Battle of the Pelennor Fields
Battle of the Pelennor Fields | |
---|---|
Part of Pelennor Fields | |
Result |
Rohan victory |
- Gondor
- Rohan
- The Grey Company
- Mordor
- Khand
- Harad
- Rhun
- Witch-king of Angmar †
- Gothmog †
- 3,000 Gondorians
- 500 Guards of the Citadel
- Less than 3,000 South Gondorians and men from outlying provinces
- 6,000 Rohirrim cavalry soldiers
- 30 Northern Dunedain
Tens of thousands of Orcs, Easterlings, Haradrim and Variags[a]
Several hundred oliphaunts and
The Battle of the Pelennor Fields (
In search of Tolkien's sources, scholars have compared the battle with the historic account of the
Scholars analysing the story have commented on Tolkien's theory of northern courage, which carries on even in the face of certain death. They have noted, too, the elegiac tone, echoing that of the Old English poem Beowulf, the use of alliterative verse, and the nature of the armour, which is mostly early medieval-style mail shirts with additions of plate armour. Others have commented on Tolkien's vivid descriptions of battle, noting that he served in the Battle of the Somme.
The battle formed a "spectacular"[4][5] centrepiece in Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
Fiction
Background
The city of
Participants
Sauron's army from
The defenders' numbers were considerably less. Faramir was outnumbered by ten times at Osgiliath. The companies from outlying provinces of Gondor that came to the aid of Minas Tirith amounted to nearly 3,000 defenders. Prominent among these was a 700-strong contingent led by Prince Imrahil of
Rohan, Gondor's northern ally,[T 6] contributed a 6,000-strong cavalry army. The Men of Rohan (the Rohirrim) were "thrice outnumbered by the Haradrim alone".[T 7]
Further reinforcements from the coastal towns of Gondor sailed on Corsair ships to the city,
The battle
After breaking the city gate with
Charging the ranks of Mordor, the Rohirrim split into two groups. The left group, including the van, broke the Witch-king's right wing. The right group secured the walls of Minas Tirith. They destroyed siege engines and camps, and drove off the
The
Éowyn's brother
Date | Events |
---|---|
10 March | |
11 March | |
12 March | Faramir retreats to causeway forts. Corsairs back to Pelargir.Rohan army reaches Minrimmon. |
13 March | Minas Morgul army overruns Pelennor Fields.[d] |
14 March | Minas Tirith is besieged. |
15 March |
Denethor prepared to burn himself and
Out on the Pelennor Fields, the battle was turning against Gondor and its allies. Though the Rohirrim had inflicted enormous damage on their enemies, Sauron's forces were still numerically superior, and Gothmog, the lieutenant of Minas Morgul, in command after the death of the Witch-king, summoned reserves from nearby Osgiliath. The Rohirrim were now on the southern half of the Pelennor, with enemies between them and the Anduin, and Gothmog's reinforcements threatened to occupy the centre of the Pelennor, thus surrounding the Rohirrim and preventing the Gondorian troops from joining with them. Éomer was by this time only about a mile from the Harlond, so rather than cut his way through to the river, he prepared to make a last stand on a hill.[T 7]
Meanwhile, a fleet of black ships, apparently the navy of the Corsairs of Umbar, Sauron's allies, sailed up Anduin to the Harlond. Just before reaching the quays, the flagship unfurled the
This proved the turning point of the battle. A large portion of Sauron's forces were now pinned between Aragorn's and Éomer's forces, while Imrahil's troops advanced from the direction of the city.[T 7] Another prophecy is fulfilled when Aragorn and Éomer meet again "in the midst of the battle", as Aragorn had said in the Hornburg.[8] Though the advantage now rested with Gondor, fighting continued throughout the day, until at sunset no living enemy remained on the Pelennor Fields.[T 7]
Outcome
The battle was only a tactical defeat for Sauron, as he had committed only a small portion of his forces to the assault, but he had lost the Witch-king, his chief lieutenant. The Captains of the West understood that their victory too would be only momentary, unless the
Concept and creation
The scholar
Analysis
Northern courage
The arrival of Rohan is heralded, the Tolkien scholar
The Tolkien scholar Janet Brennan Croft notes that the battle is seen some of the time through the eyes of the Hobbit, Pippin, who like "the common soldier in the trenches of World War I"[14] feels his part to be "far from glorious; there is tedious waiting, a sense of uselessness and futility, terror and pain and ugliness".[14] Yet, Croft writes, Tolkien does not follow the Modernists and adopt irony as his tone; the Hobbits too are courageous, carrying on without hope. She cites Hugh Brogan's remark that their determination "master[s] all the grief and horror ... giving it dignity and significance", a therapeutic thought for a man whose mind had been darkened by war.[14][15]
Julaire Andelin, in the
Elegiac tone
Robert Lee Mahon states in CEA Critic that Tolkien's account of the battle is tinged with the elegiac, so that whatever the outcome, much will be lost. Men have the gift of Iluvatar, death. In the battle, Aragorn and Éomer "were unscathed, for such was their fortune and the skill and might of their arms, and few indeed had dared to abide them ... in the hour of their wrath". So far so heroic, in the fantasy, Mahon notes; "But many others were hurt or maimed or dead upon the field."[17] The battle chapter ends with "an elegiac lay", in which Tolkien has a scop of Rohan imitate his beloved Beowulf: "We heard of the horns in the hills ringing, the swords shining in the South-kingdom... There Théoden fell, Thengling mighty ... high lord of the host. ... Death in the morning and at day's ending lords took and lowly. Long now they sleep under grass in Gondor."[17] Mahon comments that the reader mourns even while rejoicing, in his view "the essence of great fantasy".[17]
James Shelton, in
Military realism
Nancy Martsch, in Mythlore, writes that Tolkien's descriptions of battle are vivid, noting that he served in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. She quotes another war veteran, C. S. Lewis's comment: "[Tolkien's] war has the very quality of the war my generation knew. It is all here: the endless, unintelligible movement, the sinister quiet of the front when 'everything is now ready', the flying civilians, the lively, vivid friendships, the background of something like despair and the merry foreground, and such heaven-sent windfalls as a cache of choice tobacco 'salvaged' from a ruin".[19] She adds to this Tolkien's account of recovery in the Houses of Healing, "a subject usually passed over in fantasy literature".[19] As for the siege of Minas Tirith, she writes that Tolkien could have been influenced by what he had seen of the British attack on Thiepval Ridge, with its fiery night-time bombardment, the fortifications across a river, allied aircraft "scouting and strafing" Nazgul-like over the German lines.[19]
David Bell, writing in
Adaptations
Radio
In the BBC radio series The Lord of the Rings, the Battle of the Pelennor Fields is heard from two sides, the first being mainly Pippin's. One hears him discussing with Denethor, and as in the book, he has to find Gandalf to prevent Denethor from burning Faramir. The second side is the battle itself. Théoden's speech is declaimed, followed by music. A vocalist sings how the Rohirrim host rides forth and attacks the forces of darkness. Then the vocalism changes again and one hears Jack May and Anthony Hyde, voicing respectively Théoden and Éomer, saying a Nazgûl is coming. The 'opera' begins again, stating the Witch-king attacks Théoden, strikes him down and prepares to kill him. The vocalism ends here, then one hears Éowyn facing the Witch-king and slaying him.[21]
Film
The battle is the centrepiece of Peter Jackson's film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King; The Telegraph wrote that "the battle scenes involving the storming of Minas Tirith and the climactic battle of Pelennor Fields are quite simply the most spectacular and breathtaking ever filmed".[4] Jackson stated that he had taken inspiration from Albrecht Altdorfer's 1529 oil painting, The Battle of Alexander at Issus, depicting the events of 333 BC, with "people holding all of these pikes and spears [against an] incredibly stormy landscape".[3]
CNN.com put the battle on a list of best and worst battle scenes in film, where it appeared twice: one of the best before the Army of the Dead arrives, and one of the worst after that, dubbing the battle's climax an "oversimplified cop out" as a result of their involvement.[5]
See also
- Battle of Helm's Deep – the previous battle, in which the Rohirrim defeat Saruman's army
- Battle of the Morannon – the last battle of the Third Age
Notes
- ^ Tolkien does not state how many Orcs and Men fought on the Mordor side, and the clues available are vague. Estimates of the number of Orcs range from 30,000 upwards; Karen Wynn Fonstad states that Mordor outnumbered Gondor by "at least four to one", giving a "minimum 45,000", made up of 20,000 Angmar, 18,000 Haradrim, and 7000 others from Rhun and Khand.[1] Higher figures have been given for enemy forces including Men as well as Orcs. Woosnam-Savage records that "over 200,000" Orcs were portrayed in Peter Jackson's film version of the battle.[2][3]
- ^ The pseudonym means "secret helmet" in Old English.[7]
- ^ Shown as 1 on diagram.
- ^ Shown as 2 on diagram.
- ^ Shown as 3 on diagram.
- ^ Shown as 4 on diagram.
- ^ Shown as 5 on diagram.
References
Primary
- ^ a b c d e The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 4 "The Siege of Gondor"
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix B, "The Great Years"
- ^ The Two Towers, book 4, ch. 8 "The Stairs of Cirith Ungol"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"
- ^ a b c d The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 9 "The Last Debate"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 3 "The Muster of Rohan"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 6 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 2 "The Passing of the Grey Company"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 5 "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix A, "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix B, "The Tale of Years", "The Great Years", "3019: March"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 7 "The Pyre of Denethor"
- ^ The Return of the King, book 5, ch. 10 "The Black Gate Opens"
- The War of the Ring, Part Three: Minas Tirith, ch. 9 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix A, I, iv "Gondor and the heirs of Anarion"
Secondary
- ISBN 978-0-261-10277-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-345-44976-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7.
- ^ a b Hiscock, John (5 December 2003). "It's the biggest, and the best". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ a b CNN.com – The Screening Room. "The best – and worst – movie battle scenes." Archived 8 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20 November 2007.
- ^ Kennedy, Maev (3 May 2016). "Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library". The Guardian.
- ^ Clark Hall, J. R. (2002) [1894]. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. pp. 85 dierne, "hidden, secret", 177 helm, "defence, helmet".
- ^ a b Tredray, Robert Field (2018). "Divination and Prophecy in The lord of the Rings". Mythlore. 36 (2). Article 25.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9816607-1-4., pp. 70–73
- ^ ISBN 978-0261102750.
- ISBN 978-0261-10401-3.
- ^ Journal of Tolkien Research. 4 (2). Article 3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0261102750.
- ^ a b c Croft, Janet Brennan (2002). "The Great War and Tolkien's Memory: An Examination of World War I Themes in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings". Mythlore. 23 (4). Article 2.
- OCLC 18987058.
- ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.
- ^ JSTOR 44375844.
- ^ Journal of Tolkien Research. 5 (1). Article 6.
- ^ a b c Martsch, Nancy (2015). "Thiepval Ridge and Minas Tirith". Mythlore. 33 (2). Article 13.
- Mallorn(19): 25–28.
- ^ Sibley, Brian; Bakewell, Michael (1981). The Lord of the Rings (radio broadcast). BBC.