Baorangia bicolor
Baorangia bicolor | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Boletales |
Family: | Boletaceae |
Genus: | Baorangia |
Species: | B. bicolor
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Binomial name | |
Baorangia bicolor (Peck) G.Wu & Zhu L.Yang (2015)
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Synonyms[1] | |
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Baorangia bicolor mycorrhizal | |
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Edibility is edible but not recommended |
Baorangia bicolor, also known as the two-colored bolete or red and yellow bolete after its two-tone coloring scheme of red and yellow, is an
Taxonomy and naming
Baorangia bicolor was originally named in 1807 by the Italian botanist
Description
The color of the cap of the two-colored bolete varies from light red and almost pink to brick red. The most common coloration is brick red when mature. The cap usually ranges from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 15 cm (5.9 in) in width, with bright yellow pores underneath. The two-colored bolete is one of several types of boletes that have the unusual reaction of the pore surface producing a dark blue/indigo when it is injured, although the reaction is slower than with other bluing boletes. When the flesh is exposed it also turns a dark blue, but less dramatically than the pore surface.[15] Young fruit bodies have bright yellow pore surfacesthat slowly turn a dingy yellow in maturity.
The stem of the two-colored bolete ranges from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length and ranges from 1 cm (0.4 in) to 3 cm (1.2 in) in width. The stem coloration is yellow at the apex and a red or rosy red for the lower two thirds. When injured it bruises blue very slowly and may hardly change color at all in some cases. The stem lacks a ring and lacks a partial veil.[16]
Microscopic characteristics
The
Chemical tests
Further methods of identification are
Edibility
The two-colored bolete is an
Distribution and habitat
The two-colored bolete is distributed from southeastern Canada and the
Similar species
The two-colored bolete has several species that are similar to it and the differences are minute in most cases. Boletus sensibilis differs from the two-colored bolete in that it has an immediate bruising reaction and is poisonous, causing stomach upset if ingested, and in some cases a severe allergic reaction.
Varieties
There are two varieties of the two-colored bolete: borealis and subreticulatus.[29] Both varieties have a very similar habitat to that of the main species, except they appear to be limited to just the North American continent. Both varieties also have a slightly different coloration than that of the two-colored bolete, have deeper pores, and are not as often eaten or used in regional recipes.[17]
Variety borealis
Variety borealis has a slightly darker color scheme than the main species. The coloration in general is darker; the cap can vary from a bright apple red to a dark brick red with maturity, to almost purple in some instances. The pore surface has a varying coloration of orange red to red and becoming a dull brown red with age. The bruising coloration is a blue green and the spore print is olive brown. The distribution of variety borealis is relatively small, ranging from Michigan to the upper New England states. The similar distribution and coloration to Boletus carminiporus has caused the two to be confused.[17] New molecular evidence shows that borealis is not closely related to Baorangia bicolor var. bicolor.[10]
Variety subreticulatus
Variety subreticulatus, like variety borealis, has a generally darker coloration than the two-colored bolete, but varies much more than either. When fresh the coloration of the cap varies from a rose red, red, rose pink, dark red, and purple red. With age it changes to a cinnamon red or a rusty rose color, with yellowing toward the margin. The pore surface is similar to that of the main species–yellow when fresh and with age changing to a dull ochre yellow; the bruising coloration is blue but is much lighter and sometimes not appearing to stain when bruised at all. The spore print is olive brown.[17] The distribution of variety subreticulatus is very similar to the distribution of the two-colored bolete in North America, and appears north to eastern Canada and south to Florida, and west to Wisconsin.[17]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Boletus bicolor Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History, 24: 78, 1872". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
- ^ (Raddi 1807, pp. 62–345)
- ^ "Boletus bicolor Peck". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
- ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, pp. 97–98)
- ^ "Boletus bicolor Raddi, Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica della Società Italiana di Scienze Residente in Modena, 13 (2): 352, t. 5:4, 1807". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
- JSTOR 3754732. Archived from the originalon 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ (Massee 1909, pp. 9–204)
- ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
- ^ "Boletus bicolor Massee 1909". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
- ^ PMID 23931115.
- S2CID 15652037.
- ISSN 2049-2375.
- ^ "bōlētus". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "bicolor". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ a b (Wernert 1982)
- ^ a b (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 97)
- ^ a b c d e (Smith & Theirs 1971, p. 275)
- ^ a b Phillips, Roger. "Boletus bicolor". RogersMushrooms. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Boletus bicolor". New Jersey Mycological Association. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ Report, Mushroom. "Boletus bicolor". Mushroom Report. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 98)
- ^ (Christensen et al. 2008)
- ^ (Vasilyeva & Stephenson 2010, p. 284)
- ^ Kuo, Michael (2003). "Boletus bicolor". MushroomExpert.Com Web. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ Lamoureux, Yves (2009). "Fungus Portraits No.2. Two-colored BoleteBoletus bicolor". Le Cercle des mycologues de Montréal (CMM). Le Mycologue. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ a b (Coker 1974, p. 64)
- ^ (Coker 1974, p. 65)
- ^ (Bessette, Roody & Bessette 2000, p. 99)
- ^ (Smith & Theirs 1971, p. 278)
Bibliography
- Bessette, Alan; Roody, William; Bessette, Arleen (April 2000). North American Boletes: A Color Guide to the Fleshy Pored Mushrooms (1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0588-9.
- Christensen, Morten; Bhattarai, Sanjeeb; Devkota, Shiva; Larsen, Helle (2008). "Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal". Economic Botany. 62 (1): 12–23. S2CID 6985365.
- Coker, William; Beers, Alma (1974) [1943]. The Boleti of North Carolina (reprint ed.). New York, NY: Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20377-8.
- Massee, GE. (1909). "Fungi exotici, IX". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. 1909 (5): 204–9 (see p. 205). JSTOR 4113287.
- Raddi, G.F. (1807). "Delle specie nuove di Funghi ritrovatanei contorni di Firenze". Atti della Societá dei Naturalisti e Matematici di Modena (in Italian). 13: 345–62.
- Smith, Alexander H.; Theirs, Harry D. (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. ISBN 0-472-85590-5.
- Vasilyeva, Larissa; Stephenson, Steven (2010). "Biogeographical patterns in pyrenomycetous fungi and their taxonomy. 1. The Grayan disjunction". Mycotaxon. 114: 281–303. doi:10.5248/114.281.
- Wernert, Susan J. (1982). Reader's Digest North American Wildlife. Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 0-89577-102-0.
External links
- YouTube Video:Foraging, Boletus sensibilis and Boletus bicolor by Bill Yule, Connecticut Valley Mycological Society
- article 53.1 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature