Bird wing
Bird wings are a paired
Terrestrial
Anatomy
Like most other
The hand of birds is substantially transformed: some of its bones have been reduced, and some others have merged with each other. Three bones of the
Finger identity problem
The bones of three fingers are preserved in the bird wing. The question of which fingers they are has been discussed for about 150 years, and an extensive literature is devoted to it.[2][3] The anatomical, paleontological, and molecular data suggests that these are fingers 1–3, but embryological data suggests that these are actually fingers 2–4.[1] Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this discrepancy. Most likely, in birds, finger buds 2–4 began to follow the genetic program for the development of fingers 1–3.[3]
Wing shape
The shape of the wing is important in determining the flight capabilities of a bird. Different shapes correspond to different trade-offs between advantages such as speed, low energy use, and maneuverability.[4][5]
Two important parameters are the
Most kinds of bird wings can be grouped into four types, with some falling between two of these types. These types of wings are elliptical wings, high-speed wings, high aspect ratio wings and soaring wings with slots.
Elliptical wings
Elliptical wings are rounded and short. This type of wing allows for tight maneuvering in confined spaces such as dense vegetation. Elliptical wings are common in forest raptors (such as Accipiter hawks), and many passerines, particularly non-migratory ones (migratory species have longer wings). They are also common in species that use a rapid takeoff to evade predators, such as pheasants and partridges.
High speed wings
High-speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high-speed flight. This type of wing is present in fast-flying birds such as ducks. Birds that use their wings to "fly" underwater such as the auks also have small and elongated wings.
The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). Peregrine falcons have relatively large wings but they partially close their wings during dives. The fastest straight, powered flight is the
High aspect ratio wings
High aspect ratio (elongated) wings confer high flight efficiency for flights of long duration. When combined with a low wing loading, they are used for slow flight. This may take the form of almost hovering (as used by kestrels, terns and nightjars) or in soaring and gliding flight, particularly the dynamic soaring used by seabirds, which takes advantage of wind speed variation at different altitudes (wind shear) above ocean waves to provide lift. Low-speed flight is also important for birds that plunge-dive for fish.
Soaring wings with deep slots
These wings are favored by larger species of inland birds, such as