Army of Free Lebanon
Army of Free Lebanon (AFL) جيش لبنان الحر | |
---|---|
Opponents | Lebanese National Movement (LNM) Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) Lebanese Army Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Syrian Army |
Battles and wars | Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) |
The Army of Free Lebanon – AFL (
Emblem
Upon its formation, the AFL adopted as logo a rectangular (or square) red and blue 'flash' with a stylized white Lebanese cedar tree in the middle, which was hastily painted on their armoured and transport vehicles; sometimes the motto 'Free Lebanon' (Arabic: لبنان الحر |Lubnan al-Horr) written in Arabic script was painted alongside the flash on the hull and turret of the tanks. In alternative, a greenish-yellow stencil, bearing the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) coat-of-arms was also applied.[3]
Origins
The AFL began to be established on January 23, 1976, in
Structure
Field organization
Headquartered at Shukri Ghanem Barracks, a major military facility situated at
- Group No 11 (French: Groupement numéro 11) – led by Captain Mounir Bejjani;
- Group No 12 (French: Groupement numéro 12) – led by Lieutenants Michel Abou Ghanem and Louis Khoury;
- Group No 14 (French: Groupement numéro 14) – led by Lt. Makhoul Hakmeh;
- Group No 16 (French: Groupement numéro 16) – led by Lieutenants Abdallah Hadchiti and Ghazi Ghattas;[11]
- Group No 18 (French: Groupement numéro 18) – led by Maj. Fouad Malek, later replaced by Lt. Wehbeh Katicha;[12]
- Galerie Semaan Battalion – a mechanized unit, also led by Lt. Ghazi Ghattas;[13]
- A company-sized contingent (subsequently expanded to battalion strength) from the Army Para-commando regiment (Arabic: فوج المغاوير transliteration Fauj al-Maghaweer) led by Captain Samir el-Achkar.[14]
All these units were permanently allocated at Fayadieh, serving under Col. Barakat's direct orders. Outside Beirut, a 200-strong battalion designated the "Akkar Brigade" (Arabic: لواء عكار | Liwa' el-Akkar), led by Lt. Khalil Nader[15] was stationed in the Akkar District of northern Lebanon. A 500-strong battalion under the title "Army of Lebanon" (Arabic: جيش لبنان | Jayish Lubnan) was based at the Raymond el-Hayek Barracks in Sarba, north of Jounieh[2] headed by Maj. Malek,[5] whilst another battalion of 700 men led by Maj. Haddad and designated the "Marjayoun–Qlaiaa Formation" (Arabic: تكوين مرجعيون - قليعة | Takwin Marjayoun – Qlaiaa), was stationed at Marjayoun Barracks.[8][4][5][16]
List of AFL commanders
- Colonel Antoine Barakat (AFL commander-in-chief)[4]
- Major Fouad Malek[4]
- Major Saad Haddad[4]
- Captain Samir el-Achkar
- Captain Mounir Bejjani
- Lieutenant Abdallah Hadchiti
- Lieutenant Ghazi Ghattas
- Lieutenant Khalil Nader
- Lieutenant Michel Abou Ghanem
- Lieutenant Louis Khoury
- Lieutenant Makhoul Hakmeh
- Lieutenant Wehbeh Katicha
Other AFL personnel
Weapons and equipment
The AFL was equipped largely from stocks drawn from Lebanese Army reserves, with weapons taken directly from Army barracks and depots or channeled via the Christian rightist militias of the Lebanese Front.
Small-arms
AFL infantry units were issued FN FAL,[17][18] CETME Model C[18] and M16A1 assault rifles;[14][19][18] FN MAG and M60 light machine guns were used as squad weapons, with heavier Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal and Browning M2HB .50 Cal machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons. Officers and NCOs received FN P35 and MAB PA-15 pistols. Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons consisted of Belgian
Armoured and transport vehicles
Each combat group or fraction fielded conventional armour, infantry and artillery sub-units, provided with
For logistical support, Col. Barakat's troops relied on US
Artillery
Their artillery formations fielded British
The AFL in the Lebanese civil war 1976-78
Closely allied with the Christian rightist militias of the Lebanese Front,[5] the AFL battled the leftist Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias, the LAA and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions at Beirut, but also fought in northern Lebanon. On March 5, 1976, some 200 Christian AFL soldiers led by Lt. Khalil Nader – who entitled themselves the "Lebanese Liberation Army" (LLA), and later became the "Akkar Brigade"[15] – from the Jounieh garrison departed without permission from their commanding Officer to their home towns of Al-Qoubaiyat and Andaket in the Akkar District of Northern Lebanon, which were being threatened by LAA attacks and artillery bombardments.[42][43][44][45]
On March 13 at Beirut, the AFL units from the Shukri Ghanem Barracks in Fayadieh under Col. Barakat clashed with the Officer cadets of the adjoining Military Academy, whose Commander supported Brigadier general Aziz El-Ahdab's failed coup attempt against President Frangieh,[4] despite the fact that some officers from the AFL (Fouad Malek, Wehbeh Katicha, and Ghazi Ghattas) had signed a petition pledging their support to Gen. Ahdab's initiative.[46][47] Later on March 25, Col. Barakat's troops bolstered the hard-pressed Republican Guard battalion and Marada Brigade militiamen loyal to President Frangieh in defending the Presidential Palace at Baabda from a two-pronged combined LNM-Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) ground assault amid intense shelling, though prior to the attack the President had decamped to the safety of Zouk Mikael, near Jounieh, and later to Kfour in the Keserwan District.[48][49][50] They also provided armour and artillery support to the Christian militias on the closing stages of the Battle of the Hotels,[51] during which an artillery barrage fired by a unit under Barakat's command struck the campus of the American University of Beirut at Rue Bliss in the neighboring Ras Beirut district, causing a number of casualties among the students.[citation needed]
On late March–early April 1976 the AFL, aided by the
During the
Disbandment
In March 1977, the newly elected President of Lebanon
One notable exception was Captain Samir el-Achkar and his commando battalion (
A different fate however, awaited the ex-AFL troops of the Marjayoun garrison in the south. By late 1976, pressure from PLO and LNM-LAA militias finally forced Major
See also
- Battle of the Hotels
- Hundred Days' War
- Internal Security Forces
- Lebanese Armed Forces
- Lebanese Arab Army
- Lebanese Civil War
- Lebanese Front
- Lebanese Forces
- List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
- South Lebanon Army
- Tel al-Zaatar massacre
- Vanguard of the Maani Army (Movement of the Druze Jihad)
- 4th Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)
- 7th Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)
- 10th Airmobile Brigade
Notes
- ^ a b Collelo, Lebanon: a country study (1989), p. 239.
- ^ a b c d Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Introduction, p. 1.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, pp. 171–173.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i El-Kazen 2000, p. 333.
- ^ a b c d e f g Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), p. 104.
- ^ Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon (1989), p. 72.
- ^ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), pp. 100-101.
- ^ a b Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 20.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 29.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 55-57.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 58.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 57.
- ^ a b Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 21.
- ^ a b Chamussy (René) – Chronique d’une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
- ^ a b c Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 29-30.
- ^ Jenzen-Jones & Spleeters, Identifying & Tracing the FN Herstal FAL Rifle: Documenting signs of diversion in Syria and beyond (2015), pp. 20-21.
- ^ Shotgun News.
- ^ McNab, 20th Century Military Uniforms (2002), p. 174.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 21.
- ^ a b c Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), appendix A, table A-6.
- ^ Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt (1984), pp. 55-89.
- ^ Badran, Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2010), pp. 50-52.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, p. 171.
- ^ Fortin, T17E1 Staghound Armored Car – Le char sur roues, Trucks & Tracks Magazine (2007–2008), pp. 62–63; 65.
- ^ Colonel Barakat's Army Staghound Mk.III armoured car near Binayit el-Béton, East Beirut, March 1976.
- ^ AMX-13 light tank of the Army of Free Lebanon at the siege of Tel al-Zaatar, East Beirut, July 1976.
- ^ M41 Walker Bulldog tank of the Army of Free Lebanon in the streets of the Aswek (the old city center of Beirut), c.1976.
- ^ Cooper & Santana, Lebanese Civil War Volume 1: Palestinian diaspora, Syrian and Israeli interventions, 1970-1978 (2019), p. 35.
- ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 57.
- ^ Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual (2019), p. 154.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, pp. 171–172.
- ^ a b c Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, p. 173.
- ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 6.
- ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 19.
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, p. 172.
- ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975–1978, Steelmasters Magazine (2012), p. 9.
- ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 29.
- ^ a b 1/35 scale model photos of a Lebanese Special Forces AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a M35A2 Gun Truck.
- ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 25.
- ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-10.
- ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix B, B-16.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 45.
- ^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 37.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 23.
- ^ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), p. 103.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 28-29.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 46-47.
- ^ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), p. 101.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 30.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 54; 56-57.
- ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), pp. 20-23.
- ^ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), p. 115.
- ^ a b Gary C. Gambill and Ziad K. Abdelnour, Dossier: Fouad Malek, former Chief-of-Staff of the Lebanese Forces (LF), Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol.4, No.11-12, November-December 2002.
- ^ "The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org". forum.tayyar.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 72-73.
- ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 63.
- ^ Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society (2009), p. 117.
- ^ Micheletti and Debay, Les Forces Libanaises, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 34 (box).
- ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine 2021, p. 170.
- ^ Micheletti and Debay, La 10e Brigade Heliportée, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 21 (box).
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 61-63.
- ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 43.
- ^ Chamussy (René) – Chronique d'une guerre: Le Liban 1975-1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
References
- Alain Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. ISBN 978-2-226-12127-1 (in French)
- Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-275-92854-4
- Chris McNab, 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.), Grange Books, Kent 2002. ISBN 978-1-84013-476-6
- ISBN 0-333-72975-7
- Éric Micheletti and Yves Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats, RAIDS Magazine No. 41, October 1989, Histoire & Collections, Paris. )
- El-Kazen, Farid (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 333. ISBN 0-674-08105-6.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3 – [1]
- Joseph A. Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s, Conflict Quarterly, Winter 1985.
- Joseph Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985), Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.
- El-Assad, Moustafa (2008). Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks. Sidon: Blue Steel books. ISBN 978-9953-0-1256-8.
- N.R. Jenzen-Jones & Damien Spleeters, Identifying & Tracing the FN Herstal FAL Rifle: Documenting signs of diversion in Syria and beyond, Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd., Australia, August 2015. ISBN 978-0-9924624-6-8 – [3]
- Oren Barak, The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society, State University of New York Press, Albany 2009. ISBN 978-0-7914-9345-8 – [4]
- Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11–79, June 1979.
- Philipe Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, Steelmasters Magazine No. 113, August–September 2012, Histoire & Collections, Paris, pp. 8–16. ISSN 1962-4654
- Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0-86187-123-5 – [5]
- ISBN 0-19-280130-9 – [6]
- Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. ISBN 9953-0-0705-5
- Samer Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. ISBN 978-9953-0-2372-4
- Steven J. Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78, Vanguard series 19, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1981. ISBN 0-85045-388-7
- Simon Dunstan, Panhard Armoured Car: 1961 Onwards (AML 60, AML 90, Eland), Enthusiasts' Manual, Haynes Publishing UK, Somerset 2019. ISBN 978-1-78521-194-2
- Thomas Collelo (ed.), Lebanon: a country study, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550–24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). – [7]
- Tom Cooper & Sergio Santana, Lebanese Civil War Volume 1: Palestinian diaspora, Syrian and Israeli interventions, 1970-1978, Middle East@War No. 21, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2019. ISBN 978-1-915070-21-0
- Tony Badran (Barry Rubin ed.), Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2010. ISBN 978-0-230-62306-4
- Ludovic Fortin, T17E1 Staghound Armored Car – Le char sur roues, Trucks & Tracks Magazine No. 5, December 2007–January 2008, Caraktère, Marseille, pp. 48–67. )
- Sex, Zachary; Abi-Chahine, Bassel (2021). Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond. Modern Conflicts Profile Guide. Vol. II. AK Interactive. EAN 8435568306073.
Further reading
- Denise Ammoun, Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.
- Fawwaz Traboulsi, A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition, Pluto Press, London 2012. ISBN 978-0-7453-3274-1
- Leila Haoui Zod, William Haoui, temoin et martyr, Mémoire DEA, Faculté d'Histoire, Université Saint Esprit, Kaslik, Liban 2004. (in French)
- Jean Sarkis, Histoire de la guerre du Liban, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993. ISBN 978-2-13-045801-2 (in French)
- Samir Kassir, La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. ISBN 978-2-86537-499-1 (in French)
- Marius Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. ISBN 978-0-03-039701-1
- William W. Harris, Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. ISBN 978-1-55876-115-5