and shared information with police. They demanded that ADL release its surveillance information and pay punitive damages.[26][27] They also sued the police and sheriffs' departments of San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego.[28]

Then communications director Hussein Ibish claimed that ADL was gathering information "systematically in a program whose clear intent was to undermine civil rights and Arab-American organizations."[29] In 1999 ADL agreed to purge certain personal information about the plaintiffs, pay $175,000 for the plaintiffs' legal fees and contribute $25,000 to a community relations fund to advance good relations among Arabs, Jews and others.[29][30]

In 1996, the U.S. Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, which increased regulation of fundraising that might benefit terrorists and made it easier to bar or deport individuals with suspected terrorist affiliations.[31] It also passed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act allowing deportation of immigrants for minor offenses, even those committed decades ago, and even if individuals had American spouses and/or children. It also allowed secret classified evidence and denial of bond for those under threat of deportation. ADC began campaigns to contest these laws and even dilute or overturn them through legal action.[32][33] One lawsuit by Arabs claiming they were targeted for deportation because of affiliations with an unpopular political group, in violation of their First and Fifth Amendment, reached the Supreme Court, in Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 525 U.S. 471 (1999).[34] While the ruling cast doubt on the role of secret evidence,[33] many observers interpreted it as restricting First Amendment rights of all non-citizens, including legal immigrants.[32]

21st century

In 2000, ADC supported a congressional letter to President

embargo.[35]

In 2004 ADC signed on to a letter affirming the

better source needed
]

After the September 11 attacks, ADC concerned itself with "an unprecedented backlash in the form of hate crimes, discrimination and various civil liberties violations" against the Arab American community, as well as against Muslims. It also addressed the October 2001 passage of the Patriot Act which increased federal law enforcement surveillance abilities, eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the U.S., expanded regulation of financial transactions and enhanced law enforcement abilities to detain and deport immigrants merely suspected of some relation to terrorists. Under the Act law enforcement immediately targeted mainly Arab-Americans and South Asians, including "massive secret detentions," selective enforcement through "voluntary" interviews, deportation of Middle Eastern men and further restrictions on immigration by Arabs and Muslims.[37]

In December 2001, ADC met with US Department of Justice representatives to express concerns about the Patriot Act.

Attorney General John Ashcroft and the Immigration and Naturalization Service for arrests and detention of immigrant men trying to register with federal authorities.[40]

In 2003, when then

specially designated terrorist" organization.[44] He was sentenced to 57 months in prison, and ordered deported following his prison term.[45]

In 2003, ADC was a co-plaintiff with the American Civil Liberties Union and other groups in the first major legal challenge to Section 215 of the Patriot Act that expands federal agents’ power to secretly obtain records and personal belongings of citizens and permanent residents. They charged it violated constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, as well as rights to freedom of speech and association.[46][47] After a nationwide campaign to reform the Patriot Act, in 2006 the plaintiffs withdrew the suit, citing improvements to the law.[48]

In 2004, ADC demanded that

anti-Semitism "opposition to Zionism" and "sympathy for the opponents of Israel". ADC then-communications director Hussein Ibish wrote that the extended definition trivialized the "very concept of anti-Semitism" and "smears and impugns the motives of all those who support the human and political rights of Palestinians." A Merriam-Webster company spokesman stated that the older definition was not supported by current usage and probably would be dropped with publication of a new unabridged version by 2010.[49]

In the weeks before the

counter terrorism officials admitted they had no specific intelligence about such a plan, the official asserted that the plan was a "makeover of other racially and politically motivated Bush administration initiatives, appears timed to elevate fear in the United States in the days before the presidential election."[50]

During the

cease fire and to stop all U.S. military support to Israel during the evacuation of US citizens from Lebanon. ADC president Hon. Mary Rose Oakar charged that "the Bush Administration has encouraged the violence by sending an urgent shipment of bombs to Israel giving that country the green light to continue in its indiscriminant [sic] bombing of Lebanon."[51]

In 2007, the FBI revealed they had received information from a deceased informant, believed to be former Jewish Defense League member

Arab-American. It is believed that Irv Rubin, who committed suicide in 2002 in custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Los Angeles while awaiting trial on the same charges, revealed to Krugel the names of those responsible for Odeh's death and that Krugel shared those with the FBI before he was murdered in prison in 2005. The bombers are believed to be Manning and two individuals now living in Israel.[52] ADC continues to honor Odeh's memory and call for prosecution of his killers. The FBI has failed to arrest anyone in the Odeh bombing case.[4]

ADC protested a March 2008

War on Terror." He also raised questions about Obama's middle name “Hussein,” reiterating similar comments in an Associated Press interview. ADC called for Congress to censure King.[53]

In July 2008, ADC signed on to a letter to Senator

Joseph Lieberman, who chairs the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, expressing concerns that Arabs and Muslims were not consulted before, and their views mischaracterized in, a May committee report titled, "Violent Islamist Extremism, the Internet and the Homegrown Terrorist Threat." Lieberman assured the groups he does intend to consult with them on security issues.[54][55]

In November 2008, Benjamin Emanuel, the father of U.S. president Barack Obama's new Chief of Staff appointee Rahm Emanuel was quoted by a Hebrew language daily as saying, "Obviously, he will influence the President to be pro-Israel. Why shouldn't he do it? What is he, an Arab? He's not going to clean the floor of the White House."[56] ADC called on Rahm Emanuel to repudiate his father's comment, saying it viewed "this characterization of an Arab as an unacceptable smear."[57][58] On November 13, 2008, Rahm Emanuel issued a statement doing so.[59] An Emanuel spokesman said Emanuel offered to meet with Arab-American community representatives in the future."[60]

In December 2011, the ADC supported and called for a boycott against Lowe's, a U.S. department store, saying that it was a protest "against bigotry and hatred" due to Lowe's decision to no longer advertise on the television show "All-American Muslim."[61]

On May 31, 2013, then-Michigan state representative Rashida Tlaib accused ADC's Michigan director Imad Hamad of sexually harassing her in 1999. Tlaib decided to go public "to protect other young women from Hamad’s pattern of twisted behavior." After placing Hamad on leave, the ADC board of directors concluded four months later that there was no sufficient evidence against Hamad and reassigned him to a new position. Warren David, ADC President was subsequently placed on probation, and four female staff members resigned.[62]

National Association of Arab-Americans

The National Association of Arab Americans (NAAA) was a political

Americans of Arab heritage which existed between 1972 and 2002.[63] It focused on lobbying the federal government on issues including the Arab–Israeli conflict. In a 2006 book, scholar Gregory Orfalea considered it one of the three most influential Arab-American advocacy organizations, along with the Association of Arab-American University Graduates (AAUG) and the ADC.[citation needed
]

At the peak of its influence in the 1970s, the NAAA had around 200,000 members. It was the first Arab-American organization to officially register as a lobby.[63] Unlike earlier Arab-American advocacy groups like the AAUG, it was primarily made up of second- and third-generation Arab-Americans with fewer direct ties to Middle Eastern societies.[64]

References

  1. ^ ADC President Mary Rose Oakar letter to Congressman Rahm Emanuel Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, November 11, 2008.
  2. ^ ADC Regional office and Chapter List, at ADC web site.
  3. ^ a b c About ADC at ADC web site.
  4. ^ a b 2008 ADC Board Resolutions at ADC web site.
  5. ^ List of ADC press releases 2002–2006 at ADC web site.
  6. ^ Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights web site executive committee listing Archived 2008-11-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^ "Arab-American group fires president amid controversy". USA Today.
  8. ^ ADC Defending Civil Rights at ADC web site.
  9. OpenSecrets.org
    .
  10. Department of Homeland Security
    web site, May 28, 2005.
  11. U.S. Department of State
    web site, June 14, 2003.
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-1-56639-727-8
  13. ^ a b Mohamed Kadry, James Abourezk: Father of the Arab American civil rights movement, The Arab American News, June 24, 2007.
  14. ISBN 0-313-32404-2
  15. ^ The Boston Globe Page 1 Metro Section 8/17/1985 "DETONATION HURTS 2 IN BOMB SQUAD; DEVICE FOUND IN FRONT OF WEST ROXBURY BUILDING" Steve Marantz
  16. ^
    ISBN 0-7619-2408-6
    .
  17. ^ Judith Cummings, "F.B.I. says Jewish Defense League may have planted fatal bombs," The New York Times, November 9, 1985.
  18. ^ Tom Tugend, "Never Say Never Again", The Jerusalem Post, December 27, 2001.
  19. ^ Jewish Defense League FAQ page Archived 2006-10-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ^ Tom Tugend, FBI offering $1 million reward in killing of U.S. Arab, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 6, 1996.
  21. ^ Felicity Barringer, Confrontation in the Gulf; With Loyalty Split, Arab-Americans Fault Hussein, but Question U.S. Too, The New York Times, August 16, 1990.
  22. ^ ADC Bibliography of Anti-Arab Discrimination, Stereotyping, and Media Bias at ADC web site.
  23. Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting
    , 1991.
  24. ^ Pan Am Settles a Bias Suit Dating From the Gulf War, The New York Times, January 22, 1993.
  25. ^ The 25 Most Controversial Movies Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ^ James Bolden, Coalition of Civil Rights Groups Sue Anti-Defamation League, Los Angeles Sentinel, November 3, 1993.
  27. ^ Meredith Jane Adams, "Anti-Defamation League may have broken records laws", Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1993.
  28. ^ Rachelle Marshall, Arab Americans Spied On by ADL Sue Three Police Departments, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, September/October 1993, 14.
  29. ^ a b Julie Wiener, ADL settles with Arabs, others to wrap up 6-year lawsuit, Jewish News Weekly of Northern California, October 1, 1999.
  30. ISBN 0-7453-2264-6
  31. ^ Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: A Summary Archived 2011-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Charles Doyle, American Law Division, Federation of American Scientists, June 3, 1996.
  32. ^ a b ADC Update: ADC Submission to the National Commission on Terrorism Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, ADC web site, March 6, 2000.
  33. ^ a b Secret Evidence Repeal Act to be Reintroduced Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, ADC web site, March 26, 2001.
  34. ^ Summary of RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. v. AMERICAN-ARAB ANTI-DISCRIMINATION COMMITTEE et al., FindLaw.
  35. ^ Arab-Americans Applaud New Congressional Letter on Iraq Sanctions Archived 2006-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, reprinted in Common Dreams, February 1, 2000.
  36. Electronic Intifada
    , May 6, 2004.
  37. ^ ADC Fact Sheet: The Condition of Arab Americans Post-9/11 Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine, March 27, 2002.
  38. ^ Anti-discrimination committee reviews with US administration patriot act Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, Arabic News Archived 2008-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, December 22, 2001.
  39. ^ March 17, 2003 Coalition letter on Domestic Security Enhancement Act (DSEA).
  40. ^ Threats and Responses; Immigrants Sue Over Detentions After Checking In, The New York Times, December 25, 2002.
  41. ^ Jonah Goldberg, Two Cheers for “McCarthyism”?, National Review, February 26, 2003.
  42. St. Petersburg Times
    , December 7, 2005.
  43. ^ ADC on Al Jazeera, ADC web site, December 7, 2005.
  44. ^ "Plea Agreement; U.S. v. Al-Arian" (PDF). February 28, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  45. St. Petersberg Times
    , April 23, 2006.
  46. ^ ACLU Files First-Ever Challenge to USA PATRIOT Act, Citing Radical Expansion of FBI Powers, American Civil Liberties Union press release, July 30, 2003.
  47. ^ Update on ADC's Challenge to the USA Patriot Act Archived August 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, ADC web site, November 3, 2003.
  48. ^ Citing Improvements to Law, ACLU Withdraws Section 215 Case But Vows to Fight Individual Orders, American Civil Liberties Union press release, October 27, 2006.
  49. ^ By Geoffrey Nunberg, Lexical Lessons; What the Good Book Says: Anti-Semitism, Loosely Defined, The New York Times, April 11, 2004.
  50. ^ Nancy Hormachea, vice president of the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, San Francisco, Fishing expeditions that target Arabs and Muslims, San Francisco Chronicle, October 15, 2004.
  51. ^ "ADC Files Lawsuit Against Secretaries of State and Defense for Failure to Protect US Citizens in Lebanon". ADC web site. July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13.
  52. ^ Greg Krikorian, Evidence emerges in ‘85 Santa Ana slaying, Los Angeles Times, October 11, 2007, B-1.
  53. ^ Alert: Ask Congress to Censure Rep. King’s Racist Remarks[permanent dead link], ADC alert, March 2008.
  54. ^ Lieberman Reassures Muslims He Plans to Consult With Them on Security Issues Jewish Journal, August 19, 2008.
  55. ^ May14, 2008 Coalition letter to Senator Joseph Lieberman Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine at ADC web site.
  56. ^ Matthew Kalman, Obama chief of staff Rahm Emanuel is no pal of ours, Israel's foes say, New York Daily News, November 6, 2008.
  57. ^ Arab-American group blasts Emanuel’s dad Archived 2009-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 12, 2008.
  58. ^ American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee letter to Congressman Rahm Emanuel Archived 2008-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, at ADC web site, November 11, 2008.
  59. ^ Eric Fingerhut, Rahm apologizes for dad Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 13, 2008.
  60. ^ Obama top aide apologizes to Arabs Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Times, November 13, 2008.
  61. ^ Arab Americans Organize Boycott of US Department Store Archived 2012-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ Karam, Joyce (2013-11-22). "Sexual harassment scandal shakes Arab-American civil rights group". Al-Arabiya. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  63. ^ a b Hafsa, Lanouar Ben. "The role of Arab American advocacy groups in shaping American foreign policy." Society 51.5 (2014): 513+. Biography in Context.
  64. JSTOR 41859068
    .

External links
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