Bhaktapur
Bhaktapur
𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅 ( Nyatapola . | |
---|---|
Nepal Bhasa and Nepali | |
Time zone | UTC+05:45 (NST) |
Postal code | 44800 |
Area code | 01 |
Website | www |
Bhaktapur (
As part of the
Compared to other
Etymology
The present day name of the city in
By the 11th century, Khopring had evolved to Khwopa as the term appeared for the first time in a manuscript from 1004.[20] Similarly, the Gopal Raj Vamshavali written in the 14th century refers to the city as Khwopa and in some pages of the manuscript as Khwopu and Swopa.[20] The term Khwopa was used to describe the city in almost all of the inscriptions, manuscripts and documents from the Malla dynasty.[17]
After the
History
Antiquity
The folklore of the
Apart from above, much of the early history of Bhaktapur is largely unknown.
Licchavi dynasty
Three
Bhaktapur's oldest
Foundation
Ganga Devi's death has not been properly studied yet. It is possible that she died in 1602 as after 1602, her eldest son
Jagat Prakasha Malla died on 8 December 1672 because of smallpox after which the reign of Jitamitra Malla began.[61] He is fondly remembered for the construction of a canal which brought water to the city from the hills of Nagarkot.[51] His son, Bhupatindra Malla, who succeeded him in 1696 is likely the most popular ruler from Bhaktapur because of the numerous construction works that took place during his reign. The Nyatapola, today a symbol of the city was commissioned by him.[62] His son Ranajit Malla was the last ruler of the Kingdom of Bhaktapur and is remembered today for his musical contributions. The Newar language devotional songs he wrote are still sung in Bhaktapur today.[63]
In November 1769, Bhaktapur was attacked by and after suffering a heavy loss eventually surrendered to the expanding Gorkha kingdom which became the Kingdom of Nepal.[51]
Rana Regime
After its defeat in 1769, Bhaktapur lost most of its political and cultural importance to Kathmandu and Lalitpur, the capital of the newly formed Kingdom of Nepal.[64][65] Bhaktapur was visited by Colonel Kirkpatrick of East India Company in 1792 and in his book described the city as being in a better state than Kathmandu or Lalitpur.[66] Bhaktapur played a small role during the rise of Jung Bahadur Rana as its former palace was where King Rajendra Bikram Shah was imprisoned in 1847. After the establishment of the Rana dynasty in 1846, Rana's brother Dhir Shumsher Rana was appointed as the magistrate of the city.[67] Dhir Shumsher oversaw the demolition of many of the old palaces of Bhaktapur and its replacement with British style inspired buildings.[67]
The great earthquake of 1833 and 1934 damaged most of the city including the palace and temples.[67][71][72] In the earthquake of 1833, Bhaktapur suffered the most damage in the Kathmandu Valley. Out of 500 total casualties of the earthquake, at least 200 of them were in Bhaktapur.[73][74] Around 25% to 70% of the town suffered major destruction, including at least 2,000 homes and six to eight temples.[73]
When the 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck in 1934, Bhaktapur was one of the most affected towns of Nepal.[75][76] Around 40-100% of residential buildings were directly affected while 6224 buildings were completely destroyed by the earthquake.[76] Many of the old palaces and temples which were already weakened by the earthquake of 1833 were also completely destroyed. Almost all the buildings in Bhaktapur Durbar Square were heavily damaged.[77] Around 177 heritages were completely destroyed during the earthquake.[76]
Many of the Malla era temples and palaces of the city like the Basantapur Lyākū, Chaukot Lyākū and Thanthu Lyākū were completely destroyed in the earthquakes and many of them were never restored and the few that were, were reconstructed in a Mughal style stucco dome by the Ranas.[77][78]
The economy of Bhaktapur which had already been struggling after losing the flow of Tibetan traders was greatly crippled by the earthquakes of 1833 and 1934.[79] The 1934 earthquake also damaged the physical infrastructure of the town and most of the inhabitants were unable to rebuild their houses properly.[79] The earthquake permanently damaged the Rajkulo canals that had been providing fresh water to the city since the time of the Mallas.[80] An economically struggling Bhaktapur was unable to repair these canals and as a result fresh water became scarce in the city. The sanitation level of Bhaktapur became severely low and poverty and diseases became rampant.[79]
20th century
In the 1950s, when the tyrannical Rana dynasty ended and Nepal was open up to the outside world, Kathmandu and the other cities around it like Patan saw a big rise in urbanization and population. However, Bhaktapur was farther away from the capital and was left out from the development that occurred in the other cities of the Kathmandu Valley.[71][81] Bhaktapur was also greatly isolated and ignored by the central powers. When a new highway was built, it completely bypassed the city and instead ran through the outskirts.[71][82] Bhaktapur was the poorest city of Nepal in the 20th century.[71] The Rajkulo canals that provided fresh water was never repaired and sanitation level was very low.[81] Due to extremely high population density and low sanitation, the city became extremely unhygienic as feces and litter filled the roads.[79] Diseases were rampant and greatly affected the farmer majority population of Bhaktapur couldn't afford modern medicine.[83] Just like the inhabitants, the heritages of Bhaktapur also suffered greatly during this period as many arts and artifacts were stolen.[5]
Under the Bhaktapur Development Project which was funded by West Germany, the city's physical infrastructure and heritage sites were all revitalized.[30] Tourism started to became a major source for Bhaktapur's economy. A political party named Nepal Workers Peasants Party was started in the city and it gained the support of majority farmer population of the city.
Demographics
A song composed by Ranajit Malla in 1769 mention Bhaktapur as a city with 12,000 households.[84] Henry Ambrose Oldfield who visited Nepal during the 1850s wrote that there were fifty thousand inhabitants in Bhaktapur.[85]
At the time of the 2001 Nepal census, it had a population of 72,543.[86] The 2011 Nepal census reports the population of Bhaktapur as 81,748 with 41,081 men and 40,667 women.[87] The results of the 2021 Nepal census put the population of Bhaktapur at 79,136 with the population of men at 39,755 and of women at 39,381 and the total number of households at 18,987.[4] Around 90% of the population of Bhaktapur belong to the Newar ethnic group.[87]
Culture
Art
Bhaktapur, being a former capital of a
Woodcarving is a major artwork of the
Similar to woodcarving, very few stone or metal sculptures from the
The Luṁ dhvākā or the Golden gate which serves as an entrance to the inner courtyards of the former royal palace was constructed between 1751 and 1754 by Subhākara, Karuṇākara and Ratikara.[95] It is considered one of the most important works of Nepalese art. Just as popular as the Golden Gate is the gold plated bronze statue of Bhupatindra Malla placed on a stone pillar front of the gate, crafted by a smith from Kathmandu.[96]
Hiti
The entirety of
Ponds
There are 50 artificial ponds/lakes (
A lot of the smaller ponds in the dense settlements of city were built in the Malla dynasty as a sort of water supply during a fire.[101] These ponds also have cultural and religious significance, along with agricultural ones. For instance, Kamal Pokhari (bāhre pukhu), in the local folklore, is considered the abode of Tula Rani, a mythical queen weighing only one Tula.[102] Bhājyā pukhu, located in the western part of the city and directly south of Siddha Pokhari, is similar to Rani Pokhari of Kathmandu as both of them have an island in their centre with a temple in it.[101] It was commissioned by Bhāju Kasa, a late 17th century official of Bhaktapur and has many folklore associated with it.[101] Similarly, Nhu pukhu built in 1629 by Jagajjyoti Malla was popularly called Rani Pukhu, meaning queen of ponds, because of its beauty.[101] Naḥ pukhu was believed to have built in a single night by a wizard in 1168, hence it is also called Guhya pukhu, meaning secretive pond.
Phalcha
Phalchā is a
It was considered religiously pious to consecrate phalcas and today there are 364 phalcas in Bhaktapur consecrated with most dating from the Malla dynasty.[105] The two largest ones are located in Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former royal palace square.[105] Mandapa and Sattal are another type of rest houses found in Nepal. Mandapa, like a phalchā is a roofed platform but they are always free standing and have sixteen colonnade, four on each side.[106] Many mandapa in Bhaktapur have a second storey like the Chyāsilim mandapa of Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Sattal are almost always multi storied public buildings which serves as a shrine for a deity and in the past was used as a habitation for pilgrims and travelers.[106]
Language
Bhaktapur Newar (𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂, khvapaḥ bhāy) is a distinct dialect of Newar language spoken in Bhaktapur and its environs.[107] Generally, the vocabulary is similar to that of the standard dialect (standard refers to the Newar spoken in Kathmandu and Lalitpur) with some pronunciation changes but differences do exist.[108] The most widely known difference is for the word laḥ (𑐮𑑅, "water") which becomes nā (𑐣𑐵) in the Bhaktapur dialect.[108] This difference is often used humorously as nā in the standard dialect means "mud" and laḥ in the Bhaktapur dialect means "drool". Terminologies relating to traditional musical instruments are also different between the two dialects.[109] In a lot of words, the "ā" sound in the standard dialect is replaced "a" sound and vice versa. Similarly, Bhaktpaur Newar has a voiced velar nasal sound '𑐒', that is not present in the standard dialect.[110] For instance, the Nyatapola is called as "𑐒𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑑀𑐮" (ṅātāpola) in Bhaktapur whereas in the standard dialect its name is "𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑐿𑐵"(nyātāpau).[111]
Literature
Before Nepal Bhasa became the official language in the Malla dynasty, most literature was written in Sanskrit and even during the Malla dynasty, Sanskrit was an important literary language.[107] Historical documents written in the Newar language first began appearing since the 14th century. The influential Gopal Raj Vamshavali, a book about the history of Nepal was written in Bhaktapur by an anonymous writer from Panauti.[19] Like other artworks, most literature of Bhaktapur before the 20th century were written by anonymous authors and are generally attributed to the ruling monarch because it was a common practice to mention a monarch's name. However, there were a few royal writers like Ranajit Malla and his queen consort Briddhi Lakshmi who are among the most popular historical authors, the former mostly remembered for his plays and the later for her poems.[112] Ranajit Malla's "hāya hāya rāma rāma" and Briddhi Lakshmi's "ka kha yā mye" are noted for their historical as well as literary importance.[b][112]
Main sights
Bhaktapur is one of the most visited sites of Nepal popular among both foreign and domestic visitors.[116][117] The most visited site of Bhaktapur are the city's four squares, which all except for one are concentrated on the middle part of Bhaktapur.[118] The first of them is the Durbar Square (𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑐸, Lyākū), the former royal palace complex of Bhaktapur and houses the former royal palace and various temples that were built in its vicinity.[72][119] Although, the Durbar Square of Bhaktapur received heavy damage from both the 1934 and 2015 earthquake, many of the fallen monuments have been reconstructed.[17] The Durbar square houses various monuments like the palace of fifty five windows, the Simhādhwākhā Lyākū palace which houses the National Art Gallery, one of the first museum of Nepal, the stone temple of Vatsala Devi and Siddhi Lakshmi.[119] The temple of Silu Māhādeo (meaning "the Shiva of Silu") located on the eastern part of Bhaktapur Durbar Square is the tallest Shikhara style building in Nepal.[68][120][121]
The Taumadhi Square (𑐟𑑅𑐩𑐵𑐬𑐷, Tamārhi) houses the
The Dattatraya Square located in the Tachapal tole (
Changu Narayan
The temple is a double-roofed structure where the idol of Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Narayana is deified. The temple has intricate roof struts showing multi-armed Tantric deities. A kneeling image of Garuda (dated to the 5th century), the vahana or vehicle of Vishnu with a snake around its neck, faces the temple. The gilded door depicts stone lions guarding the temple. Gilded windows also flank the door. A conch and a disc, symbols of Vishnu, are carved on the two pillars at the entrance. Non-Hindus are not allowed inside the temple.[133][129]
Kailashnath Mahadev Statue
Kailashnath Mahadev is the World's Tallest
In popular culture
Portions of the Hollywood film Little Buddha starring Keanu Reeves and Bridget Fonda were filmed in the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. Also, portions of Indian films
2015 earthquake
A magnitude of 7.8 Richter earthquake 2015 Nepal earthquake that struck on 25 April 2015 (12 Baisakh 2072 B.S., Saturday, at local time 11:56 am) damaged 116 heritages in the city. 67 of those heritages were completely damaged while 49 suffered from partial damages. The earthquake badly damaged the Bhaktapur Durbar square, a significant heritage site included in the UNESCO world heritage list. The main premises of Taleju Temple also witnessed damages in the disaster.
The Nepal-Bihar earthquake in 1934 demolished several buildings that were never rebuilt. Chyasilin Mandap has been rebuilt in 1990 using contemporary earthquake proof technology. The building survived the 2015 earthquake unharmed.[135]
Notable people
- Devalakshmidevi, ruler
- Ganga Devi, 16th century queen
- Bhāgirāma Kāyastha (alias Bhāju Kasa), 18th century minister
- Bhupatindra Malla, ruler
- Ranajit Malla, ruler and Newar language writer
- Briddhi Lakshmi, queen consort and Newar language poet
- Padma Sundar Malla, electrical engineer and the first Nepalese to visit the US
- Jagat Sundar Malla, activist and Newar language writer
- Bharat Jangam, writer
- Narayan Man Bijukchhe, politician and writer
- Prem Suwal, politician and a Member of Parliament
- Gita Shahi, actress
See also
Gallery
-
Street scene, Bhaktapur, Nepal. 1979
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Street of Bhaktapur at night
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Bhaktapur Durbar Square
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Bhaktapur Taumadhi square.
-
Statue of King Bhupatindra Malla at Bhaktapur Durbar Square
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View of Taumadhi square
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Peacock Window
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Woman drying rice
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Newari king curd (Juju Dhau)
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Bhaktapur Durbar Square
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NyatapolaTemple
-
Festival preparations
Notes
References
Citations
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- ^ a b Slusser, Mary Shepherd; Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra. "Two Medieval Nepalese Buildings". Asian Art. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-351-94627-8.
- ^ a b Sunder Krishna Joshi. A Descriptive Study of the Bhaktapur Dialect of Newari, PhD Dissertation by Sunder Krishna Joshi.
- ^ Music Diaries Nepal (2 September 2020), COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEWAR DRUMMING: CASE STUDY DHIMAYBAJA; Origin, Similarities, and Differences.
- ^ Levy 1990, p. 624.
- ISBN 9789937080712.
- ^ a b c Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahitya ya Itihasa (in Newari). Nepal Bhasa Academy. p. 54.
- ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 1.
- ^ "\'Rajamati\' script writer Nakarmi passes away". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ Republica. "Bijukchhe's book 'Bhaktapur after hundred years' launched". My Republica. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Bhaktapur attracts most tourists among Ktm Valley's Durbar Squares". nepalindata.com. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ "Bhaktapur - Nepal Tourism Board". ntb.gov.np. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Bhaktapur: A Tale of the ancient trade city". Bhaktapur.com. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Bhaktapur Durbar Square: the best place to make your stories". Bhaktapur.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Wright, Colin. "Temple of Mahadeo, Bhatgaon (Nepal). March 1853". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ^ "Phasidegal; the tallest temple of Bhaktapur Durbar Square". Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- ISBN 974-524-018-4.
- ^ "फेरि उठ्यो भैरवनाथ". Himal Khabar. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "यसरी पुनर्निर्माण हुँदैछ प्रसिद्ध भैरवनाथ मन्दिर (फोटोफिचर)". Online Khabar. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Aesamari Sattal of Taumadhi Square | Bhaktapur". Bhaktapur.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ISBN 978-81-8411-002-9.
- ^ "Bhairavnath Temple, Bhaktapur, Nepal". Asian Architecture. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
- ^ "Brief Introduction : भक्तपुर जि.स.स". dccbhaktapur.gov.np. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
- ^ a b Destination Nepal: Bhaktapur [2]. Retrieved: 9 Dec 2011.
- ^ "Bhimsen Temple, Dattatraya Square". Bhaktapur.com. 2019.
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Kathmandu Valley". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
- ^ a b "Introducing Changu Narayan Temple". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
- ^ "Film Shooting Locations - Filmapia – reel sites. real sights". www.filmapia.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
- ^ The Eight Cornered Gift, 15 October 2014, Kapil Bisht
Bibliography
- Levy, Robert Isaac (1990). Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06911-4.
- Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (2001). Tripura ra Yuthunimama rajakula (in Nepali). ISBN 9993362204.
- Gutschow, Niels; Kolver, Bernhard (1975). Bhaktapur Ordered Space Concepts and Functions in A Town of Nepal. Wiesbaden. ISBN 3515020772.
- Haland, Ane (1982). Bhaktapur, A Town Changing. Analysis of a development project's influence on social change in a medieval society in Nepal. Bhaktapur Development Project.
Further reading
- Bindloss, Joe; Holden, Trent; Mayhew, Bradley. (2009). Nepal. Lonely Planet.
- Destination Nepal: Bhaktapur, Retrieved: 9 Dec 2011
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150716231329/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/08/capital/april-25-quake-damages-116-heritages-in-bhaktapur/404994.html Retrieved: 8 May 2015
- http://www.bhaktapur.com/
- http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_106_01.pdf
Further reading
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Urban Renewal: The Restoration of Bhaktapur, in: UNASYLVA der FAO/UN vol.30, no.121, Rome 1978
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Certain Aspects of Design of Nepalese Degah with an Ambulatory Surrounding the Cella, in: Heritage of the Kathmandu Valley - Proceedings of an International Conference in Lübeck, June 1985, Sankt Augustin 1987
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Dhunge-Dharas in the Kathmandu Valley - An Outline of their Architectural Development, in: Ancient Nepal (Journal of the Department of Archaeology), No. 116-118, Kathmandu 1990
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Two Nepalese Shrines of the Saha-Period with Eclectic Characteristics, in: Artibus Asiae, Vol. LIV. 1/2, Zürich 1994
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Water Conduits in the Kathmandu Valley, Munshriram Manoharlal Publishers, Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi 1995
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Dhunge-Dharas in the Kathmandu Valley - Continuity and Development of Architectural Design, in: Change and Continuity -Studies in the Nepalese Culture of the Kathmandu Valley. Proceedings of the International Conference-Seminar of Nepalese Studies in Stockholm, 1987. Orientalia - Collana di Studi Orientali des CESMEO, No. VII, Torino, 1996
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,The Nyatapola Temple of Bhaktapur - A Mark of Nepalese Temple Design, in: Marg, Vol.49 No.4, Mumbai 1998
- Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A,Golden Peaks and Tinkling Bells: Gilt Metal Craft in Kathmandu Valley Architecture, in: Marg, Vol.62 No.1, Mumbai 2010:
- Bijukchhe, N.M. 2059 VS (2002–3 AD). Saya Barsha Pachiko Bhaktapur (Bhaktapur After 100 Years). Bhaktapur: Kendriya Prakashan Samiti, Nepal Majdur Kishan Party.
- Dhakal, Suresh, and Sanjeev Pokharel. 2009. "Local Movements, Political Processes and Transformation: A Case Study of Bhaktapur Municipality." Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 11:178-201.
- Gellner, David. 2001. The Anthropology of Hinduism and Buddhism: Weberian Themes. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Chap. 12 and 13.)
- Gibson, Ian. 2015. Suffering and Christianity: Conversion and Ethical Change Among the Newars of Bhaktapur. D.Phil. Thesis in Anthropology, University of Oxford. (Especially chap. 2–4.)
- Gibson, Ian. 2017. Suffering and Hope: Christianity and Ethics among the Newars of Bhaktapur. Kathmandu: Ekta Books.
- Grieve, Gregory. 2006. Retheorizing religion in Nepal. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Gutschow, Niels, and Bernhard Kolver. 1975. Ordered space: concepts and functions in a town of Nepal. Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner.
- Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2005. Handling death: the dynamics of death and ancestor rituals among the Newars of Bhaktapur, Nepal. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2008. Growing up: Hindu and Buddhist initiation rituals among Newar children in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2012. Getting married: Hindu and Buddhist marriage rituals among the Newars of Bhaktapur and Patan, Nepal. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Haaland, Ane. 1982. Bhaktapur, A Town Changing. Analysis of a development project's influence on social change in a medieval society in Nepal.
- Hachhethu, Krishna. 2007. Social Change and Leadership: A Case Study of Bhaktapur City. In Political and social transformations in north India and Nepal, edited by Hiroshi Ishii, David Gellner and Katsuo Nawa. New Delhi: Manohar.
- Mikesell, Stephen L. 1993. "A Critique of Levy's theory of the urban mesocosm." Contributions to Nepalese studies 20 (2):231-54.
- Parish, Steven M. 1994. Moral knowing in a Hindu sacred city: an exploration of mind, emotion, and self. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Parish, Steven M. 1996. Hierarchy and its discontents: culture and the politics of consciousness in caste society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Raj, Yogesh. 2010. History as mindscapes: a memory of the peasants' movement of Nepal. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.
- Widdess, Richard. 2013. Dāphā: sacred singing in a South Asian city: music, performance and meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Farnham: Ashgate.
- von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2019. Nepalese Stone Sculptures. Volume One: Hindu; Volume Two: Buddhist. (Visual Dharma Publications, 2019). 1556 pages with 2960 illustrations (duo-tone with numerous colour illustrations); 345 x 240 mm; bound with slipcase. Includes glossary, bibliography, chronological table, and index. SD card with more than 15,000 digital photos. ISBN 9783033063815
External links
- Media related to Bhaktapur at Wikimedia Commons
- Bhaktapur travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Bhaktapur.com
- Old pictures of Bhaktapur from 1920
- Explore Nepal: Bhaktapur
- Bhaktapur Photo gallery
- After quake situation of Nepal's cultural capital, Bhaktapur, ABP News, 29 April 2015
- Tourist captures terrifying moment earthquake strikes Bhaktapur, Leon Siciliano, video source APTN6:25PM BST 30 April 2015