Boletus auripes

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Boletus auripes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Boletus
Species:
B. auripes
Binomial name
Boletus auripes
Peck (1898)
Boletus auripes
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible

Boletus auripes, commonly known as the butter-foot bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from New York in 1898, the fungus is found in eastern Asia, Central America, and eastern North America from Canada to Florida. It is a mycorrhizal species and typically grows in association with oak and beech trees.

The fruit bodies (mushrooms) formed by the fungus have convex to nearly flat caps that are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long by 3 cm (1.2 in) thick, and feature reticulations (net-like ridges) on the upper portion. Other than the brownish upper cap, the entire surface of the mushroom is yellow. B. auripes is edible. It can be distinguished from other similar yellow boletes by differences in color, degree of stem reticulation, and distribution.

Taxonomy

The species was originally

synonymy.[5][6]

In the genus Boletus, B. auripes is

Boletus regius.[7]

The

specific epithet auripes means "golden yellow foot". It is commonly known as the "butter-foot bolete".[8]

Description

The upper portion of the stem is reticulated.

The cap of B. auripes has a convex shape before flattening somewhat in maturity, and attains a diameter of 4–13 cm (1.6–5.1 in). The cap surface is dry, with a texture ranging from finely tomentose (hairy) to nearly smooth, and colored yellowish brown to chestnut brown or grayish brown. The cap color fades with age.[9] Similarly, the flesh—initially yellow—fades to whitish in maturity.[10] Unlike some other Boletus species, in B. auripes neither the surfaces nor the internal tissue turns blue when injured or exposed to air. The odor and taste of the mushroom are not distinctive.[9]

Initially pale yellow to yellow, the pore surface develops olive tinges as it matures, and often becomes depressed near the stem attachment. Pores are circular to angular, and minute—typically less than 1 mm wide; the tubes are 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) deep. The golden-yellow stem is 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) long by 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) thick. Young stems are typically bulbous to club-shaped, but this evens out somewhat as the mushroom grows, and mature stems are club-shaped to nearly equal in width throughout. The stem is dry, solid (i.e., not hollow), and features yellow reticulation, at least on the upper portion.

buff color.[11] The fruit body does not have a partial veil or a ring on the stem.[9] Boletus auripes is edible.[12][13]

Mushrooms produce a

cap cuticle is a trichodermium (whereby the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the surface of the cap) consisting of erect hyphae with a diameter of 3.2–6.4 μm.[11]

Similar species

Boletus lookalikes
B. hortonii
B. aureissimus

Field characteristics used to distinguish Boletus auripes from potential lookalike species include the yellowish brown to chestnut-brown cap surface that becomes paler with age, yellow flesh that does not stain blue, and a reticulate stem. B. aureissimus has a similar appearance, but has a honey-yellow to bright yellow or yellow-ochre cap, less conspicuous stem reticulation, and a more limited range covering Florida west to Texas. B. aureissimus var. castaneus has a purplish-brown cap with a texture like velvet.[9]

Boletus auripes somewhat resembles

B. impolitus has a floccose (wooly) or tomentose cap surface, and lacks an olive tinge on the tubes.[7]

Distribution and habitat

Boletus auripes is mycorrhizal,[8] and fruits singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground under broadleaf trees, especially oak and beech,[9] but it has also been recorded associating with mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia).[7] Boletus auripes typically forms fruit bodies between June and November.[9]

Boletus auripes has a

New York.[7][9][16] In Central America, it has been recorded in Belize.[11] The mushroom has also been recorded from Taiwan,[17] China (including Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan), and Japan.[18][19] It was reported for the first time from the Russian Far East in 2008.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Peck CH. (1897). "Report of the State Botanist (1896)". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 50: 77–159 (see p. 107).
  2. JSTOR 3755143. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  3. ^ "Boletus aureissimus (Murrill) Murrill 1938". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  4. JSTOR 3754063
    .
  5. ^ "Boletus crassipes Peck". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  6. ^ "Boletus crassipes Peck 1900". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0854860166
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-8131-9039-8
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 9780815605881
    .
  10. ^ McIlvaine C, MacAdam RK (1912). One Thousand American Fungi. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. pp. 450–1.
  11. ^
    ISSN 1560-2745
    .
  12. ^ Kuo M. (January 2007). "Boletus auripes". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  13. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2
    .
  14. ^ Kuo M. (December 2003). "Key to Boletus in North America (Page Eight)". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  15. JSTOR 3761543
    .
  16. ISSN 1405-9177.[permanent dead link
    ]
  17. ISSN 0372-333X
    .
  18. ISSN 0488-6291
    .
  19. ^ Chen CM. "Boletus auripes". Taiwan Fungal Flora Knowledge. Bioresource Collection and Research Center. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-09-01.
  20. ISSN 0026-3648
    .

External links

Boletus auripes in Index Fungorum

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