Arnold of Brescia
Arnold of Brescia | |
---|---|
Born | c. 1090 |
Died | June 1155 (aged 64–65) |
Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
Nationality | Italian |
Occupation | Canon regular |
Movement | Proto-Protestantism |
Arnold of Brescia (c. 1090 – June 1155), also known as Arnaldus (
Exiled at least three times and eventually arrested, Arnold was
Biography
Born in
According to the chronicler
Arnold, who is known only from the vituperative condemnation of his foes, was declared to be a demagogue; his motives were impugned.
Having returned to Italy after 1143, in 1145 Arnold made his peace with
After Pope Eugene's death,
In 1882, after the collapse of Papal temporal powers, the city of Brescia erected a monument to its native son.
Beliefs
Arnold attacked the powers of the Roman Church, and he had a radical zeal to have moral reform in the clergy. Arnold rejected a theocratical state and instead believed that the church and state need to be in complete separation.[9] Arnold believed in "apostolic poverty" and that the church needs to be restored to apostolic purity.[9] The second Lateran council condemned the Arnoldists for denying infant baptism.[10]
Arnold denied the power of the Roman church and believed that sinful clergy lose their right of administering the sacraments.[11]
Some of his critics attacked Arnold for having "offensive views on baptism and the Eucharist".[11]
See also
Notes
- ^ Niccolini, Giovanni Battista (1846). Arnold of Brescia: a tragedy. London.
- ^ Greenaway 1931:162.
- ^ The only surviving sources for Arnold's life are Otto of Freising and a chapter in John of Salisbury's Historia Pontificalis.
- ^ Rosalind B. Brooke. The Coming of the Friars (1974) sets Arnold in the broader intellectual history that culminated in the thirteenth-century institutions of the mendicant friars.
- ^
Book of Martyrs lists him as a martyr: http://www.ccel.org/f/foxe/martyrs/fox106.htm
- ^ Russell 1992, p. 37.
- ^ Constant J. Mews, "The Council of Sens (1141): Abelard, Bernard, and the Fear of Social Upheaval" Speculum 77.2 (April 2002:342–382).
- ^ Reginald L. Poole, "John of Salisbury at the Papal Court" The English Historical Review 38 No. 151 (July 1923: 321–330) pp. 323ff.
- ^ a b "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
- ISBN 978-1-7252-0029-6.
- ^ a b "Catholic Encyclopedia: Arnold of Brescia". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
References
- Catholic Encyclopedia: "Arnold of Brescia"
- Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Arnold von Brescia im Spiegel von acht Jahrhunderten Rezeption. Ein Beispiel für Europas Umgang mit der mittelalterlichen Geschichte vom Humanismus bis heute, Vienna-Berlin-Münster 2007.
- Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Arnold of Brescia in Exile: April 1139 to December 1143 – His Role as a Reformer, Reviewed, in: Exile in the Middle Ages. Selected Proceedings from the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 8–11 July 2002, ed. by Laura Napran and Elisabeth van Houts, Turnhout 2004, pp. 213–231.
- Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1992). Dissent and Order in the Middle Ages: The Search for Legitimate Authority. Wipf & Stock publishers.
- Arsenio Frugoni, Arnaldo da Brescia nelle fonti del secolo XII (Rome 1954; repr. Turin 1989).
- Grado Giovanni Merlo, La storia e la memoria di Arnaldo da Brescia, in: Studi Storici 32/4 (1991) p. 943–952.
- Maurizio Pegrari (ed.), Arnaldo da Brescia e il suo tempo, Brescia 1991.
- George William Greenaway, Arnold of Brescia, (Cambridge University Press) 1931. The first biography in English.
- Pasquale Villari, Mediaeval Italy from Charlemagne to Henry VII, 1910.
- Ferdinand A. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 6th ed. 1953–1957.