Christianity in Lebanon
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Total population | |
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4-5 million Lebanese citizens (2022 estimate)[1]
1.2–2 million in Lebanon | |
Religions | |
Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch )Melkite Greek Catholic Church Armenian Apostolic Church (See Religion in Lebanon |
Christianity by country |
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Christianity portal |
Christianity in Lebanon has a long and continuous history. Biblical Scriptures show that Peter and Paul
The
A 2015 study estimated that 2,500 Lebanese Christians have Muslim ancestry, whereas the majority of Lebanese Christians are direct descendants of the original early Christians.[4]
History
The earliest indisputable tradition of Christianity in Lebanon can be traced back to
The relationship between the
Due to their turbulent history, the Maronites formed a secluded identity in the mountains and valleys of Lebanon, led by the Maronite patriarch who voiced his opinion on contemporary issues. They identify themselves as a unique community whose religion and culture is distinct from the predominantly
Demographics
Note that the following percentages are estimates only. As the last Lebanese census was conducted in 1932, it is difficult to have precise population estimates.
Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians of any country in the Middle East, but exact size of this population has been disputed for many years. One estimate of the Christian share of Lebanon's population, as of 2012, was 40.5%.[17] And more recently, in 2018 the CIA World Factbook estimated that Christians constituted 33.7%[18] of Lebanon's population.[19][20]
The
The other six smaller Christian sects are considered ethnic Assyrians; (Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholics, Assyrian Church of the East and Chaldean Catholics)
In the
Churches and monasteries in Lebanon
The head of the Maronite Church is the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, who is elected by the bishops of the Maronite church and now resides in Bkerké, north of Beirut (but in the northern town of Dimane during the summer months).[21] The current Patriarch (from 2011) is Mar Bechara Boutros al-Rahi.[22] When a new patriarch is elected and enthroned, he requests ecclesiastic communion from the Pope, thus maintaining communion within the Catholic Church. Patriarchs may also be accorded the status of cardinals, in the rank of cardinal-bishops.[22]
The Seat of the
Current political and religious issues
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2020) |
As of May 2022, the Lebanese Forces is the biggest Christian political party in Lebanon.[24]
Under the terms of an agreement known as the
The
Although Lebanon is a
Non-religion is not recognized by the state. But the
Christian denominations among Lebanese people
Maronite Catholic
The
The Maronite Church's full communion with the Catholic Church was reaffirmed in 1182, after hundreds of years of isolation in Mount Lebanon. By the terms of union, they retain their rites and canon law and use Arabic and Aramaic in their liturgy, as well the Karshuni script with old Syriac letters. Their origins are uncertain. One version traces them to John Maron of Antioch in the seventh century A.D.; another points to
In the late seventh century, as a result of persecutions from other Christians for the heterodox views they had adopted, the Maronites withdrew from the coastal regions into the mountainous areas of Lebanon and Syria. During the Ottoman era (1516–1914) they remained isolated and relatively independent in these areas. In 1857 and 1858 the Maronites revolted against the large landowning families. The revolt was followed by a further struggle between the Druzes and Maronites over land ownership, political power, and safe passage of community members in the territory of the other. The conflict led France to send a military expedition to the area in 1860. The disagreements diminished in intensity only after the establishment of the Mandate and a political formula whereby all denominations achieved a degree of political representation.[citation needed]
Besides the Beirut archdiocese, nine other archdioceses and dioceses are in the Middle East: Aleppo, Damascus, Jubayl-Al Batrun, Cyprus, Baalbek, Tripoli, Tyre, Sidon, and Cairo. Parishes and independent dioceses are situated in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. There are four minor seminaries in Lebanon (Al Batrun, Ghazir, Ayn Saadah, and Trablous) and a faculty of theology at the University of the Holy Spirit at Al Kaslik, which is run by the Maronite Monastic Order. The patriarch is elected in a secret ceremony by a synod of bishops and confirmed by the Pope.
Leaders of the Rite have considered Maronite Christianity as the "foundation of the Lebanese nation". The Maronites have been closely associated with the political system of independent Lebanon; it was estimated that in pre-Civil War Lebanon, members of this Rite held a large portion of the leading posts. However, roles were shifted due to the Taif Agreement's theoretical balancing of power.[29]
Greek Orthodox
The
The Eastern Orthodox Christians include many free-holders, and the community is less dominated by large landowners than other Christian denominations. In present-day Lebanon, the Lebanese Greek Orthodox have become increasingly urbanized, and form a major part of the commercial and professional class of Beirut and other cities. Many are found in the Southeast (Nabatieh/Beqaa) and North, near Tripoli. They are highly educated and well-versed in finance. The church has often served as a bridge between Lebanese Christians and the Arab countries, because it exists in various parts of the Arab world. Members of the rite constitute 8% of the population.[30][31]
Melkite Catholic
The
The highest official of the church since 1930 has been the Patriarch of Antioch, who resides at Ayn Traz, about twenty-four kilometers southeast of Beirut. The patriarch is elected by bishops in a synod and confirmed by the Pope in Rome, who sends him a pallium (a circular band of white wool worn by archbishops) in recognition of their communion. Greek Catholic churches, like those of the Greek Orthodox, contain icons but no statues. The
Protestantism
The
Most Protestants in Lebanon were converted by missionaries, primarily English and American, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They are divided into a number of denominations, including Presbyterian, Congregational, and Anglican. They are perceived by some to number disproportionately highly among the professional middle class. They constitute nearly 1 percent of the population (around 40,000) and live primarily in Beirut (Greater Beirut).[29]
Baptist
The Lebanese Baptist Evangelical Convention was founded in 1955 by various churches. [32]
Christian denominations among ethnic minorities
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenians in Lebanon mostly descend from refugees who had fled Turkey during and after the Armenian genocide during World War I.[33]
The
The Armenians in Lebanon reside mostly in Beirut and its northern suburbs, as well as in Anjar. During the civil war, the main stance of the Armenians was not to pick a side between Muslims or Christians and stay exempt mostly from the fighting. The largest Armenian community in Lebanon is found in Bourj Hammoud.[29]
Armenian Catholic Church
Among the Armenians in Lebanon there are some who belong to the Armenian Catholic Church. They are also refugees who had fled Turkey during and after World War I and the Armenian genocide.[33]
Latin Catholic Church
The
Assyrian Church of the East
The
The Archdiocese of Lebanon and Syria of the Assyrian Church of the East is based in the Mar Gewargis Church of Sad El Bouchrieh, Beirut, Lebanon. After the recent passing of the archdiocese's late Archbishop
Syriac Catholic Church
The members of the
The
Syriac Orthodox Church
The members of the
There are several archdioceses and dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church on the territory of Lebanon.[36] The church follows the Syriac liturgy of St. James and has an independent hierarchy under the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, whose seat was formerly at Mardin in Turkey and is now at Damascus, Syria.[29]
Chaldean Catholic Church
The members of the
The
.Coptic Orthodox Church
The Copts in Lebanon were immigrants or refugees who had fled their native lands in Egypt, Libya and Sudan.
According to tradition, the
See also
- List of cathedrals in Lebanon
- Lebanese people (Maronite Christians)
- Lebanese people (Eastern Orthodox Christians)
- Lebanese people (Melkite Christians)
- Lebanese people (Protestant Christians)
- Christianity in the Middle East
- Secularism in Lebanon
- Religion in Lebanon
- Islam in Lebanon
Notes
- ^ Jesus left that place and went to the vicinity of Tyre. He entered a house and did not want anyone to know it; yet he could not keep his presence secret. In fact, as soon as she heard about him, a woman whose little daughter was possessed by an evil spirit came and fell at his feet. She begged Jesus to drive the demon out of her daughter. (Saint Mark 7:24–26)
References
- ^ US State Dept 2022 report
- ^ a b c d e "Middle East :: LEBANON". CIA The World Factbook. 16 May 2023.
- ISBN 9780817916664.
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
- ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 11: 16. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-8254-2524-0.
- ISBN 978-0-8146-1966-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-527-03703-1.
- Brown, John. A Dictionary of the Holy Bible. University of Lausanne. pp. 535/749.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-59333-182-5.
- ISBN 9781317931737.
the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
- ISBN 9789652260499.
.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.
- ^ CHURCHILL (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25.
..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
- ^ Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53.
the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..
- ISBN 9780520087828. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ISBN 0-903983-92-3.
- ISBN 978-977-416-197-1.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook, Lebanon". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ^ "Lebanon: people and society"
- ^ "Lebanon". (August 2021 est.)
- ^ "Lebanon: people and society"
- ^ "The Maronite Patriarchate". Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ a b c "Maronite Patriarchs – Maronites – Eparchy of St Maron". Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ "Our Lady of Balamand Patriarchal Monastery - Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East". Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "What will the LF do with its victory?". 18 May 2022.
- ^ Krayem, Hassan. "The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement". American University of Beirut. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ^ Rose, Sunniva (22 February 2022). "Why is Lebanon's Central Bank Governor Riad Salameh under investigation?". The National. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ Piero Gheddo (13 February 2009) LEBANON Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents – Asia News. AsiaNews.it. Retrieved on 2013-09-26.
- ^ Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards Archived 11 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Barcode Nation (25 February 2009). Retrieved on 2013-09-26.
- ^ a b c d "Lebanon's Geography: Christian Sects". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2010 – Lebanon". US State Department. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
- ^ Lebanon – July–December , 2010 International Religious Freedom Report U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 1 June 2012.
- ^ John H. Y. Briggs, A Dictionary of European Baptist Life and Thought, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2009, p. 297
- ^ a b "The Many Armenian Diasporas, Then and Now". GeoCurrents. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ "Gale Encyclopedia of the Mideast & N. Africa: Levantine". answers.com. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ "About the Journal of Levantine Studies". levantine-journal.org. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ "Meeting of the Syriac Orthodox Archbishops of Lebanon". Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Lebanon: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor – 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom". U.S. Department of State. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2015.