Biarmosuchia
Biarmosuchia | |
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Mounted skeleton of Biarmosuchus tener
| |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Synapsida |
Clade: | Therapsida
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Suborder: | †Biarmosuchia Sigogneau-Russell, 1989 |
Subgroups | |
Biarmosuchia is an extinct clade of non-mammalian synapsids from the
Characteristics
The biarmosuchian
The
Biarmosuchians ranged in size from relatively small species with skulls 10–15 cm in length to large species such as Biarmosuchus, which may have had a skull 60 centimetres (24 in) in length.[2]
Distribution
Currently the most representative group of the Biarmosuchia, the Burnetiamorpha, comprise ten genera:
Classification
Phylogeny of Biarmosuchia from Day et al., 2018[6] |
Biarmosuchians are typically considered the most basal major lineage of therapsids.[2] Biarmosuchia consists of a paraphyletic series of basal biarmosuchians that are fairly typical early therapsids, and the derived clade Burnetiamorpha, characterized by skulls ornamented by horns and bosses.
Taxonomic history
Biarmosuchians were the last of the six major therapsid lineages to be recognized.
Denise Sigogneau-Russell (1989) erected the infraorder Biarmosuchia to include the families Biarmosuchidae, Hipposauridae and Ictidorhinidae, distinct from Eotitanosuchia and Phthinosuchia.
Ivakhnenko (1999) argued that Biarmosuchus tener, Eotitanosuchus olsoni, and Ivantosaurus ensifer, all known from the Ezhovo locality, Ocher Faunal Assemblage, are actually the same species. Even if these taxa are shown to be distinct, Ivakhnenko's paper indicates that Eotitanosuchus and Biarmosuchus are very similar animals. Ivakhnenko also relocates the family Eotitanosuchidae to the order Titanosuchia, superorder Dinocephalia.
Benton 2000 and 2004[8] gives the Biarmosuchia the rank of suborder.
Paleoecology
Biarmosuchians were rare components of their ecosystems; only one specimen is known for most species.[2] However, they were moderately diverse and there were multiple contemporary species in some ecosystems.[9] All were predators similar to gorgonopsians and therocephalians, though they were generally not apex predators.
See also
- Evolution of mammals
- Permian tetrapods
- Tetraceratops
References
- ^ a b
Whitney, Megan R.; Sidor, Christian A. (2016). "A new therapsid from the Permian Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (mid-Zambezi Basin) of southern Zambia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (4): e1150767. S2CID 130695355.
- ^ a b c d e
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank E.; Asher, Robert J. (eds.). Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110275902.
- S2CID 83725100.)
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Day, Michael O.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Benoit, Julien; Fernandez, Vincent; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2018). "A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early Wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family Burnetiidae". Papers in Palaeontology. 4 (3): 453–475. S2CID 90992821.
- ^ Hopson, J.A. and H.R. Barghusen. 1986. "An analysis of therapsid relationships". In: The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like reptiles (eds. by N. Hotton III, P.D. MacLean, J.J. Roth, & E.C. Roth) pp. 83-106. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
- ^ "Classification of the vertebrates". Palaeo.gly. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19.
- ^
Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H. (2007). "A second burnetiamorph therapsid from the Permian Teekloof Formation of South Africa and its associated fauna". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 420–430. S2CID 86173425.
Further reading
- Benton, M. J.(2000), Vertebrate Paleontology, 2nd Ed. Blackwell Science Ltd. (2004) 3rd edition
- Carroll, R. L. (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
- Hopson, J.A. and Barghusen, H.R. (1986), An analysis of therapsid relationships in N Hotton, III, PD MacLean, JJ Roth and EC Roth, The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 83–106
- Ivakhnenko, M.F. (1999). "Biarmosuches from the Ocher Faunal Assemblage of Eastern Europe (abstract)". Paleontological Journal. 33 (3): 289–296. Archived from the original on 2001-07-14.
- Sigogneau-Russell, D., 1989, "Theriodontia I - Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia" Part 17 B I, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York
External links
- "Therapsida: Biarmosuchia". Palaeos. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.