Gondor

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Not to be confused with
Gondour
.

Gondor
J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium location
Coat of arms bearing the white tree,
Nimloth the fair[T 1]
First appearanceThe Lord of the Rings
In-universe information
Other name(s)The South-kingdom
TypeSouthern Númenórean realm in exile
RulerKings of Gondor; Stewards of Gondor
LocationNorthwest Middle-earth
CapitalOsgiliath, then Minas Tirith
FounderIsildur and Anárion

Gondor is a fictional kingdom in

War of the Ring
and with the restoration of the realm afterward. The history of the kingdom is outlined in the appendices of the book.

Gondor was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion, exiles from the downfallen island kingdom of Númenor. Along with Arnor in the north, Gondor, the South-kingdom, served as a last stronghold of the Men of the West. After an early period of growth, Gondor gradually declined as the Third Age progressed, being continually weakened by internal strife and conflict with the allies of the Dark Lord Sauron. By the time of the War of the Ring, the throne of Gondor is empty, though its principalities and fiefdoms still pay deference to the absent king by showing their loyalty to the Stewards of Gondor. The kingdom's ascendancy was restored only with Sauron's final defeat and the crowning of Aragorn as king.

Based upon early conceptions, the history and geography of Gondor were developed in stages as Tolkien extended

Langobards, and the Byzantine Empire
.

Literature

In-fiction etymology

Tolkien intended the name Gondor to be

pre-Celtic languages of Britain.[T 7] Gondor is also called the South-kingdom or Southern Realm, and together with Arnor as the Númenórean Realms in Exile. Researchers Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull have proposed a Quenya translation of Gondor: Ondonórë.[1]
The Men of Gondor are nicknamed "Tarks" (from Quenya tarkil "High Man", Númenórean)
orcs of Mordor.[T 9]

Fictional geography

Further information: Geography of Middle-earth

Country

Rohan and Mordor

Gondor's geography is illustrated in

Cirion and Eorl, and The Lord of the Rings. Gondor lies in the west of Middle-earth, on the northern shores of Anfalas[T 10][T 11] and the Bay of Belfalas[T 12] with the great port of Pelargir near the river Anduin's delta in the fertile[T 13] and populous[T 11] region of Lebennin,[T 14] stretching up to the White Mountains (Sindarin: Ered Nimrais, "Mountains of White Horns"). Near the mouths of Anduin was the island of Tolfalas.[T 15]

To the north-west of Gondor lies Arnor; to the north, Gondor is bordered by

Rohan; to the north-east, by Rhûn; to the east, across the great river Anduin and the province of Ithilien, by Mordor; to the south, by the deserts of northern Harad. To the west lies the Great Sea.[2]

The wide land to the west of Rohan was Enedwaith; in some of Tolkien's writings it is part of Gondor, in others not.[T 16][T 17][T 18][T 19] The hot and dry region of South Gondor, or Harondor was by the time of the War of the Ring "a debatable and desert land", contested by the men of Harad.[T 14]

The region of Lamedon and the uplands of the prosperous Morthond, with the desolate Hill of Erech,

Anduin made its closest approach to Minas Tirith. Ringló Vale lay between Lamedon and Lebennin.[T 21]

The region of Calenardhon lay to the north of the White Mountains; it was granted independence as the kingdom of

Rohan.[T 19] To the northeast, the river Anduin enters the hills of the Emyn Muil and passes the Sarn Gebir, dangerous straits, above a large river-lake, Nen Hithoel. Its entrance was once the northern border of Gondor, and is marked by the Gates of Argonath, an enormous pair of kingly statues, as a warning to trespassers. At the southern end of the lake are the hills of Amon Hen (the Hill of Seeing) and Amon Lhaw (the Hill of Hearing) on the west and east shores; below Amon Hen is the lawn of Parth Galen, where the Fellowship disembarked and was then broken, with the capture of Merry and Pippin, and the death of Boromir. Between the two hills is a rocky islet, Tol Brandir, which partly dams the river; just below it is an enormous waterfall, the Falls of Rauros, over which Boromir's funeral-boat is sent. Further down the river are the hills of Emyn Arnen.[T 22]

Capital, Minas Tirith

Main article: Minas Tirith

Trees of the Sun and the Moon. Both the Dry Tree and the Phoenix are symbols of resurrection and new life. Rouen 1444-1445[4]

The capital of Gondor at the end of the Third Age, Minas Tirith (Sindarin: "Tower of Guard"[5]), lay at the eastern end of the White Mountains, built around a shoulder of Mount Mindolluin.[T 23] The city had seven walls: each held a gate, and each gate faced a different direction from the next.[T 24] The city was surrounded by the Pelennor, an area of farmlands ringed by a wall.[T 11] Inside the seventh wall was the Citadel, topped by the White Tower. Behind the tower, reached from the sixth level, was a saddle leading to the necropolis of the Kings and Stewards, with a street of tombs, Rath Dínen.[a]

Within the Court of the Fountain stood the

crucifixion of Christ, but that it would flower afresh when "a prince of the west side of the world should sing a mass beneath it".[3][4]

Tolkien's map-notes for the illustrator

Warning beacons of Gondor were atop a line of foothills running back west from Minas Tirith towards Rohan.[T 25]

Dol Amroth

Flag of Dol Amroth

Dol Amroth (Sindarin: "the Hill of Amroth"[11]) was a fortress-city on a peninsula jutting westward into the Bay of Belfalas, on Gondor's southern shore. It is also the name of the port city, one of the five great cities of Gondor, and the seat of the principality of the same name, founded by prince Galador.[T 26] The whimsical poem "The Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon" in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil tells how the Man in the Moon fell one night into "the windy Bay of Bel"; his fall is marked by the tolling of a bell in the Seaward Tower (Tirith Aear) of Dol Amroth, and he recovers at an inn in the city.[T 27]

Its ruler, the Prince of Dol Amroth, is subject to the sovereignty of Gondor.

Stewards of Gondor and to the Kings of Rohan.[12] He was the brother of Lady Finduilas and uncle to her sons Boromir and Faramir;[T 29] a kinsman of Théoden;[T 30] and the father of Éomer's wife Lothíriel.[12][T 31] Imrahil played a major part in the defence of Minas Tirith; the soldiers whom Imrahil led to Minas Tirith formed the largest contingent from the hinterland to the defence of the city.[13][T 32] They marched under a banner "silver upon blue",[T 1] bearing "a white ship like a swan upon blue water".[T 33]

Some like Finduilas are of Númenórean descent,[14] and still speak the Elvish language.[T 2] Tolkien wrote about the city's protective sea-walls and described Belfalas as a "great fief".[T 20] Prince Imrahil's castle is by the sea; Tolkien described him as "of high blood, and his folk also, tall men and proud with sea-grey eyes".[T 34] Local tradition claimed that the line's forefather, Imrazôr the Númenórean had married an Elf, though the line remained mortal.[T 24][15][16]

Fictional history

Pre-Númenórean

The

White Mountains.[T 35]
The next people settled in the
White Mountains, and became known as the Men of the Mountains. They built a subterranean complex at Dunharrow, later known as the Paths of the Dead, which extended through the mountain-range from north to south.[T 13] They became subject to Sauron in the Dark Years. Fragments of pre-Númenórean languages survive in later ages in place-names such as Erech, Arnach, and Umbar.[T 36]

Númenórean kingdom

Further information: Númenor

The shorelands of Gondor were widely colonized by the

Minas Ithil (Sindarin: "Tower of the Moon") while Anárion established the city of Minas Anor (Sindarin: "Tower of the Sun").[T 17]

Sauron survived the destruction of Númenor and secretly returned to his realm of Mordor, soon launching a war against the Númenórean kingdoms. He captured Minas Ithil, but Isildur escaped by ship to Arnor; meanwhile, Anárion was able to defend Osgiliath.

Elven-king Gil-galad formed the Last Alliance of Elves and Men, and together with Isildur and Anárion, they besieged and defeated Mordor.[T 37] Sauron was overthrown; but the One Ring that Isildur took from him was not destroyed, and thus Sauron continued to exist.[T 38]

Both Elendil and Anárion were killed in the war, so Isildur conferred rule of Gondor upon Anárion's son Meneldil, retaining

Orcs in the Gladden Fields. Isildur's remaining son Valandil did not attempt to claim his father's place as Gondor's monarch; the kingdom was ruled solely by Meneldil and his descendants until their line died out.[T 38]

Third Age, under the Stewards

Seal of the Stewards of Gondor[c]

During the early years of the

Black Númenóreans,[T 40] becoming rich.[T 17]
As time went by, Gondor neglected the watch on
Minas Morgul, "the Tower of Black Sorcery".[T 43][T 37][T 17]
At this time Minas Anor was renamed to Minas Tirith, in constant watch of its now defiled twin city. Without kings, Gondor was ruled by stewards for many generations, father to son; despite their exercise of power and hereditary status, they were never accepted as kings, nor did they sit on the high throne.
Denethor II to devote his attention to Mordor.[T 39][19]

War of the Ring and restoration

Further information: Battle of the Pelennor Fields and Heraldry of Middle-earth § Men
Battle of the Pelennor Fields

Denethor sent his son

Fellowship, including Boromir, was sent on a quest to destroy the Ring.[T 45]
Growing in strength,
Umbar, freeing men from the southern provinces of Gondor such as Dol Amroth[T 11][T 12]
to come to the aid of Minas Tirith.

During the

Rohirrim as cavalry, repelled the invasion by Mordor. Following the death of Denethor and the incapacity of Faramir, Prince Imrahil became the effective lord of Gondor.[20]

When Imrahil declined to send the entirety of Gondor's army against Mordor, Aragorn led a smaller army to the

Black Gate of Mordor to distract Sauron from Frodo's quest.[20] Sauron encircled the army at the Battle of the Morannon, but the hobbits succeeded, defeating Sauron and bringing the war and the Third Age to an end. The Great Gate was rebuilt with mithril and steel by Gimli and Dwarves from the Lonely Mountain. Aragorn's coronation was held on the Gateway, where he was pronounced King Elessar of both Gondor and Arnor, the sister kingdom in the north.[T 46][T 41][T 47][T 48]

Concept and creation

Writing

Tolkien's original thoughts about the later ages of Middle-earth are outlined in his first, mid-1930s, sketches for the legend of Númenor; these already contain a semblance of Gondor.[T 49] The appendices to The Lord of the Rings were brought to a finished state in 1953–54, but a decade later, during preparations for the release of the Second Edition, Tolkien elaborated the events that had led to Gondor's civil war, introducing the regency of Rómendacil II.[T 50] The final development of the history and geography of Gondor took place around 1970, in the last years of Tolkien's life, when he invented justifications for the place-names and wrote full narratives for the stories of Isildur's death and of the battles with the Wainriders and the Balchoth (published in Unfinished Tales).[T 51]

In-universe

Tolkien describes an early population of

Moria. He waited for her at Edhellond, for their final voyage together into the West. But Nimrodel, who loved Middle-earth as much as she did Amroth, failed to join him. When the ship was blown prematurely out to sea, he jumped overboard in a futile attempt to reach the shore to search for her, and drowned in the bay.[T 52] Mithrellas, a Silvan Elf and one of the companions of Nimrodel, is said to have become the foremother of the line of the Princes of Dol Amroth.[T 52][21]

According to an alternate account about the line of the Princes of Dol Amroth cited in Unfinished Tales, they were descendants of a family of the Faithful from

Wainriders.[T 42]

Tom Shippey's comparison of Gondor and its neighbour, Rohan[22]
Situation Gondor
Rohan
Leader's behaviour
on meeting trespassers
Ruling Steward Denethor

courteous, urbane, civilised		 Éomer, nephew of King Théoden
"compulsively truculent"
Ruler's palace Great Hall of Minas Tirith
large, solemn, colourless
Meduseld
,
simple, lively, colourful
State "A kind of Rome",
subtle, selfish, calculating
Anglo-Saxon
,
vigorous
Bold colourful Rohan, modelled on the Anglo-Saxons (here in an 11th-century illustration), "the bit that Tolkien knew best",[22] is contrasted by critics with the solemn but colourless Gondor.

The critic

Meduseld in Rohan, and the great hall of Minas Tirith in Gondor. Meduseld is simple, but brought to life by tapestries, a colourful stone floor, and the vivid picture of the rider, his bright hair streaming in the wind, blowing his horn. The Steward Denethor's hall is large and solemn, but dead, colourless, in cold stone. Rohan is, Shippey suggests, the "bit that Tolkien knew best",[22] Anglo-Saxon, full of vigour; Gondor is "a kind of Rome", over-subtle, selfish, calculating.[22]

The critic

Merry with love, which the hobbit responds to.[23]

In his analysis of the historical lore of Númenor, Michael N. Stanton said close affinities are demonstrated between Elves and the descendants of Men of the West, not only in terms of blood heritage but also in "moral probity and nobility of demeanor", which gradually weakened over time due to "time, forgetfulness, and, in no small part, the machinations of Sauron".[24] The cultural ties between the Men of Gondor and Elves are reflected in the names of certain characters: for instance, Finduilas of Dol Amroth (the wife of Denethor and the sister of Prince Imrahil) shares her name with an Elf princess of the First Age.[25]

Leslie A. Donovan, in A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, compares the siege of Gondor with the alliance of Elves and Men in their fight against Morgoth and other co-operative ventures in The Silmarillion, making the point that none of these would have succeeded without collaboration; further that one such success comes from another shared effort, as when the Rohirrim were only able to come to the aid of Gondor because of the joint efforts of Legolas, Gimli, and Aragorn; and that they in turn collaborated with the oathbreakers from the Paths of the Dead.[26]

Influences

Further information: Tolkien and the classical world and Tolkien and the medieval

Sandra Ballif Straubhaar, a scholar of Germanic studies, notes in The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia that readers have debated the real-world prototypes of Gondor. She writes that like the Normans, their founders the Númenóreans arrived "from across the sea", and that Prince Imrahil's armour with a "burnished vambrace" recalls late-medieval plate armour. Against this theory, she notes Tolkien's direction of readers to Egypt and Byzantium. Recalling that Tolkien located Minas Tirith at the latitude of Florence, she states that "the most striking similarities" are with ancient Rome. She identifies several parallels: Aeneas, from Troy, and Elendil, from Númenor, both survive the destruction of their home countries; the brothers Romulus and Remus found Rome, while the brothers Isildur and Anárion found the Númenórean kingdoms in Middle-earth; and both Gondor and Rome experienced centuries of "decadence and decline".[19]

Valkyries", despite Tolkien's denial of a connection with Wagner's Ring cycle, noting the "likeness of the wings of a sea-bird"[T 43] in his description of Aragorn's coronation, and his drawing of the crown in an unused dust jacket design.[T 56][27]

Miryam Librán-Moreno's comparison of Gondor with the Byzantine Empire[28]
Situation Gondor Byzantine Empire
Older state echoed Elendil's unified kingdom of Gondor and Arnor Roman Empire
Weaker sister kingdom
Arnor
, the Northern kingdom		 Western Roman Empire
Powerful enemies
to East and South		 Easterlings,
Haradrim,
Mordor
 Persians,
Arabs,
Turks
Final siege from the East Survives Falls

The classical scholar Miryam Librán-Moreno writes that Tolkien drew heavily on the general history of the

Persians and the Muslim armies of the Arabs and the Turks, as well as the Langobards and Goths; Gondor by the Easterlings, the Haradrim, and the hordes of Sauron. Both realms were in decline at the time of a final, all-out siege from the East; however, Minas Tirith survived the siege whereas Constantinople did not.[28] In a 1951 letter, Tolkien himself wrote about "the Byzantine City of Minas Tirith."[29]

Tolkien visited the Malvern Hills with C. S. Lewis,[30][31] and recorded excerpts from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings in Malvern in 1952, at George Sayer's home.[32] Sayer wrote that Tolkien relived the book as they walked, comparing the Malvern Hills to the White Mountains of Gondor.[31]

Adaptations

Film

Corsairs of Umbar at Harlond, the port of Minas Tirith, as depicted with a domed building in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy

Gondor, as it appeared in

The Wizard of Oz. He praised the filmmakers' ability to blend digital and real sets.[38]

Games

The setting of Minas Tirith has appeared in video game adaptations of The Lord of the Rings, such as the 2003 video game The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King where it is directly modelled on Jackson's film adaptation.[39]

Several locations in Gondor were featured in the 1982 role-playing game Middle-earth Role Playing game and its expansions.[40]

Notes

  1. ^ Map #40 in Barbara Strachey's Journeys of Frodo is a plan of Minas Tirith. Fonstad 1991, pp. 138–139 shows a different plan of the city. The only maps by Tolkien are sketches.
  2. ^ The Tolkien scholar Judy Ann Ford writes that there is also an architectural connection with Ravenna in Pippin's description of the great hall of Denethor, which in her view suggests a Germanic myth of a restored Roman Empire.[10]
  3. ^ The seal of the stewards consisted of the three letters: R.ND.R (standing for Arandur, king's servant), surmounted by three stars.[T 39]
  4. James I of England (James VI of Scotland) could metamorphose into a king.[18]

References

Primary

  1. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 6, ch. 4 "The Field of Cormallen": "a great standard was spread in the breeze, and there a white tree flowered upon a sable field beneath a shining crown and seven glittering stars"
  2. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 Appendix F, "Of Men"
  3. ^ Tolkien 1987 entries GOND-, NDOR-
  4. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 6 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  5. ^ Tolkien 1988 ch. 22 "New Uncertainties and New Projections"
  6. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 5 "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
  7. ^ Carpenter 2023, #324 to Graham Tayar 4–5 June 1971
  8. Parma Eldalamberon (17): 101.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  9. ^ Tolkien 1955, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"
  10. ^ Tolkien 1987 entries ÁNAD-, PHÁLAS-, TOL2-
  11. ^ a b c d e Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 1 "Minas Tirith"
  12. ^ a b c Tolkien 1980 part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn": "Amroth and Nimrodel"
  13. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 9 "The Last Debate"
  14. ^ a b Tolkien 1980 map of the West of Middle-earth
  15. ^ Tolkien 1996 ch. 6 "The Tale of Years of the Second Age"
  16. ^ Tolkien 1996 ch. 10 "Of Dwarves and Men", and notes 66, 76
  17. ^ a b c d e f Tolkien 1955 Appendix A, I (iv)
  18. ^ Tolkien 1980 part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn"; Appendices C and D
  19. ^ a b c Tolkien 1980 "The Battles of the Fords of Isen", Appendix (ii)
  20. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 1 ch. 2 "The Passing of the Grey Company"
  21. ^ Tolkien 1955 map of Gondor
  22. ^ Fonstad 1991, pp. 83–89
  23. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing"
  24. ^ a b c Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 4 "The Siege of Gondor"
  25. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R.; Hostetter, Carl F.; Tolkien, Christopher (2001). "The Rivers and Beacon - hills of Gondor". EPDF.
  26. ^ Tolkien 1980, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan".
  27. ^ The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Introduction and Poem 6
  28. ^ Carpenter 2023, #244 to a reader, draft, c. 1963
  29. ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, "The Stewards"
  30. ^ Tolkien 1980, "Disaster of the Gladden Fields".
  31. ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl"
  32. ^ Tolkien 1955, "Minas Tirith"
  33. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing
  34. ^ Tolkien 1955, "Minas Tirith"
  35. ^ Tolkien 1955 book 6 ch. 6 "Many Partings"
  36. ^ Tolkien 1955 Appendix F part 1
  37. ^ a b c d e Tolkien 1977 "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  38. ^ a b Tolkien 1980 part 3 ch. 1 "Disaster of the Gladden Fields"
  39. ^ a b Tolkien 1980 part 3 ch. 2 "Cirion and Eorl", note 25
  40. ^ a b c d e Tolkien 1955 Appendix B "The Third Age"
  41. ^ a b Tolkien 1996 ch. 7 "The Heirs of Elendil"
  42. ^ a b Tolkien 1980 part 3 ch. 2 "Cirion and Eorl", (i)
  43. ^ a b Tolkien 1955 book 5 ch. 8 "The Houses of Healing"; book 6 ch. 5 "The Steward and the King"
  44. ^ a b c Tolkien 1954 book 4, ch. 5 "The Window on the West"
  45. ^ Tolkien 1954a book 2 ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
  46. ^ Tolkien 1955 Appendix A, II
  47. ^ Tolkien 1996 ch. 8 "The Tale of Years of the Third Age"
  48. ^ Carpenter 2023, #256 to Colin Bailey 13 March 1964, #338 to Father Douglas Carter, 6? June 1972
  49. ^ Tolkien 1987 ch. 2 "The Fall of Númenor"
  50. ^ Tolkien 1996 ch. 9 "The Making of Appendix A". Letter c in names is used for original k
  51. ^ Tolkien 1996 ch. 13 "Last Writings"
  52. ^ a b c d e f Tolkien 1980, part 2 ch. 4 "History of Galadriel and Celeborn"
  53. ^ Tolkien 1980, "Aldarion and Erendis".
  54. ^ Tolkien 1987 ch. 2 "The Fall of Númenor"
  55. ^ Tolkien 1954 book 3, ch. 1 "The Departure of Boromir"
  56. ^ The Winged Crown of Gondor. Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. Tolkien Drawings 90, fol. 30.

Secondary

  1. ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, "The Great River", p. 347
  2. ^ Fonstad 1991, p. 191
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7112-4127-5
    .
  4. ^ a b Drieshen, Clark (31 January 2020). "The Trees of the Sun and the Moon". British Library. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  5. ISBN 0-395-29129-1
    .
  6. JSTOR 45320503
    .
  7. ISBN 978-1-57113-558-2
    . Mandeville also includes a prophecy that when the Prince of the West conquers the Holy Land for Christianity, this tree will become green again, rather akin to the White Tree of Arnor [sic] in the Peter Jackson film version of The Lord of the Rings, if not in Tolkien's original novel, which sprouts new green leaves when Aragorn first arrives in Gondor at [sic, i.e. after] the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
  8. ^ Flood, Alison (23 October 2015). "Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings". The Guardian.
  9. ^ "Tolkien annotated map of Middle-earth acquired by Bodleian library". Exeter College, Oxford. 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  10. S2CID 170501240
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0345275479
    .
  12. ^ a b Viars, Karen (2015). "Constructing Lothiriel: Rewriting and Rescuing the Women of Middle-Earth From the Margin". Mythlore. 33. article 6.
  13. ^ Honegger, Thomas (2017). "Riders, Chivalry, and Knighthood in Tolkien". Journal of Tolkien Research. 4. article 3.
  14. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1
    .
  15. ^ Hammond & Scull 2005, "The Great River", pp. 683–684
  16. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-345-44976-4
    .
  18. ^ Shippey 2005, p. 206.
  19. ^ a b c Straubhaar 2007, pp. 248–249.
  20. ^
    doi:10.1093/ajj/aux014
    .
  21. ^ De Rosario Martínez, Helios (22 November 2005). "Light and Tree A Survey Through the External History of Sindarin". Elvish Linguistic Fellowship.
  22. ^ a b c d Shippey 2005, pp. 146–149.
  23. ^ Nitzsche 1980, pp. 119–122.
  24. ISBN 978-1-2500-8664-8
    .
  25. ISBN 978-0-6848-3979-0
    .
  26. ISBN 978-1119656029
    .
  27. ^ a b c d Fimi 2007, pp. 84–99.
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7864-6482-1
    .
  29. ^ a b Hammond & Scull 2005, p. 570
  30. ^ a b Duriez 1992, p. 253
  31. ^ a b Sayer 1979
  32. ^ Carpenter 1977
  33. ^ "Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King: 2003". Movie Locations. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Ben Ohau Station, in the Mackenzie Basin, in the Southern Alps, ... provided the 'Pelennor Fields', and the foothills of the 'White Mountains', for the climactic battle scenes
  34. ^ Puig, Claudia (24 February 2004). "With third film, 'Rings' saga becomes a classic". USA Today. In the third installment, for example, Minas Tirith, a seven-tiered city of kings, looks European, Byzantine and fantastical at the same time.
  35. ^ The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (special extended DVD ed.). December 2004.
  36. ^ Morrison, Geoffrey (27 June 2014). "The real-life Minas Tirith from 'Lord of the Rings': A tour of Mont Saint-Michel". CNET.
  37. ISBN 0-618-51083-4
    .
  38. ^ Ebert, Roger (17 December 2003). "Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  39. ^ Dobson, Nina (28 October 2003). "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Designer Diary #6". GameSpot. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  40. ^ "Assassins of Dol Amroth". RPGnet. Skotos. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

Sources

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