Gandalf

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For other uses, see Gandalf (disambiguation).

Gandalf
Company of the Ring
Weapon
  • Glamdring
  • Wizard's staff

Gandalf is a protagonist in

"Catalogue of Dwarves" (Dvergatal)
in the Völuspá.

As a wizard and the bearer of one of the

Narya, the Ring of Fire. As such, he delights in fireworks to entertain the hobbits of the Shire, while in great need he uses fire as a weapon. As one of the Maiar, he is an immortal spirit from Valinor
, but his physical body can be killed.

In The Hobbit, Gandalf assists the 13 dwarves and the hobbit

Black Gate
of Mordor, in each case largely by offering guidance. When victory is complete, he crowns Aragorn as King before leaving Middle-earth for ever to return to Valinor.

Tolkien once described Gandalf as an

Dante's Inferno. Scholars have likened his return in white to the transfiguration of Christ; he is further described as a prophet, representing one element of Christ's threefold office of prophet, priest, and king, where the other two roles are taken by Frodo and Aragorn
.

The Gandalf character has been featured in radio, television, stage, video game, music, and film adaptations, including Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film. His best-known portrayal is by Ian McKellen in Peter Jackson's 2001–2003 The Lord of the Rings film series, where the actor based his acclaimed performance on Tolkien himself. McKellen reprised the role in Jackson's 2012–2014 film series The Hobbit.

Names

rune no. 19 "G", used by Gandalf as a personal sign or seal

Etymology

Tolkien derived the name Gandalf from Gandálfr, a

dwarf in the Völuspá's Dvergatal, a list of dwarf-names.[1] In Old Norse, the name means staff-elf. This is reflected in his name Tharkûn, which is "said to mean 'Staff-man'" in Khuzdul, the language Tolkien invented for his Dwarves.[T 1]

In-universe names

Gandalf is given several names and epithets in Tolkien's writings.

the East I go not."[T 2] In an early draft of The Hobbit, he is called Bladorthin, while the name Gandalf is used by the dwarf who later became Thorin Oakenshield.[2]

Each

Wizard is distinguished by the colour of his cloak. For most of his manifestation as a wizard, Gandalf's cloak is grey, hence the names Gandalf the Grey and Greyhame, from Old English hame, "cover, skin". Mithrandir is a name in Sindarin meaning "the Grey Pilgrim" or "the Grey Wanderer". Midway through The Lord of the Rings, Gandalf becomes the head of the order of Wizards, and is renamed Gandalf the White. This change in status (and clothing) introduces another name for the wizard: the White Rider. However, characters who speak Elvish still refer to him as Mithrandir. At times in The Lord of the Rings, other characters address Gandalf by insulting nicknames: Stormcrow, Láthspell ("Ill-news" in Old English), and "Grey Fool".[T 1]

Characteristics

Tolkien describes Gandalf as the last of the wizards to appear in

Narya, the Ring of Fire, containing a "red" stone for his aid and comfort. Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element fire later in the same essay:[T 1]

Warm and eager was his spirit (and it was enhanced by the ring Narya), for he was the Enemy of

Elf of the Wand'. For they deemed him (though in error) to be of Elven-kind, since he would at times work wonders among them, loving especially the beauty of fire; and yet such marvels he wrought mostly for mirth and delight, and desired not that any should hold him in awe or take his counsels out of fear. ... Yet it is said that in the ending of the task for which he came he suffered greatly, and was slain, and being sent back from death for a brief while was clothed then in white, and became a radiant flame (yet veiled still save in great need).[T 1]

Fictional biography

Valinor

In

Great Sea to Middle-earth to counsel and assist all those who opposed Sauron, Olórin was proposed by Manwë. Olórin initially begged to be excused, declaring he was too weak and that he feared Sauron, but Manwë replied that that was all the more reason for him to go.[T 1]

As one of the Maiar, Gandalf was not a mortal Man but an angelic being who had taken human form. As one of those spirits, Olórin was in service to the Creator (

Secret Fire'. Along with the other Maiar who entered into Middle-earth as the five Wizards, he took on the specific form of an old man as a sign of his humility. The role of the wizards was to advise and counsel but never to attempt to match Sauron's strength with their own. It might be, too, that the kings and lords of Middle-earth would be more receptive to the advice of a humble old man than a more glorious form giving them direct commands.[T 1]

Middle-earth

The wizards arrived in

Elven-rings.[T 1]

Gandalf's relationship with Saruman, the head of their Order, was strained. The Wizards were commanded to aid

Dwarves, but only through counsel; they were forbidden to use force to dominate them, though Saruman increasingly disregarded this.[T 1]

The White Council

"White Council" redirects here. For the unreleased video game, see The Lord of the Rings: The White Council. For other uses, see White Council (disambiguation).

Gandalf suspected early on that an evil presence, the

Second Age.[T 4][T 1]

Gandalf returned to Dol Guldur "at great peril" and learned that the Necromancer was indeed Sauron. The following year a White Council was held, and Gandalf urged that Sauron be driven out.

Gladden Fields where Isildur had been killed.[T 4][T 1]

The Quest of Erebor

"

Erebor from Smaug, and so the quest was born.[T 5]

The Hobbit

Gandalf meets with

trolls' treasure hoard.[T 7] Elrond informs them that the sword was made in Gondolin, a city long ago destroyed, where Elrond's father lived as a child.[T 8]

After escaping from the

Great Eagles.[T 9] Gandalf then persuades Beorn to house and provision the company for the trip through Mirkwood. Gandalf leaves the company before they enter Mirkwood, saying that he had pressing business to attend to.[T 10]

He turns up again before the walls of Erebor disguised as an old man, revealing himself when it seems the Men of

Dol Guldur. Sauron had anticipated this, and had feigned a withdrawal, only to reappear in Mordor.[T 13]

The Lord of the Rings

Gandalf the Grey

Scraperboard illustration by Alexander Korotich
, 1981

Gandalf spent the years between The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings travelling Middle-earth in search of information on Sauron's resurgence and Bilbo Baggins's mysterious ring, spurred particularly by Bilbo's initial misleading story of how he had obtained it as a "present" from Gollum. During this period, he befriended Aragorn and became suspicious of Saruman. He spent as much time as he could in the Shire, strengthening his friendship with Bilbo and Frodo, Bilbo's orphaned cousin and adopted heir.[T 13]

Gandalf returns to the Shire for Bilbo's "eleventy-first" (111th) birthday party, bringing many fireworks for the occasion. After Bilbo, as a prank on his guests, puts on the ring and disappears, Gandalf urges his old friend to leave the ring to Frodo, as they had planned. Bilbo becomes hostile, accusing Gandalf of trying to steal the ring. Alarmed, Gandalf tells Bilbo that is foolish. Coming to his senses, Bilbo admits that the ring has been troubling him, and leaves it behind for Frodo as he departs for Rivendell.[T 14]

Over the next 17 years, Gandalf travels extensively, searching for answers on the ring. He finds some answers in Isildur's scroll, in the archives of

Barad-dûr, and tortured him to reveal what he knew of the Ring.[T 13]

Returning to the Shire, Gandalf confirms his suspicion by throwing the Ring into Frodo's hearth-fire and reading the writing that appears on its surface. He tells Frodo the history of the ring, and urges him to take it to Rivendell, warning of grave danger if he stays in the Shire. Gandalf says he will attempt to return for Frodo's 50th birthday party, to accompany him on the road; and that meanwhile Frodo should arrange to leave quietly, as the servants of Sauron will be searching for him.[T 15]

Outside the Shire, Gandalf encounters the wizard

Gwaihir the Eagle, who comes to him as requested via Radagast.[T 13]

In

Weathertop, but escapes after an all-night battle, drawing four of them northward.[T 13] Frodo, Aragorn and company face the remaining five on Weathertop a few nights later.[T 16] Gandalf reaches Rivendell just before Frodo's arrival.[T 13]

In Rivendell, Gandalf helps

Fellowship.[T 13]

The Balrog reached the bridge. Gandalf stood in the middle of the span, leaning on the staff in his left hand, but in his other hand

Udûn
. Go back to the Shadow! You cannot pass."

J. R. R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring

Taking charge of the Fellowship (comprising nine representatives of the free peoples of

orcs. The Fellowship fights with the orcs and trolls of Moria and escapes them.[T 18]

At the

staff. As the Balrog falls, it wraps its whip around Gandalf's legs, dragging him over the edge. Gandalf falls into the abyss, crying "Fly, you fools!".[T 19]

Gandalf and the Balrog fall into a deep lake in Moria's underworld. Gandalf pursues the Balrog through the tunnels for eight days until they climb to the peak of

Zirakzigil. Here they fight for two days and nights. The Balrog is defeated and cast down onto the mountainside. Gandalf also dies, and his body lies on the peak while his spirit travels "out of thought and time".[T 20]

Gandalf the White

Gandalf is "sent back"

Pippin). They mistake him for Saruman, but he stops their attacks and reveals himself.[T 20]

They travel to

Wizards; Gandalf takes Saruman's place as head of both. Wormtongue tries to kill Gandalf or Saruman with the palantír of Orthanc, but misses both. Pippin retrieves the palantír, but Gandalf quickly takes it.[T 24] After the group leaves Isengard, Pippin takes the palantír from a sleeping Gandalf, looks into it, and comes face to face with Sauron himself. Gandalf gives the palantír to Aragorn and takes the chastened Pippin with him to Minas Tirith to keep the young Hobbit out of further trouble.[T 25]

Gandalf arrives in time to help to arrange the defences of Minas Tirith. His presence is resented by

Steward of Gondor; but when his son Faramir is gravely wounded in battle, Denethor sinks into despair and madness. Together with Prince Imrahil, Gandalf leads the defenders during the siege of the city. When the forces of Mordor break the main gate, Gandalf, alone on Shadowfax, confronts the Lord of the Nazgûl. At that moment the Rohirrim arrive, causing the Nazgûl to withdraw. Gandalf is about to pursue, but is stopped by Pippin, who requests his intervention to save Faramir – Denethor in desperation was seeking to burn himself and his son on a funeral pyre.[T 26] Gandalf saves Faramir (but not Denethor, who immolates himself), and plays no further part in the unfolding Battle of the Pelennor Fields
.

"This, then, is my counsel," [said Gandalf.] "We have not the Ring. In wisdom or great folly it has been sent away to be destroyed, lest it destroy us. Without it we cannot by force defeat [Sauron's] force. But we must at all costs keep his Eye from his true peril... We must call out his hidden strength, so that he shall empty his land... We must make ourselves the bait, though his jaws should close on us... We must walk open-eyed into that trap, with courage, but small hope for ourselves. For, my lords, it may well prove that we ourselves shall perish utterly in a black battle far from the living lands; so that even if

Barad-dûr
be thrown down, we shall not live to see a new age. But this, I deem, is our duty."

J. R. R. Tolkien, The Return of the King

After the battle, Gandalf counsels an attack against Sauron's forces at the

nameless lieutenant of Mordor, who shows them Frodo's mithril shirt and other items from the Hobbits' equipment. Gandalf rejects Mordor's terms of surrender, starting the Battle of the Morannon. The forces of the West face the full might of Sauron's armies, until the Ring is destroyed in Mount Doom.[T 27] Gandalf leads the Eagles to rescue Frodo and Sam from the erupting mountain.[T 28]

After the war, Gandalf crowns Aragorn as King Elessar, and helps him find a sapling of the

White Tree of Gondor.[T 29] He accompanies the Hobbits back to the borders of the Shire, before leaving to visit Tom Bombadil.[T 30]

Two years later, Gandalf departs

Undying Lands; with him are his horse Shadowfax and his friends Frodo, Bilbo, Galadriel, and Elrond.[T 31]

Concept and creation

Appearance

Der Berggeist by Josef Madlener
Väinämöinen as depicted by Akseli Gallen-Kallela in The Defense of the Sampo (1896)

Tolkien's biographer Humphrey Carpenter relates that Tolkien owned a postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain spirit"), which he labelled "the origin of Gandalf".[3] It shows a white-bearded man in a large hat and cloak seated among boulders in a mountain forest. Carpenter said that Tolkien recalled buying the postcard during his holiday in Switzerland in 1911. Manfred Zimmerman, however, discovered that the painting was by the German artist Josef Madlener and dates from the mid-1920s. Carpenter acknowledged that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard.[4]

An additional influence may have been Väinämöinen, a demigod and the central character in Finnish folklore and the national epic Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot.[5] Väinämöinen was described as an old and wise man, and he possessed a potent, magical singing voice.[6]

Throughout the early drafts, and through to the first edition of The Hobbit, Bladorthin/Gandalf is described as being a "little old man", distinct from a dwarf, but not of the full human stature that would later be described in The Lord of the Rings. Even in The Lord of the Rings, Gandalf was not tall; shorter, for example, than Elrond[T 32] or the other wizards.[T 1]

Name

When writing

medieval landscape; it deeply influenced Tolkien. The wizard that became Gandalf was originally named Bladorthin.[T 33]

Tolkien came to regret his ad hoc use of

Dale.[9] Gandalf, in this setting, is thus a representation in English (anglicised from Old Norse) of the name the Dwarves of Erebor had given to Olórin in the language they used "externally" in their daily affairs, while Tharkûn is the (untranslated) name, presumably of the same meaning, that the Dwarves gave him in their native Khuzdul language.[T 35]

Guide

Gandalf's role and importance was substantially increased in the conception of The Lord of the Rings, and in a letter of 1954, Tolkien refers to Gandalf as an "angel incarnate".[T 36] In the same letter Tolkien states he was given the form of an old man in order to limit his powers on Earth. Both in 1965 and 1971 Tolkien again refers to Gandalf as an angelic being.[T 37][T 38]

In a 1946 letter, Tolkien stated that he thought of Gandalf as an "Odinic wanderer".[T 39] Other commentators have similarly compared Gandalf to the Norse god Odin in his "Wanderer" guise—an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff,[10][11] or likened him to Merlin of Arthurian legend or the Jungian archetype of the "wise old man".[12]

Marjorie Burns's comparison of Gandalf and the Norse god Odin[11]
Attribute Gandalf Odin
Accoutrements "battered hat"
cloak
"thorny staff"		 Epithet: "Long-hood"
blue cloak
a staff
Beard "the grey", "old man" Epithet: "Greybeard"
Appearance the Istari (Wizards) "in simple guise,
as it were of Men already old
in years but hale in body,
travellers and wanderers"
as Tolkien wrote "a figure of
'the Odinic wanderer'"[T 40]		 Epithets: "Wayweary",
"Wayfarer", "Wanderer"
Power with his staff Epithet: "Bearer of the [Magic] Wand"
Eagles
 rescued repeatedly
by eagles in The Hobbit
and Lord of the Rings		 Associated with eagles;
escapes from
Jotunheim
back to Asgard
as an eagle

In The Annotated Hobbit, Douglas Anderson likens Gandalf's role to the Rübezahl mountain spirit of German folktales. He states that the figure can appear as "a guide, a messenger, or a farmer", often depicted as "a bearded man with a staff".[13]

The Tolkien scholar Charles W. Nelson described Gandalf as a "guide who .. assists a major character on a journey or quest .. to unusual and distant places". He noted that in both The Fellowship of the Ring and The Hobbit, Tolkien presents Gandalf in these terms. Immediately after the

Fellowship:[14]

Someone said that intelligence would be needed in the party. He was right. I think I shall come with you.[14]

Nelson notes the similarity between this and Thorin's statement in The Hobbit:[14]

We shall soon .. start on our long journey, a journey from which some of us, or perhaps all of us (except our friend and counsellor, the ingenious wizard Gandalf) may never return.[14]

Dante's Inferno.[14] Painting by Gustave Doré

Nelson gives as examples of the guide figure the

Dante's Inferno, directing, encouraging, and physically assisting Dante as he travels through hell. In English literature, Nelson notes, Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur has the wizard Merlin teaching and directing Arthur to begin his journeys. Given these precedents, Nelson remarks, it was unsurprising that Tolkien should make use of a guide figure, endowing him, like these predecessors, with power, wisdom, experience, and practical knowledge, and "aware[ness] of [his] own limitations and [his] ranking in the order of the great".[14] Other characters who act as wise and good guides include Tom Bombadil, Elrond, Aragorn, Galadriel—who he calls perhaps the most powerful of the guide figures—and briefly also Faramir.[14]

Nelson writes that there is equally historical precedent for wicked guides, such as

Eru Ilúvatar, in the struggle against the forces of darkness, and "ironically" all of them, good and bad, are necessary to the success of the quest. He comments, too, that despite Gandalf's evident power, and the moment when he faces the Lord of the Nazgûl, he stays in the role of guide throughout, "never directly confront[ing] his enemies with his raw power."[14]

Christ-figure

Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth

The critic Anne C. Petty, writing about "

S.J.: "who could not think of Gandalf's descent into the pits of Moria and his return clothed in white as a death-resurrection motif?"[15][16] She at once notes, however, that "such a narrow [allegorical] interpretation" limits the reader's imagination by demanding a single meaning for each character and event.[15] Other scholars and theologians have likened Gandalf's return as a "gleaming white" figure to the transfiguration of Christ.[17][18][19]

The philosopher

Chronicles of Narnia series. However, Kreeft and Jean Chausse have identified reflections of the figure of Jesus Christ in three protagonists of The Lord of the Rings: Gandalf, Frodo and Aragorn. While Chausse found "facets of the personality of Jesus" in them, Kreeft wrote that "they exemplify the Old Testament threefold Messianic symbolism of prophet (Gandalf), priest (Frodo), and king (Aragorn)."[20][21][22]

Peter Kreeft's analysis of Christ-figures in Lord of the Rings[20]
Christ
-like attribute		 Gandalf Frodo Aragorn
Sacrificial death,
resurrection
 Dies in
Moria,
reborn as Gandalf the White[c]
 Symbolically dies under Morgul-knife,
healed by Elrond[24] 		Takes
Paths of the Dead,
reappears in Gondor
Saviour All three help to save Middle-earth from Sauron
Threefold Messianic symbolism Prophet Priest King

Adaptations

Gandalf as depicted in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film

In the BBC Radio dramatisations, Gandalf has been voiced by Norman Shelley in The Lord of the Rings (1955–1956),[25] Heron Carvic in The Hobbit (1968), Bernard Mayes in The Lord of the Rings (1979),[26] and Sir Michael Hordern in The Lord of the Rings (1981).[27]

Rankin/Bass. William Squire voiced Gandalf in the animated film The Lord of the Rings (1978) directed by Ralph Bakshi. Ivan Krasko played Gandalf in the Soviet film adaptation The Hobbit (1985).[28] Gandalf was portrayed by Vesa Vierikko in the Finnish television miniseries Hobitit (1993).[29]

Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White in Peter Jackson's The Two Towers (2002)

Ian McKellen portrayed Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings film series (2001–2003), directed by Peter Jackson, after Sean Connery and Patrick Stewart both turned down the role.[30][31] According to Jackson, McKellen based his performance as Gandalf on Tolkien himself:

We listened to audio recordings of Tolkien reading excerpts from Lord of the Rings. We watched some BBC interviews with him—there's a few interviews with Tolkien—and Ian based his performance on an impersonation of Tolkien. He's literally basing Gandalf on Tolkien. He sounds the same, he uses the speech patterns and his mannerisms are born out of the same roughness from the footage of Tolkien. So, Tolkien would recognize himself in Ian's performance.[32]

McKellen received widespread acclaim

Empire named Gandalf, as portrayed by McKellen, the 30th greatest film character of all time.[36] He reprised the role in The Hobbit film series (2012–2014), claiming that he enjoyed playing Gandalf the Grey more than Gandalf the White.[37][38] He voiced Gandalf for several video games based on the films, including The Two Towers,[39] The Return of the King,[40] and The Third Age.[41]

Charles Picard portrayed Gandalf in the 1999 stage production of The Two Towers at Chicago's Lifeline Theatre.[42][43] Brent Carver portrayed Gandalf in the 2006 musical production The Lord of the Rings, which opened in Toronto.[44]

Gandalf appears in The Lego Movie, voiced by Todd Hanson.[45] Gandalf is a main character in the video game Lego Dimensions and is voiced by Tom Kane.[46]

Gandalf has his own movement in

Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings", which was written for concert band and premiered in 1988.[47] The Gandalf theme has the note sequence G-A-D-A-F, "Gandalf" as far as can be formed with the notes A to G. The result is a "striving, rising theme".[48]

Notes

  1. ^ Meaning "Grey Pilgrim"
  2. Eru
    intervening to change the course of the world.
  3. ^ Other commentators such as Jane Chance have compared this transformed reappearance to the Transfiguration of Jesus.[23]

References

Primary

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Tolkien 1980, part 4, ch. 2, "The Istari"
  2. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 4, ch. 5, "The Window on the West"
  3. ^ a b c d Tolkien 1955, Appendix B
  4. ^ a b Tolkien 1977, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  5. The Quest of Erebor
    "
  6. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 1, "An Unexpected Party"
  7. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 2, "Roast Mutton"
  8. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 3, "A Short Rest"
  9. ^ Tolkien 1937, "Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire"
  10. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 7, "Queer Lodgings"
  11. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 17, "The Clouds Burst"
  12. ^ Tolkien 1937, "The Last Stage"
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2, "The Council of Elrond"
  14. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 1, "A Long-Expected Party"
  15. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 2, "The Shadow of the Past"
  16. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 11, "A Knife in the Dark"
  17. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch.3, "The Ring Goes South"
  18. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 4, "A Journey in the Dark"
  19. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 5, "The Bridge of Khazad-Dum"
  20. ^ a b Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 5, "The White Rider"
  21. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 6, "The King of the Golden Hall"
  22. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 7, "Helm's Deep"
  23. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 8, "The Road to Isengard"
  24. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 10, "The Voice of Saruman"
  25. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 3, ch. 11, "The Palantír"
  26. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 1, "Minas Tirith"
  27. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 10, "The Black Gate Opens"
  28. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 4, "The Field of Cormallen"
  29. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 5, "The Steward and the King"
  30. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 7, "Homeward Bound"
  31. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9, "The Grey Havens"
  32. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 1, "Many Meetings".
  33. ^ Tolkien 1988, p. ix
  34. ^ Tolkien 1988, p. 452
  35. Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings
  36. ^ Carpenter 2023, #156 to R. Murray, SJ, November 1954
  37. ^ Carpenter 2023, #268 to Miss A.P. Northey, January 1965
  38. ^ Carpenter 2023, #325 to R. Green, July 1971
  39. ^ Carpenter 2023, #107 to Allen & Unwin, December 1946
  40. ^ Carpenter 2023, #119 to Allen & Unwin, February 1949

Secondary

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  3. ISBN 978-0-0492-8037-3
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  4. ^ Zimmerman, Manfred (1983). "The Origin of Gandalf and Josef Madlener". Mythlore. 9 (4). East Lansing, Michigan: Mythopoeic Society. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  5. ISBN 978-1438119069
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  6. ^ Siikala, Anna-Leena (30 July 2007). "Väinämöinen". Kansallisbiografia (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
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  8. ^ "Halfdan the Black Saga (Ch. 1. Halfdan Fights Gandalf and Sigtryg) in Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings, transl. Samuel Laing (Norroena Society, London, 1907)". mcllibrary.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2018. The same autumn he went with an army to Vingulmark against King Gandalf. They had many battles, and sometimes one, sometimes the other gained the victory; but at last they agreed that Halfdan should have half of Vingulmark, as his father Gudrod had had it before.
  9. ^ Shippey, Tom. "Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy". Nordals.hi.is. Archived from the original on 30 August 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2012. We know that Tolkien had great difficulty in getting his story going. In my opinion, he did not break through until, on February 9, 1942, he settled the issue of languages
  10. ^ a b Jøn, A. Asbjørn (1997). An investigation of the Teutonic god Óðinn; and a study of his relationship to J. R.R. Tolkien's character, Gandalf (Thesis). University of New England.
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  13. ^ a b Tolkien 1937, pp. 148–149.
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  21. ISBN 978-1-61147-065-9. Archived
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  22. ^ Schultz, Forrest W. (1 December 2002). "Christian Typologies in The Lord of the Rings". Chalcedon. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
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Sources
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