Battle of Glarus (1799)

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Battle of Näfels (1799)
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For the 1388 battle, see Battle of Näfels.
Battle of Glarus
Part of Suvorov's Swiss campaign (War of the Second Coalition)

Painting of the battle from Molitor's possession
DateOctober 1, 1799
Location
Glarus, Switzerland
Result Russian victory
Belligerents
 Russian Empire
Habsburg monarchy Habsburg monarchy		 France France
 Helvetic Republic
Commanders and leaders
Russia Alexander Suvorov[a]
Russia Pyotr Bagration
Habsburg monarchy Franz Xaver von Auffenberg		 France Jean-de-Dieu Soult
France Gabriel Molitor
France Honoré Gazan
Strength
4,160[3] 5,497[4]
Casualties and losses
450 killed
1,700 wounded		 320 killed
830 wounded[5]

The Battle of Glarus (also uncollectively the Combat of Näfels/Netstal

Panixer Pass. In his report to Emperor Paul I[11] Suvorov did not mention the battle, instead the report portrayed his Alpine campaign as a series of brilliant victories, even though he considered a retreat to Italy, which would have been an admission of complete failure.[12]

Background

Zurich
, September 26, 1799
Suvorov's campaign in Switzerland

The Helvetic Revolution of 1798

Ancien Régime for a short time, with even the instigator of the judicial murder of Anna Göldi receiving government honors.[17] In August the French then invaded again.[18]

During the

Archduke Charles of Austria had led the French troops in the Helvetic Republic under Obergeneral André Massena to the Linth-Limmat line was thrown back (First Battle of Zurich
), but was then replaced by Korsakov.

Contrary to a popular

Surselva. In defending Jelačić, Molitor was supported by the 2nd Helvetic half-brigade.[25] After requesting reinforcements from Massena and Soult,[26] On September 30, Molitor held the Austrian Brigade
of Major General Franz Klöntal on.

The existing reports describe the Battle of Näfels from different perspectives. Russian sources heroize the defeat of Suvorov and blame it on the Austrians. In Switzerland, supporters of the Ancien Régime viewed the field marshal as a liberator, while supporters of the Helvetic Republic viewed him as "Attila of our century," as Heinrich Zschokke called him.[27] The latter was probably mainly because of Suvorov's massacre of prisoners and civilians during the Russo-Turkish War.[28]

According to locals

Under the watchful eyes of the Austro-Russians, the Glarner-Zeitung wrote on October 3:

K. K. and Russian troops have their positions near Riederen, Nettstall and Glarus; the Franks, on the other hand, with Näfels and Mollis.»[31]

Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor
Pyotr Bagration

The Neue Helvetische Tagblatt

cannons with them, the Franks did 8, so they lost a lot of people.»[33]

After freedom of the press was restored, the quoted Freuler published a chronicle of the small war that old-minded locals had waged against the French. Ninety named Glarus residents were killed and 56 wounded, most of them near Wollerau in 1798. The priest also mentioned a single incident involving women and children, in which a stray cannonball killed and wounded two people in Ennetbühls. Freuler only reported briefly on the much more important battle of Näfels, although he first made the vanquished the victors: "The Russians, with 1,800 men. Troops attacked the Franks lying on the lake, and chased them to Riederen, where the Franks resisted and wanted to stop the enemy's further advance, but the Russians attacked them one after the other with their bayonets and had to leave. When they gave way, they stormed across the Durschen to Nettstall, across the Untere Bruck, which the Franks set on fire to cover their retreat; But regardless of this, the Russians crossed the Linth River and pursued the enemy all day long on both sides of the river to Näfels and Mollis with alternating success. Four times they had to give way to Nettstall due to the fierce resistance of the Franks, but each time they stormed them, forcing them to retreat to Näfels, Oberurnen and Mollis, so that the Russians maintained the battlefield. Their advance also threatened to cut off about a thousand French people in the Sernftal and upper Linth Valley, who then fled over Glarus, the Ennetbühlser Brücke and the Ennetberge, throwing their ammunition wagons into the water.[34]

An unknown person wrote to his nephew in Jura[35]

On September 30 we learned that Suvorov was with a strong column of The Russian Italian Army came through the Klöntal mountain gorge. We believed that the French would defend these narrow and almost inaccessible gorges well, but we were wrong. On the morning of October 1st, we heard shooting and soon we saw them retreating behind Riedern towards Netstal. The French burned the bridge at Riedern, which protected the city of Glarus a little. The fight took place on the other side of the Löntsch. I went to Galgenbühl Sun Hill with my brother. All the other fights were just child's play compared to this one. The Russians ran into the fire without knowing the danger. This time the French had guns and the Russians had almost none. They pursued the French to below Näfels. This village was conquered and recaptured twice. To cover their retreat, the French also burned down the beautiful covered bridge at Netstal, but they were able to hold on in Näfels. The Russians, however, had over 2,500 wounded[36]

The Helvetic Directorate was informed about the Battle of Näfels from the neighboring district capital Schänis. Johannes Theiler from Zurich, government commissioner for the canton of Linth,

Rapperswiler Christoph Fuchs, who had previously been the acting government governor of the canton of Linth,[38] Without the brave stance of the 2nd Swiss half-brigade, the French would have had to retreat and probably also Weesen lost.[39] According to Gmür, the ratio of Russian losses to French losses was eight to one.[40]

Master cobbler Levi Feldtmann from

master carpenter Balthasar Joseph Tschudi from Ennenda, who visited the Russian camp in Netstal, there were wounded people lying there "almost in all the cellars and lairs."[43]

Overall, the reports give the impression that the locals who remained in the valley watched the battle as powerless spectators. The weather was obviously wet enough that not many houses burned down, but not wet enough to prevent the French from firing.

After Archduke Karl

French at Klöntalersee

Archduke Karl wrote in his History of the 1799 campaign in Germany and Switzerland: "Side columns climbed the mountains during the night and appeared in the rear of the French on October 1st. Molitor had to give way: but, attacked with disorder by the Austrians and Russians, he did not lose his composure; stood up again and turned away the boldest of those pursuing him. Then he crossed the Linth at Nets-Thal;[44] set the bridge on fire; defended it until it collapsed, and finally took positions near Näffels and Mollis. The allies wanted to take possession of the latter place and with it the road. They laboriously built a footbridge over the Linth; put 1 battalion over it, and drove the French out of Mollis: but could not hold on there, as division general Honoré Gazan brought the rest of his troops from the lower Linth to support Molitor.»[45]

According to Jomini

Under the title "Beautiful Defense of Molitor in the Klöntal and in Näfels" one reads from the

Vaudois military theorist Antoine-Henri Jomini, who served the Helvetic Republic, France and most recently as General-in-Chief in Russia: "The First Division Suvorov's, which had joined the Auffenberg brigade, finished the clearing of the Klöntal and threw the French back on the Linth. Calm in the midst of the danger that beset him, and conscious of the importance and danger of his position, Molitor put up the most skillful resistance, giving up only foot by foot of ground, burning down the bridge at Netstal and retreating behind that at Näfels. Jomini continued: "The advance guard Suvorov followed the French to Näfels, where Prince Bagration attacked them on October 1st. Perhaps never before had they shown more fortitude and bravery: assured of Gazan's support, Molitor forgot ten days of fatigue, privation and dogged fighting [...] The position was conquered and retaken. The outnumbered Republicans fought bitterly to buy time for Gazan's division to arrive from Shenis; In this battle, the 2nd Helvetic Half-Brigade, electrified by the memories that the name Näfels awakened in it, covered itself in glory alongside the French.[46] After Gazan finally left Weesen, he forced the Russians to retreat to Glarus.»[47]

According to Molitor

Waiting for reinforcements: Molitor with Dragoon and Hussar
French Grenadier in the Linth

Immediately afterwards, the most detailed report on the battle was written by Molitor, who, as the victor, did not need to embellish much. According to his information, he still controlled the eastern end of the Klöntalersee on the morning of October 1. Although he had recalled most of the troops that were supposed to follow Jelačić and the Left, he only had three battalions and six

companies.[48] Because he noticed "that the Russians were sending a strong column over the mountains to encircle my right flank and cut off our retreat into the Glarus valley," he was forced to retreat to the Linth "in order to cover the passage of Näfels and thereby prevent the union of Suworow with Jelačić, across the banks of Lake Walen, or with Korsakov, who was still on the Thur
had to be located."

Molitor had left a reserve battalion at the Näfels Bridge and half a battalion each in

Hans Ulrich Grubenmann. According to Fred Heer, Molitor had Schanze (fortress construction) raised at the bridges of Näfels, Netstal and Glarus before the battle.[49]
which had been prepared for immediate demolition one and a half battalions with four guns moved to the right bank over [...] Two and a half other battalions with three guns lined up in staggered order on the left bank behind Netstal.

Molitor further wrote: "When we arrived at the Linth, the Netstal bridge presented itself as bait to the enemy; He fell there en masse, and immediately the bridge exploded with everything that tried to cross it:[50] This order, carried out in a timely manner, plunged the Russians into great disorder, which was soon increased by the fire of the one and a half battalions and the artillery, which [ ...] from the right bank covered the enemy's flank and delayed his deployment. Finally, however, his masses formed up and attacked our troops on the left bank with fury: But these [...] held their ground with fearless cold-bloodedness. The enemy's attacks multiplied; One of his columns was overthrown by several others who, excited by the presence of their General Suvorov, rushed into our bayonets with blind boldness.

Six times the Russians succeeded in throwing the French back to Näfels, and six times the French drove them back to Netstal with the bayonet, "always supported by our well-fed fire from the right bank, which the enemy found difficult to respond to." This cooperation between the units on both sides of the Linth enabled him to hold his ground in the narrow valley where the enemy could not use all of his forces at the same time.

According to Clausewitz

The reports of the Archduke, Jomini and Molitor were summarized by the

Military Science Major General Carl von Clausewitz, who served not only in his homeland Prussia but also in Russia, as follows: "The 1st. In October the allies attacked General Molitor again and forced him to retreat first behind the Netsthal bridge and then on both sides of the Linth to Näfels and Mollis. But this retreat took place under the most stubborn resistance, and although the Russians continually attacked the French with bayonets and, as Molitor himself says in his report, were often between his men, he still did not lose any of his guns and was able to keep his distance. In the evening at Näfels and Mollis to hold their own against Bagration, who was following him, whereupon Gazan rushed in with a pair of battalions to support him and forced Bagration to give up the already conquered villages of Näfels and Mollis.»[51]

According to Suvorov

Covered wooden bridge at Netstal before destruction
Railless wooden bridge between Näfels and Mollis

The fact that he pursued them under a chestnut tree near Riedern must have arisen from Gachot's imagination.[52] Quite possible that the eccentric general slept through this blackest day of his career.[1]

Probably on October 2[53] he wrote a pessimistic picture of his situation, in which it is said that the Austrians can no longer be counted on: "We now only have the duty to unite with Korssakoff and, if possible, to save him. This is [...] in Schaffhausen and may have declined even further. His equipment and ammunition were lost. Our supply of cartridges is exhausted - we have almost no artillery at all. We have neither food nor wagons. The resistance, or rather the pursuit of the enemy, continues." Accordingly, the paper even talks about returning from Chur or immediately to Italy.[54]

On October 7, Suvorov reported to Archduke Karl from

General of the Infantry Andrei Rosenberg[55] pushed the French out of the Muotatal. "In these stubborn battles, however, we used up all our ammunition and were therefore forced to avoid new battles. This even caused me to give up the union with General Jellachich via Mollis and Wallenstadt, since this could only be carried out through new battles [...]» Suvorov apparently had to advance towards Lake Zurich, contrary to what Brigadier General François Louis Dedon believed[56]
was no longer even considered.

In identical letters on October 9, Suvorov reported to the kings of Naples and Sardinia,[57] the French attacked Rosenberg at the same time "as the same [meaning: Suvorov himself] under General Derfelden's[58] Command defeated General Molitor near Glaris. [...] In this way I opened the direct route to Zurich, where I suspected Korsakoff's corps; But since I learned that it had been forced to change its position by superior enemy forces, I directed myself to Graubünden [...]." The letter concludes with the words: "In this way I have now come very close to my main goal and have gained the opportunity: to operate with united forces against the enemy, so that I hope that in a short time your. To be able to inform Your Majesty of the complete execution of the plan prescribed to me.»[59]

The letters show how Suvorov felt about the truth. To the Archduke he described Korsakov's defeat as a mere change of position. In his letter to the kings, he pushed back the date on which news of the battle at

Zurich arrived by three days. But above all he made the failed advance to Näfels and the occupation of Glarus without a fight[60]
to Siegen, in which later authors followed him.

In the description of October 1, which is a report from Suvorov to Paul I. contains, the crucial hours are missing. It only says: "[...] early in the morning the enemy was disturbed by rifle fire from the patrols sent forward, and immediately retaliated with a powerful rifle volley. Thereupon the advance guard, after uniting with the first detachment of General Schweikowsky's troops, advanced again to the battle. Despite his resistance and although he made good use of the impractical terrain and the reinforcements it gave him, the enemy was pushed back [...] The battle lasted until 10 o'clock in the evening when Major General Prince Bagration dropped outposts as night fell and that Camp set up.»[61] The fact that Suvorov only described the beginning and the end of the day supports the assumption that he spent it in bed. However, he seems to have recognized the danger of the enemy.

The day of the battle coincided with Paul I's 45th birthday together. In another version of the report, Suvorov wrote that on "the solemn day of the most joyful birth of Yours. imperial. "Your Majesty [...] Massena was defeated, and on the other side, the enemy suffered a continuous defeat for almost 24 hours at Lake Seruta [!]", proves once again the devotion and loyalty of the subjects to their most merciful Monarchs.[62]

According to Miliutin

The best Russian representation of the battle can be found in a work that Dmitry Milyutin wrote in 1852 on behalf of the emperor and which Hartmann later commented critically on.[63] This is largely the case Miliutin's report is an adaptation of Molitor's, garnished with (alleged) heroic deeds of the head of a musketeer regiment, Major General Nikolai Kamenski.[64]

The later Russian War Minister Miliutin describes the fighting at Lake Klöntal much more dramatically than the French general: "In the heat of the battle, many slipped on the rocks and fell backwards into the depths. The narrow road between the foot of the heights and the shore of the lake was covered with Russian and French corpses.[65] The diary of Grenadier Captain Nikolaj Grjazew, published in 2013, the story of its origins «until today is unclear," only mentions piles of dead Russians. Conversely, only there is talk of a bayonet attack on a withdrawing column, in which the "worthless blood of the French" poured in streams over the valley.[66]

A belittling depiction of Russian grenadiers and Cossacks at Lake Klöntal

The following episode described by Miliutin corresponds to the quoted report of a Swiss eyewitness: "A small French detachment had taken up a position between Glarus and Schwanden to observe Lincken's Austrian column. To secure the retreat of this detachment, Molitor burned the bridge near Riedern and took a position behind the village of Netstall. He stayed here with the greatest persistence until the troops from Glarus united with him. The Netstal bridge sent Miliutin flying into the air like Molitor. The French then took up an advantageous position south of Näfels, "with the right flank leaning against the mountains and the left leaning against the Linth." A dense

Tirailleur chain was spread out "behind fences, in canals and ditches". The cannons would have painted the street.[67] Grjazew's diary leaves the enemy in the battle for Näfels - probably according to the facts - the remains of the Letzi[68] use as breastwork.[69] According to Miliutin swam through the construction of the Bocksteg mentioned by Molitor Cossacks the Linth,[70] as French combat swimmers had done when Soult crossed the bridge near Bilten on September 25.[71] In contrast, in the painting of the battle from Molitor's possession, one Cossack on horseback tries to attack the other To reach the shore.[72]

According to Miliutin, the arrival of Gazan's advance guard gave the enemy a numerical advantage. He further wrote: "The French troops, which were on the right bank of the Linth, were also reinforced by a Helvetic half-brigade, pushed Kamenski's battalion out of the village of Mollis again, crossed the river on the bridge and attacked the Russian troops, which had occupied Näfels, on the flank. Miliutin had Molitor's six counterattacks end in Näfels and not in Netstal.[73] In Gryazev's diary, he boasts, together with Kamensky, "a hero who had hardly appeared in the war so far" (note from another hand ?) – to have saved the Russians through a nighttime fire attack.[74]

Retreat

Suvorov House near Glarus
Withdrawal of the Russians from Glarus Tirailleur chains, in the foreground the advancing French

In order not to be cut off from Rosenberg, Suvorov moved into a camp south of Netstal after the Battle of Näfels. His headquarters was in Glarus, from October 1 to 4 in the Suworowhäuschen (Landstrasse 97),[75] last night in the aforementioned Haus in der Wiese. As a precaution, Soult made arrangements for a possible one Retreat towards Lake Zurich,[76] but the Russians made no further attempt to break through.

After Suvorov had called on Molitor on September 29 to surrender in order not to be

Klausenpass on October 1 with a battalion from the Lecourbe division.[79]

The day after the Battle of Näfels, the Russians held a war council at which eight out of ten generals advocated retreat to the Surselva. Above all, according to his adjutant Colonel Komarowski, this was done by the 20-year-old

Konstantin,[80] who took part in Suvorov's campaign as a volunteer.[81] The Russian colonel Paul Tiesenhausen remembered: «Standing in this valley we could clearly see both On the sides the French columns rushed to the crest of the mountains, in front of us Glarus [or. to reach the entrance to the Sernftal. To avoid this danger, another attack on Waasen Weesen[82] had to be avoided and we had to hurry to reach the place [Glarus] before the enemy, otherwise we would be in danger We ran, surrounded by him, to see every way out of this cauldron cut off and perhaps to be destroyed on our part in a desperate fight due to the overwhelmingly overwhelming force. It was probably the most critical moment for us in this campaign, which everyone felt to the core. It was also here where the old venerable field marshal, sensing all the danger that threatened us, reached into his gray hair and exclaimed to those around him: 'One never says of a man before his death that he was always happy' [...]»[83]

According to Gryazev's diary, it was assumed that Suvorov had already decided in the Muota Valley to leave "this miserable Switzerland" by the shortest route. The momentum of the battle then led to the advance to Näfels "against his and our will". The unexpected attacks by the French on Rosenberg in the Muotatal would have resulted in a delay of two days in the withdrawal.[84]

Clausewitz attributed it to Suvorov's "hatred of the Austrians" that "like a stubborn

Tartar-Khan with his horde, he suddenly diverted and rode home."[85]

The early onset of winter made crossing the 2407m high Panixer Pass hell. Auffenberg, who had to pass it first, had advised against retreating this way because the soldiers were not only "completely without ammunition, money, bread," but also "for the most part without shoes."

Massena reported to the Directorate in Paris: «Since General Suvorov was informed of my plan and of the movements of Generals Loison and Mortier and was exhausted by the bloody battles that he had fought from

Engi and to Graubünden, hitting those of his wounded who still had the least strength and left us in Muotathal, Glarus and all the surrounding villages more than two thousand of them who were no longer able to walk.»[86]

Battle of two worlds

Republicans
: voluntariness and Equality
Russian grenadier NCO and Officer

In the French revolutionary armies people addressed each other as "citizens". The soldiers were volunteers, no one could become an officer without war experience.[87] In the just after The Russian army, which was reorganized according to the Prussian model, faced extremely unequal castes.

In a report for the French,

Republican soldier are the best guarantors of the victory.»[88]

Wilhelm Meyer described the two armies in the Second Battle of Zurich. After that, the majority of the French soldiers were very young, while the Russians were 25 to 40 years old. Most French generals were "at their strongest, some of them only in their early manhood" and had "quick orientation, correct sense of proportion, skill in the use of various types of weapons". According to Meyer, the French were always happy. They were trained "joking and playing, as it were". "The distracted style of fencing" – the tirailleur – "had become second nature to the lively, active, skilful Frenchman." They would have climbed the steepest valley edges and mountains

cargo train" made Suvorov's army cumbersome.[90]

According to British Lt. Col. William Stewart, who took part in the Second Battle of Zurich, the Russians suffered losses "beyond any proportion I could have imagined had I not witnessed them myself," because they were «courageous soldiers, unconcerned with their lives, ready to be led to anything, but completely ignorant of the use of their musket as a firearm».[91] Also the later Russian general Carlo Giuseppe Trinchieri di Venanzone,[92] who was called Lieutenant Suvorov had taken part in the Alpine campaign, reported "that the Russian infantry were brave beyond expression and excelled in bayonet charges on the plain, but at that time they did not know how to fire a rifle shot."[93]

The smooth-bore, flintlock muzzle-loading rifles fired cartridges that contained the gunpowder and the bullet in a paper case. The French Musket Model 1777 (caliber 18 mm) was more precise than the Russian one.[94] According to Meyer, there were accidents with the Russians because they loaded extremely quickly, too Their powder was "of extremely poor quality". They had bayonets almost twice as long as the French. In addition, their officers also wore the halberd-like spontoon, which had long since been abolished in France,[95] their NCOs that "Short rifle" similar to the spontoon. The Cossacks sometimes stabbed the wounded to death with their lances, "but they were not heroes in front of the enemy."[96]

Suvorov only had small-caliber

mountain guns from Piedmont, which had to be dismantled for transport on mule-back, as well as light Austrian cannons. These did not achieve the same effect as Molitor's Field gun system Gribeauval,[97]
especially if these were loaded with grapeshot.

The French infantryman could be recognized by his dark blue coat, the Russian by his dark green coat. Neither of them were yet wearing shakos, which were supposed to protect against saber blows, but rather black felt hats that were opened up. The French grenadiers had red horsehair bushes on them. (Bear skin hats, according to Meyer, were only seen at parades.) The headgear of the Russian grenadiers was high, pointed tin caps.[98]

In contrast to the red Swiss which the mediation government provided to Napoleon, the soldiers of the demi-brigades auxiliaires helvétiques wore blue coats like the French infantrymen. They came from all parts of the country. Senior officers from the canton of Linth, none of whom served in the 2nd half-brigade, were Colonel Melchior Zwicki von Mollis, the battalion commanders Friedrich Spelti and Christian Tschudi from Glarus, the captains Jakob Ackermann from Mühlehorn, Anton Eck von Schänis, Melchior Galati from Glarus, Hans Jenny von Schwanden, Hans Kamm von Kerenzen, Jakob Mechler from the March district, Xaver Reding from Näfels and a Tschudi from Schwanden.[99]

About the attack on the Gotthard Pass, where the Russians faced fewer than a thousand French,[100] reports Grjatsev's diary: «As for the enemy prisoners, we had none in this battle: bayonet relieved us of the unnecessary trouble of carrying them with us, especially since there were no Austrians here with us, and apart from them none of us took on this menial duty. »[101]

High death toll

The numbers given at the beginning of the article about troop strength and losses are an estimate that appears

plausible
.

According to Suvorov's Austrian

Jäger, but then "probably" received reinforcements from the Schweikowski division.[106]

According to Clausewitz, Suworow had 10,000 men at his disposal on October 1, but he only used some of them.

Drouet in Einsiedeln, Laval in Lichtensteig.[109]

The painting in Molitor's possession shows a murderous fight in which the opponents interlock with each other. The French general estimated his own losses at 140 killed and 400 wounded, including all three battalion chiefs of his 84th demi-brigade and many officers, and the Russian losses at 400 killed, 1,700 wounded and 200 prisoners.[110] Bodart even estimated that both parties together lost 3,300 men through death or wounding. For comparison: For the battles near Zurich, the same author mentions "bloody losses" of 3,500 and 10,000 men, respectively, for Schänis and Muotatal of 2,000 and 1,500 men, respectively.[111] According to Ross, 36% of the soldiers engaged at Näfels suffered fatal or non-fatal injuries, compared to slightly less than 7% on average for all battles between 1792 and 1802 .[112] The battles in which the people of Glarus supported the Austrians from May to August 1799,[113] as well as the battle at Wollerau the year before were, against this background, insignificant skirmishes.

According to Molitor, the 2nd Helvetic half-brigade lost eight officers and 40 soldiers at the Näfels bridge,[114] according to their commander, Colonel Johannes Tobler from Ermatingen, a total of 75 out of 300 men, without the fallen captain Hans Pfander from Belp and eight wounded officers.[115] Maag and Feldmann estimated the Swiss's losses at 20 officers and 97 soldiers, including the seriously wounded adjutant major Zingg.

Even the two commanders were not spared: Bagration suffered a "grapeshot contusion" on his thigh in the Klöntal.[116] And a wound opened in Molitor during the battle,[117] which resulted from a bullet through the thigh in 1795.[118]

According to government commissioner Theiler, the Russians brought around 1,200 French prisoners from the Muotatal to Glarus and left behind 2,600 wounded, prisoners and dead. Of the slightly wounded Russians, 800-900 are said to have crossed the Panixer Pass and 400-500 were taken prisoner.[119]

According to Hennequin, when he arrived in Chur, Suvorov had barely 14,000 men left (including 10,000 infantry). During the 16 days in Switzerland he had lost around 6,000 men,[120] over a third of them at Näfels.

Judgments

Massena wrote to Molitor on October 31: «[...] it will not be forgotten that you with your only brigade resisted the Austro-Russians for several days, that you beat them, that you took prisoners from them, that you with tenacity and cold blood defended important positions for the army and that in this way you prepared the defeat of Suvarov. Therefore, today receive the expression of the lively satisfaction of the government[121] for your actions, which it could not overlook and which she knew how to assess correctly.»[122]

Suvorov's British backers were devastating in their judgment of the field marshal: William Wickham,

plundering that Suvorov tolerates. On October 17, Wickham wrote to Foreign Minister Grenville that Suvorov's habit of eating an early lunch and then sleeping late was incompatible with the conduct of military operation, and in fact, the Russian had as head of the Army of Italy never visited a post or scouted a position. After the British envoy in Vienna, Lord Minto, made the acquaintance of Suvorov in Prague, he reported to Wickham on December: "Instead of a big one General and great man I find an ignorant, scheming charlatan who, by the way, is completely crazy [...]»[123] Minto even wrote to his wife on January 3, 1800, that Suvorov was the worst madman who ever walked around free. He owes all his success in Italy to the Austrian officers on his staff.[124]

According to a nephew of the Russian Lieutenant General

Vioménil, who was initially slated to head the Army of Italy, Suvorov played the madman because he wanted to be original in every way. In order to be adored by the soldiers, he indulged them in everything, so that there was never an army with less discipline and more excesses.[125]

Weyrother judged that Suvorov did not have to wait for Rosenberg and the pack animals to arrive, since "Glarus provided unexpectedly good and better meat, potatoes and bread than they earned." Rather, "this unexpectedly good hospitality may have been the innocent cause of the stay, which was in every respect so disadvantageous and disgraceful." "General timidity, supported by grand princely cowardice," overruled the field marshal, "who until then alone recognized the reasons that called for the offensive march to Walenstadt." Suvorov should not have brought forward the "completely false" argument about the lack of ammunition, "since otherwise he would praise the advantage of the naked rifle so much." Weyrother called the Grand Duke (who was educated by a member of the Swiss Directorate Frédéric-César de La Harpe) and his entourage people "whose brains were as empty of military knowledge as their chins were of hair, even though the feathered hat made them a general."[126]

Auffenberg wrote in connection with the battle: "FM ended here. Suvorov, his victorious career, could no longer be persuaded to make an attack, no matter how advantageous [...] and, after leaving behind all the wounded, all his artillery and ammunition, he retreated over the Panix Mountain to Graubünden, during which a few 100 men froze to death, and almost all of his cavalry were destroyed.»[127]

The Suvorov literature does not even describe the defeat at Näfels as a battle. So Duffy, entitled «The Breakout from the Klöntal and the Check at Näfels»[128] created the false impression that the final result was one to one.

Fred Heer wrote without ifs and buts: "The fact that the Russian campaign in Switzerland became a fiasco cannot be blamed on Suvorov."[129] Alexander Statiev, on the other hand, judged: «Suvorov did not expect problems in the Alps because he was convinced that he could defeat the small French would easily sweep away garrisons stationed on its path. However, due to inexperience in mountain warfare, Suvorov's corps had to contend with enormous strategic, tactical and logistics challenges, lost half of its troop strength and was unable to achieve its objectives. Conclusion of the Russian-Canadian military scientist: "Although all previous battles in the Swiss campaign ended in Russian victories, the failure to break out of the Alps at Näfels was a strategic defeat that destroyed all of these victories because it was the final nail in the coffin of the strategic plan, which required the cooperation of the allied forces in Switzerland.»[130]

Glarus

Zurich

The 21-year-old Maurice-François Dupin, grandson of Moritz of Saxony and father of the writer George Sand, provided Molitor with courier services as chasseur à cheval. He wrote to his mother about the Glarnerland: "You can hear the roar of the torrents that fall from the rocks, the whistle of the wind in the forests. But no more shepherds' songs, no more mooing of the flocks. The wooden houses had been hastily abandoned. Everything had fled from our sight.[131] The residents had retreated into the interior of the mountains with their cattle. No living creature in the villages. This canton presented the picture of the saddest desert.»[132]

After Suvorov's withdrawal, the interim government governor Johann Peter Zwicky ordered that every community in the Glarus and Schwanden districts should "immediately remove and have the dead horses lying in their pens and other animals left in the open fields and on the streets removed and locked up." Since

delayering was a dishonest profession, he declared in a further decree that this did not apply to the "so necessary assistance in the removal of these animals that would otherwise contaminate everything."[133]

The Neues Helvetische Tagblatt reported from Glarus: "For 14 days, 60,000 men have passed through the land where neither grain nor wine grows, all food has been used up, and the hay has also run out, so that almost all of them become dairy cattle have to sell or slaughter.»[134]

Netstal wrote to the Swiss Directorate: "When they moved in, the Russians plundered quite a bit; A house was also burned down and we had to maintain over 1200 horses for 4 days. We lost most of the hay from both powers and because of bad weather the troops in the camp also needed a lot more than just hay, wood, potatoes, fences and stables are damaged [sic]; Many Franconian soldiers also allowed themselves excesses.»[135] General Molitor ordered that Mollis and Näfels had to take over Netstal's share of the deliveries of hay, wood, etc. The Netstal municipality's behavior towards the French troops was "bourgeois and republican". She has already delivered a lot and suffered more than the others, although her "lucky circumstances" are not the best.[136]

On the initiative of the new 24-year-old government governor Niklaus Heer, brother of the late Joachim Heer, the pastors in Glarus and Ennenda called for money, food, household goods, clothes and other necessities of life for "the small, poor community without this Riederen» to donate[137] - a "love tax" that brought in a fairly significant amount of money and goods.[138]

In a "Call from the suffering humanity in the canton of Linth to the compassionate Swiss" in the "Wochenblatt für den Kanton Linth" it says about the Glarnerland: "[...] these valleys, otherwise so rich in sources of prosperity, wide through industry and trade and wide, they too are now lying down [...] and the mountains of them are, as it were, raising their hands up to you for help [...]»[139]

At the beginning of 1800, on the initiative of the Interior Minister of the Helvetic Republic, Albrecht Rengger, thousands of children from the cantons Waldstätten, Linth and Säntis, who were born as a result of the war their families could no longer be fed, were placed with foster parents in other parts of the country. 1250 of them came from Glarus. The later Federal Councilor Joachim Heer, the grandson of the government governor of the same name, described the state of the country after the warlike events of the summer and autumn of 1799 as follows: "The state - both the Helvetic Republic and the canton - without any financial resources, the communities exhausted by cruel requisitions; the wealthy sucked dry by an incredible billeting burden; the farmer stripped of livestock and fodder supplies; the poorer class without food and as a result of the complete stagnation of industry, without earnings [...]»[140]

Variety

  • In a Farewell Speech to General Suvorov, Zschokke wrote: «When you arrived in Altdorf, you said very modestly: You wanted to become the Savior, Redeemer and Savior of Switzerland [...] Savior You were, because you cured many thousands of Swiss people of their folly who hoped that you and the imperial family would bring us freedom and order and happiness and peace. You were our Redeemer, because your brave soldiers redeemed us from our hay and our livestock and our clothing and our money." He finally made them happy and happy "when you left again with a suit and jacket."[141]
  • Paul I appointed Suvorov generalissimo on October 28. But he canceled the anti-French coalition. On the return journey to Russia, Suvorov fell ill and fell into disgrace for violating regulations. Four weeks after his return he died on May 18, 1800 - "unnoticed by the official Petersburg".[142]
  • On November 9, 1799, Bonaparte, returning home from Egypt, seized power in France and declared the Revolution over (Coup of the 18th Brumaire VIII). In 1803 he dissolved the Helvetic Republic as Médiateur de la Confédération de Suisse. This and the collapse of his Empire in 1814/15 made it easier for the losers of Näfels to suppress the memory of this decisive battle.
  • After Paul I. had actually sided with France through a policy of armed neutrality, he was murdered on March 23, 1801. Switzerland and the new cantons that emerged from former subject territories owe the fact that they survived the fall of Napoleon to his son and successor Alexander I. (he was also a student of La Harpe).[143]
  • Molitor, who, like Zschokke, had shown understanding for the opponents of the Helvetic Empire,[144] was involved in the suppression of the Spanish Revolution in 1823, for which he received the Marshal's baton.
  • There is no monograph about the Battle of Näfels. Hartmann's 1892 criticism of the Russian Suvorov cult[145] was not taken into account by Reding, Duffy or Fred Heer, but only in a footnote[146] or in the bibliography[147] mentioned. The Rapport des opérations de la brigade du général Molitor[148] didn't even know Hartmann.[149]

Notes

  1. ^ Quite possible that he slept through this career day,[1] — his poor health may have influenced this.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b William Wickham (ed.): The Correspondence of the Right Honorable William Wickham from the Year 1794. Volume 2, Richard Bentley, London 1870, p. 285 (Digital link); Arthur Chuquet (ed.): Un portrait inédit de Souvorov. In: Feuilles d'Histoire du XVIIe au XXe siècle. 1st year, 1st volume, Paris 1909, p. 258–260, here p. 258 (Digital link).
  2. ^ Alexander Suvorov § Consequences
  3. ^ Reding-Biberegg, p. 127 does not include reinforcements from Yakov Povalo-Shveikovsky's division
  4. ^ Reding-Biberegg, p. 127
  5. ^ Gaston Bodart (Hrsg.): Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905). C. W. Stern, Wien/Leipzig 1908, P. 344 (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  6. ^ Petrushevsky. Generalissimo Prince Suvorov (Russian: Генералиссимус князь Суворов; 1884 ed.), vol. 3, ch. 34 (p. 250)
  7. Russian (Julian) Calendar
    : September 20, 1799.
  8. ISBN 978-1-4616-7238-8, pp. 20, 36 (Digital link
    ): «bloodiest action of the War of the Second Coalition».
  9. ISBN 3-327-00026-3
    , p. 6 ("Suvorov never lost a battle as a commander [...]"), 199 (battle of Näfels suppressed).
  10. ^ a b Mikaberidze, Alexander (2003). Lion of the Russian Army: Life and Military Career of Prince General Peter Bagration. Florida State University. pp. 162–165.
  11. ^ Resolution of the official reports of Prince Suvorov on his campaign in Switzerland. In: Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (Red.): Allgemeine Zeitung. Stuttgart, December 26, 1799, p. 1593 (Digital link); Georg Fuchs (ed.): Correspondence of the Kai. Soot. Generalissimo, Prince Italiisky Count Alexander Wassiljewitsch Suworoff-Rimniksky on the Russian-Austrian campaign in 1799. [...] Translated from the Russian by a Prussian officer. 2nd part, Carl Heymann, Glogau/Leipzig 1835, P. 223 (Digital link).
  12. ^ Alexander Statiev: The Alpine Campaign of 1799 as a Stepping Stone to a Doctrine of Mountain Warfare. In: Tallinn University Press (ed.): Estonian Yearbook of Military History. 9, No. 15, 2019, doi:10.22601/SAA.2019.08.02, p. 29 –65, here p. 54/note 84: «which would have been an admission of total failure».
  13. ISBN 3-280-02808-6; Andreas Fankhauser: Helvetic Revolution in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
    , 2011-03-24.
  14. ^ Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances that affected the old canton of Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801 [!]. Buchdruckerei Glarus 1800, p. 5 (PA5 Digital link).
  15. Rapperswil
    .
  16. ^ Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances that affected the old canton of Glarus from the year 1798 until 1801 [!]. Buchdruckerei Glarus 1800, p. 9 (Digital link).
  17. ^ Anna Göldi's employer Johann Jakob Tschudi. Joachim Heer: The canton of Glarus under the Helvetic period. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 6/1870, pp. 13–67 (3rd period: May 20th to Autumn 1799, e-periodica.ch), here p. 24.
  18. ^ There is a gap in the Helvetic Archives of the Glarus State Archives from May to October 1799.
  19. ^ Heinrich von Sybel: History of the revolutionary period from 1789 to 1800. 5th volume, Ebner & Seubert, Stuttgart 1879, p. 382 (Digital link).
  20. Heinrich Pestalozzi
    .
  21. ISBN 978-3-85546-328-2, pp. 128–185, here p. 182 (001%3A2017%3A97#185 e-periodica.ch
    ).
  22. ^ Otto Hartmann: The Russian share in the 1799 campaign in Switzerland. A contribution to the history of this campaign and to the criticism of its historians. A. Munk, Zurich 1892, pp. 23 f., 76–93 (Digital link).
  23. Schöllenen
    present false facts.
  24. ^ Altdorf was on Fell victim to a fire on April 4, 1799.
  25. ^ Louis Hennequin: Zurich. Massena in Switzerland. Messidor to VII–Brumaire to VIII (Juillet–Octobre 1799). Publié sous la direction de la Section historique de l'État-major de l'armée. Librairie militaire Berger-Levrault, Paris/Nancy 1911, pp. 531–533 (:/12148/bpt6k3770909/f567.item.zoom gallica.bnf.fr). Half-brigades were then called the Regimenters of the French Infantry. They each consisted of three field battalions and one garrison battalion. The Helvetic Republic had allowed France to recruit six demi-brigades auxiliaires, three of which were disbanded in 1800 and the rest in 1805. Fernando Bernoulli: The Helvetic demi-brigades in the service of France 1798-1805. Diss. phil. I, University of Bern. Huber & Co., Frauenfeld 1934.
  26. ^ George Sand (pseudonym of Aurore Dupin): Histoire de ma vie. 2nd volume, Michel Lévy frères, Paris 1856, p. 183 f. (gallica.bnf.fr); Otto Hartmann: The Russian share in the 1799 campaign in Switzerland. A contribution to the history of this campaign and to the criticism of its historians. A. Munk, Zurich 1892, p. 144/Note 1 (Digital link); Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg: Soult against Suworow 1799. 205th New Year's Bulletin of the Fireworks Society (Artillery College) in Zurich for the year 2014. Beer, Zurich 2013, p. 54 f.
  27. ^ Johann Konrad Escher, Paul Usteri (ed.): Neues helvetisches Tagblatt. Bern, October 14, 1799, p. 96 (.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=dsr-002%3A1799%3A2#126 e-periodica.ch). At that time Zschokke was a government commissioner in the Canton of Waldstätten.
  28. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 18.
  29. ^ Glarner-Zeitung. No. 34, October 3, 1799 (State Archives of the Canton of Glarus, PA 2. A 1:4), p. 141 f.
  30. Riedern
    , on the left side of the Löntsch flowing from the Klöntal into the Linth.
  31. ^ According to Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances that affected the old canton of Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801 [!]. Buchdruckerei Glarus 1800, p. 30 (Digital link), the largest Russian camp of infantry and cavalry was near Riedern. According to Joachim Heer: The canton of Glarus under the Helvetic period. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 6/1870, pp. 13–67 (3rd period: May 20th to autumn 1799, e-periodica.ch), here p. 61 f, biwak. the advance guard under Bagration north of Näfels, "while the main army occupied Riedern and Glarus and set up camp on the Durschen."
  32. ^ Official organ of the Helvetische Republic.
  33. ^ Johann Konrad Escher, Paul Usteri (ed.): Neues helvetisches Tagblatt. Bern, October 30, 1799, p. 204 (e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=dsr-002%3A1799%3A2#234 e-periodica.ch).
  34. ^ Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances that affected the old canton of Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801 [!]. Buchdruckerei Glarus 1800, p. 29 f., 42–48 (Digital link).
  35. ^ The editor of the report came from La Neuveville, which had been part of France since 1793.
  36. ^ Jean-Joseph Hisely (ed.): Letter from a deceased person who dedicated himself to the memorabilia of General von. Roverea is lined up. In: Bernhard Rudolf Fetscherin (Red.): Historical newspaper. Published by the Swiss Historical Research Society. 2nd year, Jent & Reinert, Bern 1854, No. 3 f., pp. 19–25, here p. 23 f. ([1]), originally in French.
  37. ISBN 3-033-00438-5
    , p. 45 f.
  38. ISBN 3-033-00438-5
    , p. 41 f.
  39. ^ Albert Maag, Markus Feldmann: The 2nd Helvetic half-brigade in the fight for the Linth crossing near Näfels. (October 1, 1799.). In: The «Swiss Soldier». 3rd year, No. 4, February 16, 1928, pp. 20–22 (periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=sol-001%3A1928%3A3%3A%3A80#99 e-periodica.ch); Fernando Bernoulli: The Helvetic half-brigades in the service of France 1798–1805. Diss. phil. I, University of Bern. Huber & Co., Frauenfeld 1934, pp. 74–77 including sketch plan.
  40. ^ Johannes Strickler (ed.): Official collection of files from the time of the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803) [...] Published by order of the federal authorities. Volume 5, Stämpfli & Cie., Bern 1895, p. 68 f. (Digital link).
  41. ^ Levi Feldtmann: Poetic thoughts about the War incidents and political changes that occurred in the canton of Glarus from 1798 to 1803. Without location [1810], pp. 51–60 (Digital link).
  42. ^ Frieda Gallati: Glarus in the fall of 1799. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 58/1958, pp. 45-62, here pp. 54-57 (pid=hvg-001%3A1958%3A58#66 e-periodica.ch).
  43. ^ German Studer-Freuler (ed.): "Chronicle of the family of Balthasar Joseph Tschudi von Ennenda and his wife Maria Magdalena Stählin von Netstal, started on the 20th of Christmas month 1790, finished after 1802." In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 76/1996, pp. 11–146, here p. 112 f. (e-periodica.ch).
  44. ^ Here the Archduke is wrong, as can be seen from Molitor's report below: The majority of his troops remained on the left side of the Linth.
  45. ^ Archduke Karl (published anonymously): History of the campaign of 1799 in Germany and Switzerland. 2nd part, Anton Strauss, Vienna 1819, p. 253 f. (Digital link).
  46. ^ Jomini wrote mistakenly «3. Helvetic half-brigade».
  47. ^ Antoine-Henri Jomini: Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution. Nouvelle édition, 12th volume, Campagne de 1799 - deuxième période. Anselin et Pochard, Paris 1822, pp. 275–277 (Digital link), in the original French.
  48. Fusiliers companies and a Grenadier
    company (elite unit).
  49. ISBN 978-3-85546-328-2, pp. 128–185, here p. 142 f. (e-periodica.ch
    ).
  50. ^ Koch, who usually follows Molitor closely, changed this sentence as follows: «When they reached the Linth, they threw themselves on the Netstal bridge and were crossing this with the last of the rearguard, when the collapse occurred, leaving the boldest at the mercy of the republicans, who threw them into the river." Jean Baptiste Frédéric Koch: Mémoires de Massena rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du Dépot de la guerre et du Dépot des fortifications. Volume 3, Paulin et Lechevalier, Paris 1849, p. 388 f. (Digital link), originally in French.
  51. ^ Carl von Clausewitz: The campaigns of 1799 in Italy and Switzerland. 2nd part (= Behind works edited by Marie von Clausewitz. 6th volume). Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin 1834, p. 202 (Digital link).
  52. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 294, Gachot's works are "essentially novels based on a modicum of fact."
  53. ^ Otto Hartmann: The Russian share in the 1799 campaign in Switzerland. A contribution to the history of this campaign and to the criticism of its historians. A. Munk, Zurich 1892, p. 159 (Digital link).
  54. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war between Russia and France under the government of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation by Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume, 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 284 f. (Digital link).
  55. ^ Like numerous other Russian officers German-Baltic.
  56. ^ François Louis Dedon-Duclos: Relation détaillée du passage de la Limat, effectué le 3 vendémiaire an 8 [...] This contains a notice historique de toutes les opérations militaires des armées du Danube et du Rhin [...] Didot jeune, Paris at 9 (1801), pp. 126 f. (Digital link). Dedon had led the crossing of the Limmat at Dietikon, which made Massena's victory near Zurich possible.
  57. ^ Ferdinand IV and Charles Emmanuel IV.
  58. General of the Cavalry
    , commander of the main force and deputy Suvorov, who was with Derfelden's corps.
  59. ^ Georg Fuchs (ed.): Correspondence of the Kai. Soot. Generalissimo, Prince Italiisky Count Alexander Wassiljewitsch Suworoff-Rimniksky on the Russian-Austrian campaign in 1799. [...] Translated from the Russian by a Prussian officer. 2. Theil, Carl Heymann, Glogau/Leipzig 1835, p. 204– 207 (Digital link).
  60. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 257.
  61. ^ Georg Fuchs (ed.): Correspondence of the Kai. Soot. Generalissimo, Prince Italiisky Count Alexander Wassiljewitsch Suworoff-Rimniksky on the Russian-Austrian campaign in 1799. [...] Translated from the Russian by a Prussian officer. 2. Theil, Carl Heymann, Glogau/Leipzig 1835, p. 223 ( Digital link).
  62. ^ Resolution of the official reports of Prince Suworow on his campaign in Switzerland. In: Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (Red.): Allgemeine Zeitung. Stuttgart, December 26, 1799, p. 1593 (Digital link).
  63. ^ Otto Hartmann: The Russian part in the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland. A contribution to the history of this campaign and to the criticism of its historians. A. Munk, Zurich 1892, p. 150 ff. (Digital link).
  64. ^ A son of Field Marshal Mikhail Kamenski.
  65. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war of Russia with France under the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume, 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 116 (Digital link).
  66. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , pp. 128, 164–166, 199.
  67. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war between Russia and France under the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume, 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 117 f. (Digital link).
  68. ^ Andreas Bräm: Glarus Nord (= The art monuments of the canton of Glarus. Volume 2). Society for Swiss Art History GSK, Bern 2017 (gsk.ch, PDF), p. 153, 165 f.
  69. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , p. 166.
  70. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war between Russia and France under the government of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume , 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 118 (Digital link).
  71. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 238.
  72. ^ Apart from the rescue of the French artillery by chasseurs à cheval, this appears to have been the only use of cavalry at Näfels.
  73. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war between Russia and France under the government of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4. Volume, 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 118f. (Digital link).
  74. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , p. 167.
  75. ^ With a view of Mollis and Kerenzerbergstrasse. Originally located on the street. The property surrounded by a massive stone wall. Owned by the Neapolitan lieutenant general and former Glarus Landammann Fridolin Joseph Tschudi (1741–1803). (Suworow never stayed overnight in the so-called Suworowhaus in Riedern, which is why a memorial plaque there was removed.)
  76. ^ Mémoires du maréchal-général Soult, duc de Dalmatie, publiés de son fils. 2nd part, 2nd volume, Amyot, Paris 1854, p. 321 f. (gallica.bnf.fr).
  77. ^ Rapport fait par le general Massena, commandant en chief l'armée du Danube, au directoire exécutif de la république française, sur les opérations de this armée, du 3 au 18 vendemiaire an 8. In: Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur universel. Paris, October 30.–6. November 1799, here: November 4, 1799, p. 166 (retronews.fr. According to Dmitri Miliutin, the Russian sources contain: History of the war between Russia and France under the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume, 6th part, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, p. 242 (Digital link), nothing of this to be found.
  78. ^ "Rapport fait par le général Massena, commander in chief of the Danube army, executive director of the French Republic, on the operations of this army, from 3 to 18 vendemiaire an 8". In: Gazette Nationale or le Moniteur Universel. Paris , Oct. 30–6. Nov. 1799, here: November 5, 1799, p. 170 (/2 retronews.fr).
  79. ^ Reinhold Günther: The division's campaign Lecourbe in the Swiss High Mountains 1799. J. Huber, Frauenfeld 1896, p. 173 (Digital link).
  80. ^ Second-born son of Emperor Paul I
  81. ^ Dmitri Miliutin: History of the war between Russia and France under the government of Emperor Paul I in 1799. Translation Chr. Schmitt, 4th volume, 6 .Theil, Jos. Lindauer, Munich 1857, pp. 119, 122, 283f., 373f. (Digital link).
  82. ^ Editor Winkelmann mistakenly changed Waasen to Riedern.
  83. ^ Eduard Winkelmann (ed.): Suvorov's campaign in Italy and Switzerland. From the notes of an eyewitness (Paul Tiesenhausen). In: Baltische Monatschrift. Volume 13, Riga 1866, pp. 242–259, here p. 257 f. (Digital link).
  84. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , p. 168 f.
  85. ^ Carl von Clausewitz: The campaigns of 1799 in Italy and Switzerland. 2nd part (= Left Behind Works edited by Marie von Clausewitz. 6th volume). Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin 1834, p. 216 (Digital link).
  86. ^ Rapport fait par le général Massena, commandant en chef l' armée du Danube, au directoire exécutif de la république française, sur les opérations de this armée, du 3 au 18 vendemiaire an 8. In: Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur universel. Paris, October 30–6. November 1799, here: November 5, 1799, p. 170 (retronews.fr).
  87. ^ George Sand (Pseudonym by Aurore Dupin): Histoire de ma vie. 2nd volume, Michel Lévy frères, Paris 1856, p. 175 (gallica.bnf.fr).
  88. ^ Tadeusz Kościuszko: Notices sur les Russes. In: Hermann Hüffer (ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, pp. 143–146 (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive), in the original French.
  89. Geognosy to the science of war, a sketch. In: New Jarbooks of Mining and Metallurgy. 6th volume, 2nd delivery, Nuremberg 1826, pp. 187–233, here pp. 189, 227, 231 ([2]
    ).
  90. ^ Wilhelm Meyer: The Battle of Zurich on September 25th and 26th, 1799. F. Schultheß, Zurich 1886, p 4, 7–9, 11–13, 22 f. (e-rara.ch). Additional information about the Austrians in M.: To understand the history of the war of 1799: the soldier in the armies of the armies fighting on Swiss soil. In: General Swiss military newspaper. 19 June 1915, pp. 214–217; July 3, 1915, pp. 234–236 (e-periodica.ch) .
  91. ^ Anton Pestalozzi: Letters to Lord Sheffield. English war reports from Switzerland, autumn 1799 (= New Year's paper [...] for the benefit of the orphanages. 152nd item). Beer AG, Zurich 1989, pp. 85, 87.
  92. ^ Provençal Venançon, French Venanson.
  93. ^ Antoine-Henri Jomini: Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution. Nouvelle édition, 12th volume: Campagne de 1799 - deuxième période. Anselin et Pochard, Paris 1822, p. 466 (Digital link), in Original French.
  94. ISBN 3-932077-00-8
    , p. 68 f.
  95. ^ Boris Bouget: Un débat méconnu au XVIIIe siècle, l'armement des officiers et des bas-officiers d'infanterie. In: Guy Saupin, Éric Schnakenbourg (eds.): Expériences de la guerre, pratiques de la paix. Homages to Jean-Pierre Bois. Presses universitaires de Rennes 2013, pp. 81–96 (books.openedition.org).
  96. ^ Wilhelm Meyer: The Second Battle of Zurich September 26, 1799. F. Schultheß, Zurich 1886, pp. 11–13, 15 (e-rara.ch ).
  97. ^ The French demi-brigade had a three- and a four-pounder cannon, the division artillery had eight-pounder cannons and six-inch howitzern. The guns were lighter and more mobile than those of the other armies and, like the ammunition and the ammunition wagons, were standardized. Video: Le système Gribeauval ou l'excellence de l'artillerie française (youtube.com), English subtitles.
  98. ^ Wilhelm Meyer: The Second Battle of Zurich on September 25 and 26, 1799. F. Schultheß, Zurich 1886, pp. 5–7, 11–14 (e-rara.ch).
  99. ^ Fernando Bernoulli: The Helvetic half-brigades in the service of France 1798–1805. Diss. phil. I, University of Bern. Huber & Co., Frauenfeld 1934, pp. 53 f., 115–117.
  100. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 189.
  101. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , p. 9, 142 f.
  102. ^ Hermann Hüffer (Ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, p. 46 (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  103. ^ Armée du Danube. Campaign of the Years VII and VIII (1799) in Switzerland. Report of the operations of the General Molitor brigade, detached from the cantons of Switzerland and Glaris (1). In: Le Spectateur militaire; recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires. 11th volume, 57th delivery, 6th year, Noirot, Paris, May 15, 1831, pp. 108–132, here pp. 125, 129 (Digital link).
  104. ^ Jean Baptiste Frédéric Koch: Mémoires de Massena rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du Dépot de la guerre et du Dépot des fortifications. 3rd volume, Paulin et Lechevalier, Paris 1849, p. 390 (Digital link).
  105. ISBN 978-3-85648-146-9
    , p. 168.
  106. ^ Rudolf Reding-Biberegg: Suworoff's march through the Switzerland, 24th autumn to 10th wine month 1799 (= The History Friend. Announcements from the historical association of the five towns Lucerne, Ury, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug. 50th volume). Hans von Matt, Stans 1895, pp. 124–127 (e-periodica.ch).
  107. ^ Carl von Clausewitz: The campaigns of 1799 in Italy and Switzerland. 2nd part (= Behind Works edited by Marie von Clausewitz. Volume 6). Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin 1834, p. 206 (Digital link).
  108. ^ The three battalions of the 84th demi-brigade (1,840 men), the three battalions of the 44th demi-brigade (2,003 men), the 3rd battalion of the 36th demi-brigade (750 men), the 1st battalion of the 25th light demi-brigade (900 men), a battalion of grenadiers (included in the figures above), the 2nd Helvetic demi-brigade (541 men), the 10th Regiment Chasseurs à cheval (521 men) and some guns (stocks from October 12th).
  109. ^ Louis Hennequin : Zurich. Massena in Switzerland. Messidor to VII–Brumaire to VIII (Juillet–Octobre 1799). Publié sous la direction de la Section historique de l'État-major de l'armée. Librairie militaire Berger-Levrault, Paris/Nancy 1911, p. 377 (12148/bpt6k3770909/f401.item.zoom gallica.bnf.fr).
  110. ^ Armée du Danube. Campaign of the Years VII and VIII (1799) in Switzerland. Report of the operations of the General Molitor brigade, detached from the cantons of Switzerland and Glaris (1). In: Le Spectateur militaire; recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires. 11th volume, 57th delivery, 6th year, Noirot, Paris, May 15, 1831, pp. 108–132, here pp. 125, 129 (Digital link). Jean Baptiste Frédéric Koch: Mémoires de Massena rédigés d'après les documents qu'il a laissés et sur ceux du Dépot de la guerre et du Dépot des fortifications. Volume 3, Paulin et Lechevalier, Paris 1849, p. 390 (Digital link), adopted this information.
  111. ^ Gaston Bodart (ed.): Military -historical war lexicon (1618–1905). C. W. Stern, Vienna/Leipzig 1908, pp. 336, 343 f. (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  112. ISBN 978-1-4616-7238-8, pp. 20, 36 ( Digital link
    ).
  113. ISBN 978-3-85546-328-2, pp. 128-185, here pp. 130-142 (hvg-001%3A2017%3A97#133 e-periodica.ch
    ).
  114. ^ Armée du Danube. Campaign of the Years VII and VIII (1799) in Switzerland. Report of the operations of the General Molitor brigade, detached from the cantons of Switzerland and Glaris (1). In: Le Spectateur militaire; recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires. 11th volume, 57th delivery, 6th year, Noirot, Paris, May 15, 1831, pp. 108–132, here p. 128 (Digital link).
  115. ^ Bulletin officiel du Directoire Helvétique et des autorités du Canton du Léman. Lausanne, October 13, 1799, p. 283 (Digital link).
  116. ^ Official reports from Prince Suvorov on his campaign in Switzerland. In: Ludwig Ferdinand Huber (Red.): Allgemeine Zeitung. Stuttgart, 17.–26. Dec. 1799; here: December 25, 1799, p. 1585 (Digital link); Alexander Mikaberidze: «The Lion of the Russian Army:» Life and Military Career of General Prince Peter Bagration 1765–1812. Diss. phil., Florida State University, 2003 (/en/document/view/21925528/the-lion-of-the-russian-army-florida-state-university/883%20pag.%2015%20a%20131 yumpu.com), p. 159.
  117. ^ Bulletin officiel du Directoire Helvétique et des autorités du Canton du Léman. Lausanne, October 16, 1799, p. 299 (=PA299 Digital link); Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur universel. Paris, October 21, 1799, p. 109 (-1799/149/1417763/1 retronews.fr)
  118. ^ Jules Nollet-Fabert: Le maréchal Molitor, 1770–1849. Extrait de la Lorraine militaire, galerie historique. Self-published, Nancy 1851, p. 6 (gallica.bnf.fr) .
  119. ^ Bulletin officiel du Directoire Helvétique et des autorités du Canton du Léman. Lausanne, October 11, 1799, p .264; October 17, 1799, p. 307 f. (Digital link).
  120. ^ Louis Hennequin: Zurich. Massena in Switzerland. Messidor to VII–Brumaire to VIII (Juillet–Octobre 1799). Publié sous la direction de la Section historique de l'État-major de l'armée. Librairie militaire Berger-Levrault, Paris/Nancy 1911, p. 383 (12148/bpt6k3770909/f407.item.zoom gallica.bnf.fr).
  121. French Republic
    .
  122. ^ Armée du Danube. Campaign of the Years VII and VIII (1799) in Switzerland. Report of the operations of the brigade du général Molitor, detached from the cantons of Switzerland and Glaris (1). In: Le Spectateur militaire; Recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires. 11th volume, 57th delivery, 6th year, Noirot, Paris, May 15, 1831, pp. 109–132, here p. 132 (Digital link).
  123. ^ William Wickham (ed.): The Correspondence of the Right Honorable William Wickham from the Year 1794. Volume 2, Richard Bentley, London 1870, pp. 258 f., 285, 340 (Digital link), in the original English; Hermann Hüffer (ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, pp. 46, 63, 87 f., 90 (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  124. ^ The Countess of Minto: Life and Letters of Sir Gilbert Elliot First Earl of Minto [...] edited by his Great-niece. Volume 3, Longmans, Green, and Co., London 1874, pp. 107, 109 (Digital link), in the original English; Hermann Hüffer (ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, p. 93f. (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  125. ^ Arthur Chuquet (ed.): Un portrait inédit de Souvorov. In : Feuilles d'Histoire du XVIIe au XXe siècle. 1st year, 1st volume, Paris 1909, pp. 258–260 (Digital link).
  126. ^ Hermann Hüffer (ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, p. 46 f. (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  127. ^ Hermann Hüffer (ed.): Sources on the history of the wars of 1799 and 1800. From the collections of the k. and k. War archives, the house, court and state archives and the archives of Archduke Albrecht in Vienna. 1st volume, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1900, p. 63. (Battle of Glarus is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive).
  128. ISBN 1-883476-18-6
    , p. 256.
  129. ISBN 978-3-85546-328-2, pp. 128–185, here pp. 155–158, 181 (pid=hvg-001%3A2017%3A97#158 e-periodica.ch
    ).
  130. ^ Alexander Statiev: The Alpine Campaign of 1799 as a Stepping Stone to a Doctrine of Mountain Warfare. In: Tallinn University Press (Ed.): Estonian Yearbook of Military History. 9, No. 15, 2019, doi:10.22601/SAA.2019.08.02, pp. 29–65, here p. 54, in the original English.
  131. ^ When the French invaded in August 1799.
  132. ^ Weinfelden, October 12, 1799. George Sand (Pseudonym by Aurore Dupin): Histoire de ma vie. 2nd volume, Michel Lévy frères, Paris 1856, p. 179 (gallica.bnf.fr).
  133. ^ Glarus, October 15, 1799 (State Archives of the Canton of Glarus, PA 2.A 1:4).
  134. ^ Johann Konrad Escher, Paul Usteri (ed.): Neues helvetisches Tagblatt. Bern, October 30, 1799, p. 204 (ch/digbib/view?pid=dsr-002%3A1799%3A2#234 e-periodica.ch).
  135. ^ Joachim Heer: The Canton of Glarus under the Helvetic Empire. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 8/1872, pp. 28–112 (3rd period: autumn 1799 to August 1802, e-periodica.ch), here p. 30.
  136. ^ Molitor to Deputy Governor Johann Peter Zwicky, Glarus, November 18, 1799 (State Archives of the Canton of Glarus, PA 2.A 1 :4).
  137. ^ Glarner-Zeitung (supplement to the Wochenblatt für den Kanton Linth). No. 39, December 7, 1799 (State Archives of the Canton of Glarus, PA 2.A 1:4), p. 160 f.
  138. ^ Joachim Heer: The canton of Glarus under the Helvetic period. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. 8/1872, pp. 28–112 (3rd period: autumn 1799 to August 1802 , e-periodica.ch), here p. 33.
  139. ^ Weekly paper for the canton of Linth. Glarus, December 12, 1799 (State Archives of Canton Glarus, PA 2.A 1:4.)
  140. ^ Joachim Heer: The Canton of Glarus under the Helvetic. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. ' 6/1870, pp. 13–67 (3rd period: May 20 to autumn 1799, e-periodica.ch), here pp. 34–36; 8/1872, pp. 28–112 (3rd period: autumn 1799 to August 1802, e- periodica.ch), here p. 26.
  141. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: Farewell speech to General Suwarow. In: The sincere and well-experienced Swiss -Bote. Lucerne, February 12, 1800, p. 77 f. ([3]).
  142. ISBN 3-327-00026-3
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  143. ^ A decisive one The role played by the Russian envoy to Switzerland and later the first President of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias. Flurin Clalüna, Andrea Spalinger: Switzerland as it never was: thought experiments on the history of the country. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. July 29, 2023.
  144. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: Historical Memoirs of the Helvetic State Revolution. 3rd volume, Steiner, Winterthur 1805, p. 252 f. (Digital link).
  145. ^ Otto Hartmann: The Russian share in the 1799 campaign in Switzerland. A contribution to the history of this campaign and to the criticism of its historians. A. Munk, Zurich 1892 (Digital link).
  146. ^ Rudolf Reding-Biberegg: Suworoff's train through Switzerland, 24th autumn to 10th wine month 1799 (= The History Friend. Announcements from the historical association of five places Lucerne, Ury, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug. Volume 50). Hans von Matt, Stans 1895, p. 5/Note 1 (e-periodica.ch ).
  147. ISBN 978-3-85546-328-2, pp. 128–185, here p. 184 (001%3A2017%3A97#187 e-periodica.ch
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  148. ^ Armée du Danube. Campaign of the Years VII and VIII (1799) in Switzerland. Report of the operations of the general brigade Molitor, detached from the cantons of Switzerland and Glaris (1). In: Le Spectateur militaire; recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires. 11th volume, 57th delivery, 6th year, Noirot, Paris, May 15, 1831, pp. 108–132 (PA108 Digital link).
  149. ^ With the exception of one by Johannes Wieland: History of the war events in Helvetia and Rhaetia as a manual for military instruction for Swiss officers of all weapons. 2. Part, Schweighauser, Basel 1827, p. 154/note* (Digital link), reproduced passage.

Sources

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