British Aerospace Hawk 200

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Hawk 200
RMAF BAE Hawk 208
Role Light multirole fighter
Manufacturer British Aerospace
First flight 19 May 1986
Introduction 1986
Status In service
Primary users Indonesian Air Force
Royal Malaysian Air Force
Royal Air Force of Oman
Produced 1990-2002[1]
Number built 62
Developed from BAE Systems Hawk

The British Aerospace Hawk 200 is a British single-seat, single-engine, subsonic

ground attack. Based on the BAE Systems Hawk
, Hawk 200 was developed as a dedicated combat variant of the Hawk advanced trainer family for export market.

Distinctive features of Hawk 200 as compared to other Hawk variants are the wider and pointed nose, accommodating the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-66H radar, and the shorter canopy, being the only true single-seat Hawk variant.[2]

Development

In 1984, British Aerospace (now BAE Systems) decided to pursue development of a combat-orientated variant of the Hawk aircraft, designated as Hawk 200; up to this point the Hawk family had been typically employed by operators as an advanced trainer with secondary combat capabilities. A single flying demonstrator aircraft was produced to support the development process. This made its first flight on 19 May 1986.[3]

Less than two months after first taking flight, the Hawk 200 demonstrator was lost in a fatal accident at Dunsfold Aerodrome, killing BAe test pilot Jim Hawkins; Hawkins is alleged to have either become disoriented or to have fallen unconscious, due to g-LOC (g induced loss of consciousness), while executing high-g manoeuvres to explore the aircraft's agility.[4]

Despite the loss of the demonstrator, the company decided to proceed with the Hawk 200; by 1987, the first pre-production samples were being manufactured. In 1990, the Hawk 200 received its first order when Oman opted to procure a batch of twelve Hawk 203s, all of which were delivered by 1993.[1]

Design

Overview

The Hawk 200 is a single-seat, single engine

mid-air refuelling
capability.

Weapons

AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile

The Hawk 200 has 7 external store points with four underwing pylons, an under-fuselage pylon, and wingtip air-to-air missile stations. The range of external stores which the aircraft can carry includes

gunpod, rocket launchers, reconnaissance pod, retarded and free-fall bombs up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg), runway cratering, anti-personnel and light armour bombs, cluster bombs (meanwhile prohibited), practice bomb and rocket carriers and external fuel tanks.[7][unreliable source?
]

The Hawk 200 can launch many

Paveway II guided bombs. The AIM-9L Sidewinder
missiles are launched from the wingtip air-to-air missile stations on each wing.

Sensors

APG-66
radar

The Hawk 200 is equipped with a Northrop Grumman

MIL-STD-1553B digital bus. The Hawk 200 is also equipped with a Ferranti laser rangefinder and a Marconi forward-looking infrared.[1] The self-protection systems include a BAE SkyGuardian 200 RWR[9] and automatic or manual Vinten chaff/flare dispensers located above the engine exhaust.[7]

The AN/APG-66 radar is a

F-16 Fighting Falcon. It has ten air-to-surface and ten air-to-ground modes for navigation and weapon aiming purposes. The APG-66H variant of the radar is installed on the Hawk 200, which has a smaller antenna for slightly reduced capabilities.[citation needed
]

Cockpit

The pilot has a hands-on throttle and stick (HOTAS) control system and a wide-field-of-view head-up display (HUD). Using the weapon control panel, which controls the stores management system, the pilot can select the weapons and release mode prior to initiating an attack.

As in all other modernised Hawks, the Hawk 200's all-glass cockpit has a

inflight refuelling
probe.

Engine

Adour engine on display

The Hawk 200 was originally powered by an Adour 871 two shaft, low bypass ratio turbofan engine from Rolls-Royce Turbomeca, providing the aircraft with 26.00 kN of thrust. In 2005, the Adour 951 engine was certified for use on the Hawk 200. The improved Adour 951 has improved performance (rated at 29.00 kN (6,520 lbf) thrust) and has up to twice the service life of the Adour Mk 871. It features an all-new fan and combustor, revised HP and LP turbines, and introduces Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC).

Both engines are non-

air intakes on both sides of the fuselage. The internal fuel tanks are installed in the fuselage and compartmented integral tanks located in the wings, containing up to 1361 kg of fuel. Up to two 591-litre drop tanks can also be carried on the inboard underwing pylons.[8]

Operational history

Indonesia

An Indonesian Air Force Hawk 209 with the old green-brown camouflage

During the

RAAF F/A-18 Hornets heading for Indonesian airspace on 16 September and on 23 September, two Hawk 209s were scrambled to intercept an RAAF F-111 Aardvark that flew over East and West Timor.[10]

As part of the preparation for the

OV-10 Broncos that were also based in Medan.[11]

Malaysia

Hawk 208 of the Royal Malaysian Air Force

On 5 March 2013, amidst the 2013 Lahad Datu standoff, 5 Hawk 208s aircraft, along with 3 F-18D Hornets of the Royal Malaysian Air Force, were deployed in airstrikes on hideouts of the defunct sultanate and terrorist group Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu in Lahad Datu, Sabah Malaysia ahead of the ground assault by joint forces of the Malaysian Army and Royal Malaysia Police.[12]

The Hawk 208s flew 15

Mk 82 unguided bombs in the first sortie and firing CRV7 rockets at additional ground targets on the second and third.[13] A spokesman for Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak said in a phone interview that the objective of the airstrikes was to "soften the ground before troops move in".[14]

Variants

Hawk 203
Export version for the Royal Air Force of Oman
Hawk 205
Proposed export version for the Royal Saudi Air Force
Hawk 208
Export version for the Royal Malaysian Air Force. It was the first Hawk 200 to be sold with an Air Refueling Probe.
Hawk 209
Export version for the Indonesian Air Force

Operators

A Hawk 109 and three Hawk 209s of the 12th Air Squadron of the Indonesian Air Force

Operator figures from flightglobal[15]

 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Oman

Notable accidents

  • On 15 June 2020, an Indonesian Air Force Hawk 209 TT-0209 crashed in a residential area of Kampar, Riau. The pilot, First Lt. Apriyanto, was able to eject himself and survived the accident. He was subsequently examined at dr. Soekirman Air Force Hospital in Pekanbaru.[17]

Aircraft on display

Indonesia

Specifications

Data from [21]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 11.38 m (37 ft 4 in)
  • Wingspan: 9.39 m (30 ft 10 in)
  • Height: 4.16 m (13 ft 8 in)
  • Wing area: 16.69 m2 (179.6 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio: 5.3
  • Empty weight: 4,128 kg (9,101 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 9,101 kg (20,064 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) internal: 3,210 kg (7,080 lb) with 3 drop tanks
  • Powerplant: 1 ×
    Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk 871
    non-afterburning turbofan, 26 kN (5,800 lbf) thrust

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,037 km/h (644 mph, 560 kn) at sea level
  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.2 (never exceed at altitude)
  • Cruise speed: 796 km/h (495 mph, 430 kn) at 12,500 m (41,000 ft)
  • Stall speed: 197 km/h (122 mph, 106 kn) flaps down
  • Range: 892 km (554 mi, 482 nmi) internal fuel only
  • Combat range: 617 km (383 mi, 333 nmi) with 3x Sea Eagle and 2x 592 L (156 US gal; 130 imp gal)
  • Ferry range: 1,950 km (1,210 mi, 1,050 nmi) with 3 drop tanks
  • Service ceiling: 15,250 m (50,030 ft)
  • g limits: +8 -3
  • Rate of climb: 58.466 m/s (11,509.1 ft/min)
    • Takeoff distance with maximum weapon load: 2,134 m (7,001 ft)
    • Landing distance at maximum landing weight with brake chute: 854 m (2,802 ft)
    • Landing distance at maximum landing weight without brake chute: 1,250 m (4,100 ft)

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Fighter-planes". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.[verification needed]
  2. ^ "BAe Hawk – Aircraft Recognition Guide". aircraftrecognitionguide.com. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
  3. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5
    .
  4. ISBN 0-7106-0965-5
    .
  5. ^ "FoxtrotAlpha". 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  6. ^ "Hawk 200 faces a tougher market". New Scientist (1516). Reed Business Information: 28. 10 July 1986. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "Airforce-technology". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  8. ^ a b "British Aerospace Hawk 100 & 200". MilitaryAviation.eu. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  9. ^ "FlightGlobal". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  10. ^ Newdick, Thomas (2 December 2020). "The Untold Story Of How Indonesian And Australian Jets Nearly Came To Blows Over East Timor". The War Zone. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  11. ^ Mayor (Pnb.) Henri; Kapten (Pnb.) Arif (August 2003). "Detik-detik Menjelang Jam J" [Seconds Towards H Hour]. Angkasa, Aviation Magazine (in Indonesian). Vol. 13, no. 11. PT Mediarona Dirgantara. p. 72-76.
  12. ^ "Security forces stay on full alert". The New Straits Times. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  13. ^ "MalaysianMilitary". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  14. ^ "smh.com". 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d "World Air Forces 2024". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  16. ^ a b c "Sipri Arms Transfer". armstransfers.sipri.org. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  17. ^ "Indonesian Air Force Hawk 209 jet fighter crashes in residential area of Riau", The Jakarta Post, 15 June 2020, retrieved 16 June 2020
  18. ^ "Bersih-bersih Tugu Pesawat Hawk 109/209 di Makoopsau I". tni-au.mil.id (in Indonesian). 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Sersan Maimun Saleh, Penerbang Jet Tempur Pertama Asal Aceh". acehwow.com (in Indonesian). 11 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Gagahnya Pesawat Tempur Hawk: Pemasangan Monumen Hawk 200 TNI AU Di Pintu Gerbang Tol Dumpil Madiun". tni-au.mil.id (in Indonesian). 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  21. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5
    .
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