Beresteishchyna
Beresteishchyna Берестейщина (Ukrainian) Берасцейшчына (Belarusian) | |
---|---|
Capital | Brest |
Today part of |
Beresteishchyna (
Name
Other names for Beresteishchyna include Brest Land, Brest Volost, Berestiyshchyna,
History
Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
During the time of the Union of Lublin, representatives from Beresteishchyna and Volhynia spoke in favour of unification with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, alongside other Ukrainian lands.[4]
Later, the Ukrainians of Beresteishchyna became involved in Cossack uprisings. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, there was a pro-Khmelnytsky uprising in Brest, which lasted for over three months, from September 1648 to January 1649, before being crushed by the forces of Janusz Radziwiłł. Another uprising occurred in 1649, leading to the deaths of approximately 2,000 of the city's residents. Other, more minor uprisings took place in Turov, Ivanava, and Kobryn.[5]
Russian Empire
Following the
During
Russian Civil War
According to the terms of the
During the autumn of 1918, a
Interwar period
According to the
The Polish government, however, undertook a series of
World War II and post-war period
As part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Polesie Voivodeship was annexed by the Soviet Union following the invasion of Poland. Polesie Voivodeship was included into the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, with the exception of Koszyr County, which became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[17] Following the annexation, there were protests in Brest and Kobryn by residents, who asked to join the Ukrainian SSR. A Polesian delegation went to the People's Congress of Western Ukraine , but was denied the right to participate by the Soviet government.[18] Nikita Khrushchev, then First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, also supported the inclusion of the region into Ukraine, but was denied by Joseph Stalin in favour of Panteleimon Ponomarenko, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia.[19] After the region's annexation into the Byelorussian SSR, an active campaign of de-Ukrainisation and Russification began, with Ukrainian-language schools being closed and the Russian language being introduced. By 1940, there were 58 Ukrainian-language schools in Brest Region,[20] though this number later decreased to 30.[21]
After Operation Barbarossa, Beresteishchyna was included into Reichskommissariat Ukraine by Nazi Germany. Local OUN committees were established in Kobryn, Zhabinka, Ivanava, Dyvin, and Drohiczyn.[22] Ukrainian-language newspapers once again began publishing,[1] and 159 Ukrainian-language schools were operating in Beresteishchyna by February 1943.[20] In 1941, the Ukrainian People's Revolutionary Army, led by Taras Bulba-Borovets, formed in Polesia. The first Beresteishchyna sotnia of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army formed in Dyvin in October 1942, eventually growing into two military districts within Beresteishchyna: 1 and 3 , both part of UPA-North .[23] Ukrainian insurgent groups engaged in combat with both Soviet Belarusian partisans and the Polish resistance, as well as with German forces. By late 1944, 840–1,200 UPA soldiers were active in Beresteishchyna.[24]
After the end of the war, the Soviets cracked down on the UPA. By May or June 1948, the Beresteishchyna command had been destroyed.[24] The final UPA-Soviet confrontations in the region took place in Ivanava District and Kobryn District in March 1952 and 1953, respectively, both of which ended in defeats for the UPA.[23]
Since 1990
The early 1990s, with the independence of Belarus, led to increased activity from Belarusian Ukrainians.[1] On 18 February 1990, the Ukrainian Public Civic Association of Brest Region was formed, advocating for granting Ukrainians in Beresteishchyna the status of a national minority and working for the preservation of their culture.[2] The Ukrainian-language newspaper Voice of Beresteishchyna was published from 1991 to 1996, and the Beresteishchyna Prosvita organisation was founded.[1] In 1996, the Beresteishchyna Dictionary was published by Volodymyr Leoniuk in Lviv.[25] The same year, Ukrainian studies began being offered as a course at A.S. Pushkin Brest State University.
However, this expression of Ukrainian cultural identity was not welcomed by the Belarusian population. In 1990, the militsiya attacked members of the Ukrainian Public Civic Association as they were selling newspapers, referring to them as "Banderites", and telling them to, "go back to Lvovshchina".[26] In addresses to the Supreme Council of Belarus, head of the State Security Committee Eduard Shyrkouski made disparaging remarks about the Public Civic Association. Viktor Sheiman, also head of the State Security Committee, declared a total ban on the Ukrainian movement in Brest Region, comparing the situation to Kosovo. On 7 April 1999, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko claimed that a Polish-Ukrainian congress would be held in Brest demanding autonomy,[27] and subsequently banned the Beresteishchyna Dictionary and the Beresteishchyna Prosvita.[20]
Demographics
According to the
Language | Speakers | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 140,561 | 64.4% |
Jewish | 45,397 | 20.8% |
Russian | 17,759 | 8.1% |
Polish | 8,515 | 3.9% |
Belarusian | 3,997 | 1.8% |
Language | Speakers | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 146,789 | 79.6% |
Jewish | 25,307 | 13.7% |
Russian | 5,746 | 3.1% |
Polish | 4,148 | 2.2% |
Belarusian | 1,563 | 0.8% |
Language | Speakers |
---|---|
Ukrainian | 287,350 |
Jewish | 70,704 |
Russian | 23,505 |
Polish | 12,663 |
Belarusian | 5,560 |
During the Second Polish Republic, the number of Ukrainians decreased and the number of Belarusians and Tutejszy increased. According to Ukrainian anthropologist and nationalist politician Volodymyr Kubijovyč, this was due in part to the recording of Ukrainians as Belarusians in spite of their answers.[30]
Nationality/language | Population, 1921[a]
|
Percentage, 1921 | Population, 1931[a]
|
Percentage, 1931 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tutejszy | 36.8 | 4.9% | 707.1 | 62.3% |
Poles | 191.5 | 25.6% | 164.4 | 14.5% |
Jews | 80.4 | 10.7% | 113 | 10.0% |
Belarusians | 361.5 | 48.4% | 73.4 | 6.6% |
Ukrainians | 73.4 | 9.8% | 54.0 | 4.8% |
Russians | 3.6 | 0.5% | 16.2 | 1.4% |
Other | 0.3 | 0.1% | 2.1 | 0.2% |
The 2009 Belarusian census recorded a total of 158,723 Ukrainians in Belarus, with 40,046 (25.2%) of these Ukrainians being in Brest Region.[31] This was a decrease from the 1999 Belarusian census, where the Ukrainian population was 57,111.[25] Estimates from Ukrainian observers consider the actual number to be far higher - around one million people.[32]
Notable people
- Athanasius of Brest, hieromartyr and saint of the Orthodox Church
- Natalka Babina, Belarusian Ukrainian-language writer
- Mykhailo Krychevsky, Polish noble and Cossack commander
- Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish philosopher
- Theodore Odrach, Ukrainian writer
- Hypatius Pociej, Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia
- Oleksa Storozhenko, Ukrainian writer, anthropologist, playwright
- Volodymyr Vasylkovych, Belarusian noble
References
- ^ )
- ^ a b Довідник з історії України [Handbook on the History of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Heneza. 1993. p. 37.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ Arkushyn, Hryhoriy (2015). "Українська більшість Берестейщини як сучасна меншість" [The Ukrainian majority of Beresteishchyna as a modern minority] (PDF). Volyn-Zhytomyr Historical and Philological Collection of Regional Issues (in Ukrainian): 6.
- ^ a b Hrytsenko, Halyna. "Культурно-просвітницька діяльність українців і білорусів у міжвоєнний період" [Ukrainian and Belarusian cultural and educational figures during the interwar period] (PDF). Humanitarian Science Issues: 36–42.
- ^ Arkushyn, Hryhoriy (2015). "Українська більшість Берестейщини як сучасна меншість" [The Ukrainian majority of Beresteishchyna as a modern minority] (PDF). Volyn-Zhytomyr Historical and Philological Collection of Regional Issues (in Ukrainian): 7.
- ^ a b c d e "Олександр Вабіщевич. УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ КУЛЬТУРНО-ПРОСВІТНИЦЬКИЙ РУХ НА ПОЛІССІ (1920—30-ті рр.)" [Oleksandr Vabishchevych: The Ukrainian cultural-education movement in Polesia (1920s-1930s)]. Union of Belarusian Writers. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ a b Isayevych, Yaroslav (2003). "Берестейська земля, Берестейщина" [Brest Land, Beresteishchyna]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine.
- ^ ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9789662911244.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 4.12.1939 о разграничении областей между Украинской ССР и Белорусской ССР [4.12.1939 Order by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on delimitation of regions between the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR (in Russian). Wikisource. Accessed 30 April 2023.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9789663464091.
- ^ a b c Vynnychenko, Ihor (4 June 1999). "Українці Берестейщини - автохтони чи іммігранти?" [Beresteishchyna Ukrainians - autochthonous or immigrants?]. The Day (Kyiv) (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ISBN 9789662911244.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 9789662911244.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ a b Serhiychuk, Volodymyr (2008). Розвиток українського визвольного руху на Берестейщині в роки Другої світової війни як вияв національного відродження [The development of the Ukrainian liberation movement in Beresteishchyna during the Second World War as a manifestation of national revival] (in Ukrainian). Lviv: I. Krypyakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. pp. 384–389.
- ^ ISBN 9789663464091.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ISBN 9669506301.
- ^ "Брестский уезд". Demoscope (in Russian). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ "Кобринский уезд". Demoscope (in Russian). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ a b Kubijovyč, Volodymyr (1963). Західні Українські Землі в межах Польщі 1920-1939 [Western Ukraine Within Poland 1920-1939] (in Ukrainian). Chicago, New York: Ukrainian Scientific Publishing Institute. pp. 22–23.
- ^ "Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009". pop-stat.mashke.org. 14–24 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ISBN 9789662911244.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link