State of Palestine
A request that this article title be changed to Palestine is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
State of Palestine دولة فلسطين ( Arabic )Dawlat Filasṭīn | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: "فدائي" " Government Unitary semi-presidential republic[4] | | |
Mahmoud Abbas[c] | ||
Mohammad Mustafa | ||
Aziz Dweik | ||
Legislature | National Council | |
Formation | ||
15 November 1988 | ||
29 November 2012 | ||
• Sovereignty dispute with Israel | Ongoing[d][5][6] | |
+970 | ||
ISO 3166 code | PS | |
Internet TLD | .ps |
Palestine (
The
Establishment of the
The Palestinian Authority governs parts of the West Bank while Hamas controls the Gaza Strip. Palestine faces various challenges, political violence, including territorial disputes, socio-economic disparities,freedom of movement and the impact of the occupation. Current effort is advancing the
Etymology
Although the concept of the Palestine region and its geographical extent has varied throughout history, it is now considered to be composed by the modern State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[20] General use of the term "Palestine" or related terms to the area at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea beside Syria has historically been taking place since the times of ancient Greece, with Herodotus being the first historian writing in the 5th century BC in The Histories of a "district of Syria, called Palaistine" in which Phoenicians interacted with other maritime peoples.[21][22] The term "Palestine" (in Latin, Palæstina) is thought to have been a term coined by the Ancient Greeks for the area of land occupied by the Philistines, although there are other explanations.[23]
Terminology
This article uses the terms "Palestine", "State of Palestine", "occupied Palestinian territory (oPt or OPT)" interchangeably depending on context. Specifically, the term "occupied Palestinian territory" refers as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. In all cases, any references to land or territory refer to land claimed by the State of Palestine.[24]
History
Early religious
However, internal conflicts and foreign invasions led to the division of the kingdom into
Historic Palestine holds a significant place in the history of
Roman Empire
In 63 BCE, Roman General
After the Jewish revolts, the Romans abolished the client kingdom and transformed Judea into a Roman province called Judea.[44] The Roman administration imposed direct rule, leading to the dispersal of Jewish communities and the exile of many Jews. The destruction of the Second Temple and the Roman occupation contributed to the Jewish diaspora, the scattering of Jewish communities throughout the Roman Empire and beyond.[44] Jewish populations settled in various regions, including Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.[44]
Palestine, particularly Jerusalem, became a significant center for early Christianity.
Muslim conquest and Middle Ages
The
The First Crusade was launched in 1096 with the goal of recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim rule. In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem after a siege and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city witnessed a violent massacre, with much of the Muslim and Jewish population being killed. Following the capture of Jerusalem, the Crusaders established several Crusader states in the region, including the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, and the Principality of Antioch. These states were ruled by European nobles and were characterized by a blend of European and Middle Eastern cultures.
The Crusader states faced constant threats from Muslim forces and neighboring Muslim rulers. The Crusaders built numerous fortifications and castles to defend their territories. They also engaged in trade and diplomatic relations with other regional powers. Muslim forces, particularly the
Ottoman Palestine
By 14th century, the
The empire encouraged agricultural development, and various measures were taken to enhance agricultural productivity.[47] The construction of irrigation systems, such as the qanat system, helped improve water distribution and facilitated agricultural expansion.[47] Under Ottoman rule, Palestine saw an increase in the cultivation of cash crops like cotton and olives, which were exported to other regions.[47] Religiously, Palestine held great significance for Muslims, Christians, and Jews.[47] The Ottomans maintained control over the holy sites in Jerusalem, including the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[47] They also regulated access to these sites and implemented various policies to manage religious affairs.[47]
Under the Ottoman Empire,
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as nationalist sentiments grew across the region,
British Mandate of Palestine
Under British rule, the history of Palestine witnessed significant political, social, and economic transformations.[63] The British Mandate for Palestine began in 1920 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.[63] The mandate was established under the League of Nations, with the objective of facilitating the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine while protecting the rights of the Arab population.[63]
During the initial years of the mandate, tensions between Jewish and Arab communities emerged. The British faced challenges in balancing the interests and demands of both groups. In 1936, a widespread
Arab–Israeli War of 1948
In 1947, the UN adopted a
Occupation and Arab–Israeli wars
In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The
The October
After Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza Strip from Egypt, it began to establish Israeli settlements there. Administration of the Arab population of these territories was performed by the Israeli Civil Administration of the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and by local municipal councils present since before the Israeli takeover. In 1980, Israel decided to freeze elections for these councils and to establish instead Village Leagues, whose officials were under Israeli influence. Later this model became ineffective for both Israel and the Palestinians, and the Village Leagues began to break up, with the last being the Hebron League, dissolved in February 1988.[73]
State of Palestine
In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the
Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the
The
Efforts to revive the peace process continued, including the convening of the Taba Summit in January 2001. Although progress was made, negotiations eventually broke down due to the escalating violence and political changes in both Israeli and Palestinian leadership. In 2002, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield, a major military incursion into Palestinian cities in response to the ongoing violence.[90] The operation aimed to dismantle Palestinian militant infrastructure and restore security.[91] However, it resulted in significant destruction and loss of life. Israel implemented stringent security measures, including checkpoints, curfews, and the construction of a separation barrier, to curb the attacks.[92] These measures, while intended to enhance security, also led to restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, economic hardship, and the exacerbation of humanitarian conditions.
Efforts to mediate a ceasefire and resume peace negotiations were ongoing throughout this period. International actors, including the
Post-Arafat period: Aftermath of the intifadas
Against this backdrop of violence and political instability, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat remained a central figure.
On March 22, 2004, Ahmed Yassin was assassinated in an airstrike carried out by the Israeli military.[99] The assassination of Ahmed Yassin had profound implications for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the dynamics of the region.[100] Hamas, under Yassin's leadership, was a powerful and influential force in Palestinian politics.[citation needed] Yassin's assassination not only removed a key figurehead of the organization but also galvanized support for Hamas.[citation needed] The act of targeting a prominent figure like Yassin also demonstrated Israel's willingness to employ targeted killings as a tactic, which further escalated the conflict and complicated efforts for peace.
In 2005, Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip, withdrawing its military forces and dismantling settlements. The move was seen as a step towards Palestinian self-governance and the potential for progress. However, the withdrawal did not lead to a significant improvement in the overall situation, as Gaza soon fell under the control of the militant group Hamas. In 2005, following the implementation of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders, airspace, and territorial waters.[d]
Divided Palestine
Geography
The
The West Bank is located on the western side of the Jordan River and is characterized by a diverse landscape. It consists of fertile valleys, such as the
Palestine has a number of environmental issues; issues facing the Gaza Strip include
The
Wildlife and Protected areas
Palestine does not have officially recognized national parks or protected areas. However, there are areas within the West Bank that are considered to have ecological and cultural significance and are being managed with conservation efforts. These areas are often referred to as nature reserves or protected zones. Located near Jericho in the West Bank, Wadi Qelt is a desert valley with unique flora and fauna.
The reserve is known for its rugged landscapes, natural springs, and historical sites such as the St. George Monastery.[125] Efforts have been made to protect the biodiversity and natural beauty of the area.[126] The Judaean Desert is popular for "Judaean Camels". Qalqilya Zoo in Qalqilya Governorate, is the only zoo currently active in the country. Gaza Zoo was closed due to poor conditions. Israeli government have built various national parks in the Area C, which is also considered illegal under international law.
Climate
Temperatures in Palestine vary widely. The climate in the West Bank is mostly
Government and politics
The State of Palestine consists of the institutions that are associated with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which includes President of the State of Palestine[128][c] – appointed by the Palestinian Central Council,[131] Palestinian National Council – the legislature that established the State of Palestine[4] and Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization – performs the functions of a government in exile,[129][130][132][133] maintaining an extensive foreign-relations network. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is combination of several political parties.
These should be distinguished from the
The
Mahmoud Abbas is the president of the country since 2005.[138] Mohammad Shtayyeh was the prime minister of Palestine, who resigned in 2024.[139] In 2024, Mohammad Mustafa was appointed as the new prime minister of the country, after resigning of Shtayyeh.[140] While Yahya Sinwar is leader of Hamas government in the Gaza Strip.[141] According to Freedom House, the PNA governs Palestine in an authoritarian manner, including by repressing activists and journalists critical of the government.[142]
Law and security
The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State. All of these forces are part of Palestinian Security Services. The PSF is primarily responsible for maintaining internal security, law enforcement, and counterterrorism operations in areas under Palestinian Authority control.[149]
The
The military capabilities of Palestine are significantly limited compared to the Israeli army (IDF).[156] The Oslo Accords and subsequent agreements have placed restrictions on the size and armament of Palestinian security forces.[157][158] The PA's security forces primarily focus on internal security rather than conventional military operations.[159]
Administrative divisions
The State of Palestine is divided into sixteen administrative divisions.
The governorates in the West Bank are grouped into
East Jerusalem (comprising the small pre-1967 Jordanian eastern-sector Jerusalem municipality together with a significant area of the pre-1967 West Bank demarcated by Israel in 1967) is administered as part of the
Name | Area (km2)[169] | Population | Density (per km2) | Muhafazah (district capital) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jenin | 583 | 311,231 | 533.8 | Jenin |
Tubas | 402 | 64,719 | 161.0 | Tubas |
Tulkarm | 246 | 182,053 | 740.0 | Tulkarm |
Nablus | 605 | 380,961 | 629.7 | Nablus |
Qalqiliya | 166 | 110,800 | 667.5 | Qalqilya |
Salfit | 204 | 70,727 | 346.7 | Salfit |
Ramallah & Al-Bireh | 855 | 348,110 | 407.1 | Ramallah |
Jericho & Al Aghwar | 593 | 52,154 | 87.9 | Jericho |
Jerusalem | 345 | 419,108a | 1214.8[i] | Jerusalem (see Status of Jerusalem) |
Bethlehem | 659 | 216,114 | 927.9 | Bethlehem |
Hebron | 997 | 706,508 | 708.6 | Hebron |
North Gaza | 61 | 362,772 | 5947.1 | Jabalya[citation needed ]
|
Gaza | 74 | 625,824 | 8457.1 | Gaza City |
Deir Al-Balah | 58 | 264,455 | 4559.6 | Deir al-Balah |
Khan Yunis | 108 | 341,393 | 3161.0 | Khan Yunis |
Rafah | 64 | 225,538 | 3524.0 | Rafah |
- ^ Data from Jerusalem includes occupied East Jerusalem with its Israeli population
Foreign relations
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the State of Palestine and maintains embassies in countries that recognize it. The PLO also participates in international organizations as a member, associate, or observer. In some cases, due to conflicting sources, it is difficult to determine if the participation is on behalf of the State of Palestine, the PLO as a non-state entity, or the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
In 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence was acknowledged by the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.[170] In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 67/19, granting Palestine "non-member observer state" status, effectively recognizing it as a sovereign state.[171][172][173] Sweden took a significant step in 2013 by upgrading the status of the Palestinian representative office to a full embassy. They became the first EU member state outside the former communist bloc to officially recognize the state of Palestine.[174][175][176]
The UK House of Commons voted in favor of recognizing Palestine as a state in 2014, as a contribution towards achieving a negotiated two-state solution.
In January 2015, the International Criminal Court affirmed Palestine's "State" status after its UN observer recognition.
A majority of Arab and Muslim countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen have supported the country, due to religious and cultural relations. Egypt and Jordan, apart from supporting, have also signed peace treaties with Israel. Egypt and Qatar acts as a mediator between Hamas controlled Gaza and Israel.[189][190] Countries like India and Republic of Ireland have strongly showed support of an independent Palestine, coexisting with Israel.[191][192]
Legal status
There are a wide variety of views regarding the status of the State of Palestine, both among the states of the international community and among legal scholars.[193] The existence of a state of Palestine, although controversial,[194] is a reality in the opinions of the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations.[195]
Raising the flag at the UN
In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the UN presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.[196]
In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".[197]
After the vote, which was passed by 119 votes to 8 with 45 countries abstaining,[198][199][200] the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together".[201] US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.[202]
At the ceremony itself, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said the occasion was a "day of pride for the Palestinian people around the world, a day of hope",[203] and declared "Now is the time to restore confidence by both Israelis and Palestinians for a peaceful settlement and, at last, the realization of two states for two peoples."[198]
International recognition
The State of Palestine has been recognized by 140 of the 193 UN members and since 2012 has had a status of a non-member observer state in the United Nations.[204][205][206]
On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences),[207] the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations System, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty.[205][206][208][129][173] Palestine's new status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.[209]
The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations",
On 2 April 2024, Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian U.N. ambassador, requested that the Security Council consider a renewed application for membership, supported by the 22-nation Arab Group at the United Nations, the 57-nation Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the 120-member Nonaligned Movement. As of April, seven of the council's 15 members recognize the state of Palestine but the US has indicated that it opposes the request and in addition, US law stipulates that US funding for the UN would be cut off in the event of full recognition without an Israeli-Palestinian agreement.[214] On 18 April, the US vetoed a widely supported UN resolution that would have admitted Palestine as a full UN member.[215][216][217]
Economy
Palestine is classified as a middle income and developing country by the IMF. In 2023,
Since 1970s, Palestinians were employed in Israel.
Palestinian economy relies heavily on donations and international aid from various sources, including
Agriculture
After Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, Palestinian agriculture suffered significant setbacks.[234] The sector's contribution to the GDP declined, and the agricultural labor force decreased.[234] The cultivated areas in the West Bank continuously declined since 1967.[234] Palestinian farmers face obstacles in marketing and distributing their products, and Israeli restrictions on water usage have severely affected Palestinian agriculture.[234] Over 85% of Palestinian water from the West Bank aquifers is used by Israel, and Palestinians are denied access to water resources from the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers.[234]
In Gaza, the coastal aquifer is suffering from saltwater intrusion.[234] Israeli restrictions have limited irrigation of Palestinian land, with only 6% of West Bank land cultivated by Palestinians being irrigated, while Israeli settlers irrigate around 70% of their land.[234] The Gulf War in 1991 had severe repercussions on Palestinian agriculture, as the majority of exports were previously sent to Arab Gulf countries.[234] Palestinian exports to the Gulf States declined by 14% as a result of the war, causing a significant economic impact.[234]
Manufacturing
Manufacturing and exports in Palestine includes sectors such as
Hebron is industrially most advanced city in the region and serves as an export hub for Palestinian products. More than 40% of the national economy produced there.
Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts have resulted in several initiatives, such as the Valley of Peace initiative and Breaking the Impasse, which promote industrial projects between Israel, Palestine and other Arab countries, with the goal of promoting peace and ending conflict.[241] These include joint industrial parks opened in Palestine. The Palestinian Authority has built industrial cities in Gaza, Bethlehem, Jericho, Jenin and Hebron. Some are in joint cooperation with European countries.[242]
Oil and gas
Palestine holds massive potential reserves of oil and gas.
Masadder, a subsidiary of the
Tourism
Tourism in the country refers to tourism in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6 million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2 million were foreign tourists while 2.7 million were domestic.[255] Most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels; 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada.[256] Lonely Planet travel guide writes that "the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded."[257] Sacred sites such as the Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque draw countless pilgrims and visitors each year.
In 2013 Palestinian Authority Tourism minister
Information and Communications
Palestine is known as the "Silicon Valley of NGOs".[260] The high tech industry in Palestine, have experienced good growth since 2008.[261] The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) and the Ministry of Telecom and Information Technology said there were 4.2 million cellular mobile subscribers in Palestine compared to 2.6 million at the end of 2010 while the number of ADSL subscribers in Palestine increased to about 363 thousand by the end of 2019 from 119 thousand over the same period.[261] 97% of Palestinian households have at least one cellular mobile line while at least one smartphone is owned by 86% of households (91% in the West Bank and 78% in Gaza Strip).[261] About 80% of the Palestinian households have access to the internet in their homes and about a third have a computer.[261]
On 12 June 2020, the World Bank approved a US$15 million grant for the Technology for Youth and Jobs (TechStart) Project aiming to help the Palestinian IT sector upgrade the capabilities of firms and create more high-quality jobs. Kanthan Shankar, World Bank Country Director for West Bank and Gaza said "The IT sector has the potential to make a strong contribution to economic growth. It can offer opportunities to Palestinian youth, who constitute 30% of the population and suffer from acute unemployment."[262]
Financial services
The Palestine Monetary Authority has issued guidelines for the operation and provision of electronic payment services including e-wallet and prepaid cards.[263] Protocol on Economic Relations, also known as Paris Protocol was signed between the PLO and Israel, which prohibited Palestinian Authority from having its own currency. This agreement paved a way for the government to collect taxes.
Prior to 1994, the occupied Palestinian territories had limited banking options, with Palestinians avoiding
The combined loan facilities provided by all banks on December 31, 2018, amounted to US$8.4 billion, marking a significant growth of 492 percent compared to US$1.42 billion in 2007.[264] Palestinian registered banks accounted for US$0.60 billion or 42 percent of total deposits in 2007, while in 2018, the loans extended by Palestinian registered banks reached US$5.02 billion, representing 61 percent of total loans.[264] This showcases a remarkable 737 percent increase between 2007 and 2018.[264] Currently, Palestinian registered banks hold 57 percent of customer deposits and provide 61 percent of the loans, compared to 26 percent of deposits and 42 percent of loans in 2007.[264]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Two airports of Palestine — Jerusalem International Airport and Gaza International Airport were destroyed by Israel in the early years of the second intifada.[265] Since then no any airport has been operational in the country. Palestinians used to travel through airports in Israel — Ben Gurion Airport and Ramon Airport and Queen Alia International Airport of Amman, capital of Jordan. Many proposals have been made by both the government and private entities to build airports in the country. In 2021, the most recent proposal was made by both the Palestinian government and Israeli government to redevelop Qalandia Airport as a binational airport for both Israelis and Palestinians.[266]
Gaza Strip is the only coastal region of Palestine, where Port of Gaza is located. It is under naval siege by Israel, since the territory's blockade. During Oslo years, the Palestinian government collaborated with the Netherlands and France to build an international seaport but the project was abandoned. In 2021, then prime minister of Israel Naftali Bennett launched a development project for Gaza, which would include a seaport.[267]
Water supply and sanitation
Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are partially controlled by Israel due in part from historical and geographical complexities with Israel granting partial autonomy in 2017.
Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza Strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is
Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution.[273] The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.[274]Healthcare
According to the
Operating under the auspices of the
Education
The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards.[280] There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.[281] Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.[281] In the state of Palestine, the Gaza Strip has the highest literacy rate. According to a press blog of Columbia University, Palestinians are the most educated refugees.[282]
The education system in Palestine encompasses both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and it is administered by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education.[283][284][285] Basic education in Palestine includes primary school (grades 1–4) and preparatory school (grades 5–10).[286] Secondary education consists of general secondary education (grades 11–12) and vocational education.[287] The curriculum includes subjects such as Arabic, English, mathematics, science, social studies, and physical education. Islamic and Christian religious studies are also part of the curriculum as per the education ministry.[288]
The West Bank and Gaza together have 14 universities, 18 university colleges and 20 community colleges.
Energy
Palestine does not produces its own oil or gas. But as per UN reports, "sizeable reserves of oil and gas" lies in the Palestinian territories. Due to its state of conflict, most of the energy and fuels in Palestine are imported from Israel and other all neighboring countries such as Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In 2012,
Government officials have increasingly focused on solar energy to reduce dependency on Israel for energy.
Demographics
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), as of 26 May 2021, the State of Palestine 2021 mid year population is 5,227,193.[10] Ala Owad, the president of the PCBS, estimated a population of 5.3 million as of end year 2021.[303] Within an area of 6,020 square kilometres (2,320 sq mi), there is a population density of about 827 people per square kilometer.[116] To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 25 people per square kilometre as of 2017.[304]
Half of the Palestinian population are
Population
Rank | Name
|
Governorate | Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gaza Jerusalem |
1 | Gaza | Gaza Governorate | 766,331 | Hebron Nablus | ||||
2 | Jerusalem | Jerusalem Governorate | [312] 542,400 | ||||||
3 | Hebron | Hebron Governorate | 308,750 | ||||||
4 | Nablus | Nablus Governorate | 239,772 | ||||||
5 | Khan Yunis | Khan Yunis Governorate | 179,701 | ||||||
6 | Jabalia | North Gaza Governorate | 165,110 | ||||||
7 | Rafah | Rafah Governorate | 158,414 | ||||||
8 | Jenin | Jenin Governorate | 115,305 | ||||||
9 | Ramallah | Ramallah and al-Bireh | 104,173 | ||||||
10 | Beit Lahia | North Gaza Governorate | 86,526 |
Religion
Palestine has been known for its religious significance and site of many holy places, with religion playing an important role in shaping the country's society and culture. The
93% of Palestinians are Muslim,
Samaritans are highly concentrated around the Mount Gerizim, which is a holy place for them. Palestinian Jews are identified as those Jews who lived in Palestine region, before establishment of Israel and today they are Israeli citizens.[citation needed] However, the PLO considers Palestinian Jews those Jews, who lived in the peacefully before the rise of Zionism.[citation needed] Certain peoples, specially anti-Zionists considers themselves as Palestinian Jews such as Ilan Halevi and Uri Davis.[318]
Culture
Palestinian peoples are ethnically and linguistically considered part of Arab world. The culture of Palestine have made its heavy influence in religion, arts, literature, sports architecture and cinema.[319] The UNESCO have the recognized culture of Palestinian. Palestine Festival of Literature (PalFest) brings together Palestinian and international writers, musicians, and artists for a celebration of literature and culture.[320] Annual Palestine Cinema Days festival showcases Palestinian films and filmmakers.
Culture of Palestine is an amalgamation of indigenous traditions, Arab customs, and the heritage of various empires that have ruled the region. The land of Palestine has witnessed the presence of ancient civilizations such as the Canaanites, Philistines, and Israelites, each contributing to its cultural fabric. The Arab conquest in the 7th century brought the influence of Islam, which has been a cornerstone of Palestinian identity ever since. Islamic traditions, including language, art, and architecture, have infused the culture with distinct features.
Palestinian cultural expression often serves as a form of resistance against occupation and oppression. Street art, such as the work of Banksy in Bethlehem, and the annual Palestinian music and arts festival, Al-Mahatta, are examples of this cultural resistance.[321] The Old City of Jerusalem, with its religious sites like the Western Wall, the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, holds immense cultural and historical significance.[322] Other notable cultural sites include the ancient city of Jericho, the archaeological site of Sebastia, and the town of Bethlehem.[323][324][325][326]
Media
There are
Architecture
Palestine is home to several Byzantine and Crusader architectural marvels.[327] The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which dates back to the 4th century, is a significant pilgrimage site.[327] The Crusader fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in the Golan Heights is another remarkable example.[327] During the Ottoman period, numerous mosques, palaces, and public buildings were constructed throughout Palestine.[327] The iconic Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem underwent restoration and renovation in the Ottoman era, showcasing a blend of Islamic and Byzantine architectural elements.[327]
Rasem Badran and Mohamed Hadid are popular Palestinian architects.[327] In recent years, modern architecture has emerged in Palestine, blending traditional elements with contemporary designs.[327] The Palestinian Museum in Birzeit, designed by Heneghan Peng Architects, exemplifies this fusion, incorporating local motifs and sustainable building practices.[328][329][330] International Convention Center in Bethlehem, is a prominent structure showcasing contemporary Palestinian architecture.[327] Another notable building is the Palestinian National Theatre in Jerusalem.[331] Elements of modern architecture can be found in shopping malls, luxury hotels, technology parks and high rise skyscrapers. Palestine Trade Tower in Ramallah is the tallest building in Palestine.
Art, music, and clothing
Dabke is a popular Palestinian dance form accompanied by music.[336] The lively and rhythmic music is characterized by the use of the mijwiz (a reed flute), the tablah (a drum), and the handclapping of dancers.[336] Dabke songs are often performed at weddings, celebrations, and cultural events, fostering a sense of community and shared identity.[336] Palestinian pop music has gained popularity in recent years, blending modern elements with traditional influences.[337] Artists like Mohammed Assaf, Amal Murkus, and Rim Banna have contributed to the contemporary pop scene with their unique styles and powerful voices.[337] Their songs address both personal and political themes, resonating with Palestinians and audiences worldwide.[337]
Palestinian hip-hop has emerged as a powerful medium for expressing the realities and struggles faced by Palestinians.[338][339] Artists such as DAM, Shadia Mansour, and Tamer Nafar have gained international recognition for their socially conscious lyrics, addressing topics such as occupation, identity, and resistance.[340] Palestinian hip-hop serves as a form of cultural resistance, amplifying the voices of Palestinian youth. Rim Banna was a Palestinian singer known for her ethereal vocals and her dedication to preserving Palestinian folk music. Reem Kelani, a Palestinian musician based in the United Kingdom, is renowned for her powerful voice and her reinterpretation of traditional Palestinian songs. Dalal Abu Amneh is a popular Palestinian singer and poet.
Cinema
The
Makram Khoury, Mohammad Bakri, Hiam Abbass and Amal Murkus emerged as popular faces in Palestinian cinema during 1970s and 1980s.[343] Areen Omari, Valantina Abu Oqsa, Saleh Bakri, Tawfeek Barhom and Ashraf Barhom became popular in the mid-1990s, while Leem Lubany and Clara Khoury have gained acclaim since 2000.[343][344][345][343] Popular Palestinian movies include Wedding in Galilee (1987), Chronicle of a Disappearance (1996), Divine Intervention (2002), Paradise Now (2005), The Time That Remains (2009) and Omar (2013).[343]
Documentary filmmaking has played a significant role in capturing and documenting the Palestinian experience. Films like 5 Broken Cameras by Emad Burnat and Guy Davidi have received critical acclaim.[346] Palestinian filmmakers often face unique challenges due to the political situation in the region, with many films made under the rules and struggles of occupation.[347] The Palestinian Film Festival, held annually in various cities around the world, showcases Palestinian cinema and provides a platform for Palestinian filmmakers to share their stories.[348]
Sports
Palestine has been participating in the Olympic Games since 1996, with athletes competing in various sports, including athletics, swimming, judo, and taekwondo.[349] Palestinian Olympians proudly represent their nation on the international stage. The country is a part of the International Olympic Committee. In addition to football, basketball, handball, and volleyball are also popular sports in Palestine. The Palestinian Basketball Federation and Palestinian Handball Federation oversee these sports' development and organization.[350]
See also
- Flag of Palestine
- Geography of the State of Palestine
- History of agriculture in Palestine
- History of Palestinian journalism
- International recognition of the State of Palestine
- Mandatory Palestine
- Palestine (region)
- Palestinian self-determination
Notes
- foreign representative offices are located, while most countries maintain their embassies to Israel in Tel Aviv.
- ^ Before 2023, Gaza City was the largest city in the State of Palestine. Following attacks by Israel, a large amount of refugees from Gaza City and elsewhere in the Strip evacuated into the border city of Rafah, effectively making it the most populous city.
- ^ Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the committee performing the functions of State of Palestine government.[129][130] See also Leaders of Palestinian institutions.
- ^ land[81]) in the Gaza Strip (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under Hamas control), and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.[82][83][84][85][86] See also Israeli-occupied territories.
- ^ pronounced [fɪ.las.tˤiːn]
- proposals for the establishment of a Palestinian state.
References
Citations
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-87609-194-4.
- Fowler, Michael; Bunck, Julie Marie (1995). Law, Power, and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01471-5.
- Peters, Joel (1992). Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship (illustrated ed.). ISBN 978-1-870915-10-6.
- Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of . [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p. 42 of Shatz's review.)
- Dean, Lucy, ed. (2003). The Middle East and North Africa 2004 (50th ed.). London: Europa Publications. ISBN 978-1-85743-184-1.
- Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (2nd, illustrated ed.). Bloomington, Indiana: ISBN 978-0-253-35848-6.
- Watson, Geoffrey R. (2000). The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Agreements (illustrated ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-829891-5.
External links
- Status of Palestine in the United Nations (A/RES/67/19) Full Text
- Cross, Tony (24 September 2011). "After Abbas's UN Bid Are Palestinians Closer To Having a State?". Radio France Internationale. Retrieved 2011–9–28.
- Recognition of a Palestinian state Premature Legally Invalid and Undermining any Bona Fide Negotiation Process
- Political Statement accompanying Palestinian Declaration of Independence
- Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations
- The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution
- International Recognition of a Unilaterally Declared Palestinian State: Legal and Policy Dilemmas, by Tal Becker