Sabah

Coordinates: 5°15′N 117°0′E / 5.250°N 117.000°E / 5.250; 117.000
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This article is about the Malaysian state. For other uses, see Sabah (disambiguation).

Sabah
State
State of Sabah
Negeri Sabah (Malay)
Bruneian Empire
15th century
Sultanate of Sulu1658
British North Borneo1882
Japanese occupation1942
British crown colony15 July 1946
Gained self-governance31 August 1963[5][6][7][8]
Federated into Malaysia[9]16 September 1963[10]
Capital
(and largest city)		Kota Kinabalu
Divisions
List
Government
 • BodySabah State Legislative Assembly
 • Yang di-Pertua NegeriJuhar Mahiruddin
 • Chief MinisterHajiji Noor
(GRS–GAGASAN)
Area
[11]
 • Total73,904 km2 (28,534 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Kinabalu)
4,095 m (13,435 ft)
Population
 (2020)[11]
 • TotalIncrease 3,418,785 (3rd)
 • Density46/km2 (120/sq mi)
DemonymSabahan
Demographics (2022)[11]
 • Ethnic composition
Languages
 • OfficialMalay
 • Other spoken
SA, SAA, SAB, SAC, SY (West Coast)
SB (Beaufort)
SD (Lahad Datu)
SK (Kudat)
SS, SSA, SM (Sandakan)
ST, STA, SW (Tawau)
SU (Keningau)[16]
HDI (2019)Increase 0.710[17]
high · 15th
GDP (nominal)2022
 • TotalIncrease $27.758 billion
(RM 122.138 billion)[18] (5th)
 • Per capitaIncrease $8,186
(RM 36,020)[18] (11th)
GDP (PPP)2022
 • TotalIncrease $77.938 billion (6th)
 • Per capitaIncrease $22,797 (11th)
Driving sideLeft
Electricity voltage230 V, 50 Hz
CurrencyMalaysian ringgit (RM/MYR)
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata

Sabah (Malay pronunciation:

equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, abundant with animal and plant species. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which forms part of the Crocker Range National Park. Kinabatangan River, the second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah. The highest point of Sabah, Mount Kinabalu
is also the highest point of Malaysia.

The earliest human settlement in Sabah can be traced back to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the

Bruneian Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. The state was subsequently acquired by the British-based North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th century. During World War II, Sabah was occupied by the Japanese for three years. It became a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside the Crown Colony of Sarawak, the Colony of Singapore (expelled in 1965), and the Federation of Malaya (Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia). The federation was opposed by neighbouring Indonesia, which led to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation over three years along with the threats of annexation by the Philippines along with the Sultanate of Sulu, threats which continue to the present day.[19]

Sabah exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture and language. The head of state is the Governor, also known as the

export-oriented. Its primary exports include oil, gas, timber and palm oil. The other major industries are agriculture and ecotourism
.

Etymology

The origin of the name Sabah is uncertain, and there are many theories that have arisen.

Visayan languages. The word in Visayan has the meaning of "noisy", which in turn is derived from Sanskrit Sabhā meaning 'congregation, crowd' related to 'noisy mob'.[23] Perhaps due to local dialect, the word Saba has been pronounced as Sabah by the local community.[24] While Brunei was a vassal state of Majapahit, the Old Javanese eulogy of Nagarakretagama described the area in what is now Sabah as Seludang.[5][24]

Meanwhile, although the Chinese since during the

Arabic
word which means "morning".

The presence of multiple theories makes it difficult to pinpoint the true origin of the name.[32] It is nicknamed "Land Below the Wind" (Negeri Di Bawah Bayu) as the state lies below the typhoon belt of East Asia and never battered by any typhoons,[33][34] except for several tropical storms.[35]

History

Main article: History of Sabah

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Malaysia
Entrance to the Madai Cave

The earliest known human settlement into the region existed 20,000–30,000 years ago, as evidenced by stone tools and food remains found by excavations along the Darvel Bay area at Madai-Baturong caves near the Tingkayu River.[36] The earliest inhabitants in the area were thought to be similar to Australian aborigines, but the reason for their disappearance is unknown.[37] In 2003, archaeologists discovered the Mansuli valley in the Lahad Datu District, which dates back the history of Sabah to 235,000 years.[38] The archaeological site at Skull Hill (Bukit Tengkorak) in Semporna District is famed for being the largest pottery making site during the Neolithic Southeast Asian period.[39][40]

Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu influences

During the 7th century AD, a settled community known as Vijayapura, a tributary to the Srivijaya empire, was thought to have existed in northwest Borneo.[41][42] The earliest independent kingdom in Borneo, supposed to have existed from the 9th century, was Po Ni, as recorded in the Chinese geographical treatise Taiping Huanyu Ji. It was believed that Po Ni existed at the mouth of Brunei River and was the predecessor to the Bruneian Empire.[42][43] As China had been under the conquest of Mongol Empire, all Chinese vassal state subsequently controlled by the Mongol emperors of China. Early in 1292, Kublai Khan is said to have sent an expedition to northern Borneo,[44] before departing for the invasion of Java in 1293.[45][46] As a result of this campaign, it is believed that many of his followers in addition to other Chinese traders eventually settled and established their own enclave at Kinabatangan River.[44]


In the 14th century, Brunei and Sulu was part of the Majapahit Empire but in 1369, Sulu and the other Philippine kingdoms successfully rebelled and Sulu even attacked Brunei which was still a Majapahit

Đông Sơn drum in Bukit Timbang Dayang on Banggi Island that had existed between 2,000 and 2,500 years ago.[37][58][59]

During the reign of the fifth sultan of

Brunei Malays migrated to Sabah during this period, beginning after the Brunei conquest of the territory in the 15th century.[63] But plagued by internal strife, civil war, piracy and the arrival of western powers, the Bruneian Empire began to shrink. The first Europeans to visit Brunei were the Portuguese, who described the capital of Brunei at the time as surrounded by a stone wall.[61] The Spanish followed, arriving soon after Ferdinand Magellan's death in 1521, when the remaining members of his expedition sailed to the islands of Balambangan and Banggi in the northern tip Borneo; later, in the Castilian War of 1578, the Spanish who had sailed from New Spain (Centered in Mexico) and had taken Manila from Brunei, unsuccessfully declared war on Brunei by briefly occupying the capital before abandoning it.[5][59][64] The Sulu region gained its own independence in 1578, forming their own sultanate known as the Sultanate of Sulu.[65]

When the

Illanun people then arrived from the Sulu Archipelago and started settling on the coasts of north and eastern Borneo,[69] many of them were fleeing from the oppression of Spanish colonialism.[70] While the thalassocratic Brunei and Sulu sultanates controlled the western and eastern coasts of Sabah respectively, the interior region remained largely independent from either kingdoms.[71] The Sultanate of Bulungan's influence was limited to the Tawau area,[72] who came under the influence of the Sulu Sultanate before gaining its own rule after the 1878 treaty between the British and Spanish governments.[73]

British North Borneo

Main articles: North Borneo Chartered Company, North Borneo, and Madrid Protocol of 1885
Left: The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei on 29 December 1877.[31]
Right: The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu on 22 January 1878.[68]

In 1761,

Sulu pirates began attacking.[54] This forced the British to seek refuge in Brunei in 1774, and to abandon temporarily their attempts to find alternative sites for the factory.[67] Although an attempt was made in 1803 to turn Balambangan into a military station,[54] the British did not re-establish any further trading posts in the region until Stamford Raffles founded Singapore in 1819.[67]

In 1846, the island of

concession.[76] Brunei agreed to cede all territory in northern Borneo under its control, with the Sultan receiving an annual payment of $12,000, while the Temenggong received a sum of $3,000.[67]

In 1872, the Sultanate of Sulu granted use of an area of land in the Sandakan Bay to William Frederick Schuck, a former agent of the German consular service who had lived on the Sulu island of

German government.[77] The Sultanate authorised Schuck to establish a trading port to monopolise the rattan trade in the northeast coast, where Schuck could operate freely, without the Spanish blockade.[78] He continued this operation until this land also was ceded to Overbeck, with the Sultan receiving an annual payment of $5,000, by a treaty signed in 1878.[67]

After a series of transfers, Overbeck tried to sell the territory to

King of Spain over the Sulu Archipelago in return for the relinquishment of all Spanish claims over northern Borneo.[82] The arrival of the company brought prosperity to the residents of northern Borneo, with the company allowing indigenous communities to continue their traditional lifestyles, but imposing laws against headhunting, ethnic feuds, slave trade, and piracy.[83][84] North Borneo then became a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1888 despite facing local resistance from 1894 to 1900 by Mat Salleh and Antanum in 1915.[54][84]

Second World War

Main articles:
Battle of Borneo (1941–42), Japanese occupation of British Borneo, and Battle of North Borneo
Japanese civilians and soldiers prior to their embarkation to Jesselton after their surrender to the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in Tawau on 21 October 1945.

The Japanese forces landed in Labuan on 3 January 1942,

Jesselton Revolt.[88][92]

As part of the Borneo Campaign to retake the territory,

Sandakan Death March.[96] The number of prisoners were reduced to 2,345, with many of them killed en route by either friendly fire or by the Japanese. Only six of the several hundred Australian prisoners lived to see the war's end.[97] In addition, of the total of 17,488 Javanese labourers brought in by the Japanese during the occupation, only 1,500 survived mainly due to starvation, harsh working conditions and maltreatment.[88] In March 1945, Australian forces launched Operation Agas in order to gather intelligence in the region and launch guerrilla warfare against the Japanese.[98] The war ended on 10 September 1945 after the Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) succeeded in the battle of North Borneo.[54][99]

British crown colony

Main article: Crown Colony of North Borneo

After the Japanese surrender, North Borneo was administered by the British Military Administration and on 15 July 1946 became a British Crown Colony.[54][100] The Crown Colony of Labuan was integrated into this new colony. During the ceremony, both the Union Jack and Flag of the Republic of China were raised from the bullet-ridden Jesselton Survey Hall building.[100] The Chinese were represented by Philip Lee, part of the resistance movement against the Japanese, who eventually supported the transfer of power to the Crown colony.[100] He said: "Let their blood be the pledge of what we wish to be—His Majesty's most devoted subjects."[100]

Due to massive destruction in the town of Sandakan since the war, Jesselton was chosen to replace the capital with the Crown continued to rule North Borneo until 1963. The Crown colony government established many departments to oversee the welfare of its residents and to revive the economy of North Borneo after the war.

Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi and Mangsee Islands) off the north coast of Borneo were ceded to the Philippines as had been negotiated by the American and British colonial governments.[102][103]

Malaysia

Main articles: Malaysia Agreement, 20-point agreement, and Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Mustapha Harun
(second right).

On 31 August 1963, North Borneo

attained self-government.[6][7][8] The Cobbold Commission had been set up prior, in 1962, to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union of a new federation called Malaysia, and found that the union was generally favoured by the people.[104] Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Mustapha Harun representing the native Muslims, Donald Stephens representing the non-Muslim natives, and Khoo Siak Chew representing the Chinese, would eventually support the union.[91][105][106] After discussion culminating in the Malaysia Agreement and 20-point agreement, on 16 September 1963 North Borneo (as Sabah) was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, to form the independent Malaysia.[107][108]

From before the formation of Malaysia until 1966, Indonesia adopted a hostile policy towards the British-backed Malaya, leading after union to the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.[109] This undeclared war stemmed from what Indonesian President Sukarno perceived as an expansion of British influence in the region and his intention to wrest control over the whole of Borneo under the Greater Indonesian concept.[110] Meanwhile, the Philippines, beginning with president Diosdado Macapagal on 22 June 1962, claims Sabah from cession by heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu.[111][112] Macapagal, considering Sabah to be property of the Sultanate of Sulu, saw the attempt to integrate Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei into the Federation of Malaysia as "trying to impose authority of Malaya into these states".[111]

Following the successful formation of Malaysia, Donald Stephens became the first chief minister of Sabah. The first Governor

Yang di-Pertua Negara (which later changed to Yang di-Pertua Negeri in 1976) was Mustapha Harun.[113] The leaders of Sabah demanded that their freedom of religion be respected, that all lands in the territory be under the power of state government, and that native customs and traditions be respected and upheld by the federal government; declaring that in return Sabahans would pledge their loyalty to the Malaysian federal government. An oath stone was officially officiated by the first Chief Minister Donald Stephens on 31 August 1964 in Keningau as a remembrance to the agreement and promise for reference in the future.[114] Sabah held its first state election in 1967.[115] In the same year, the state capital name of "Jesselton" was renamed to "Kota Kinabalu".[116]

An

federal territory on 16 April 1984.[119] In 2000, the state capital Kota Kinabalu was granted city status, making it the 6th city in Malaysia and the first city in the state.[120] Prior to a territorial dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia since 1969 over two islands of Ligitan and Sipadan in the Celebes Sea, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) made a final decision to award both islands to Malaysia in 2002 based on their "effective occupation".[121][122]

In February 2013, Sabah's Lahad Datu District was penetrated by followers of Jamalul Kiram III, the self-proclaimed Sultan of the Sulu Sultanate. In response, Malaysian military forces were deployed to the region, which resulted in 68 deaths (58 Sultanate militants, nine Malaysian security personnel, and six civilians). Following the elimination of insurgents, an Eastern Sabah Security Command was established.[123][124]

Politics

Government

See also:
Table of precedence of Sabah
State Administrative Building (right), behind the Wisma Innoprise
(left).

Sabah (together with its neighbour Sarawak) has a greater level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. The

chief minister is the head of government as well the leader of the state cabinet.[125] The legislature is based on the Westminster system and therefore the chief minister is appointed based on his or her ability to command the majority of the state assembly.[5][126] While local authorities being fully appointed by the state government owing to the suspension of local elections by the federal government. Legislation regarding state elections is within the powers of the federal government and not the state.[5] The assembly meets at the state capital, Kota Kinabalu. Members of the state assembly are elected from 73 constituencies which are delineated by the Election Commission of Malaysia and do not necessarily have the same voter population sizes.[127] A general election for representatives in the state assembly must be held every five years, when the seats are subject of universal suffrage for all citizens above 21 years of age. Sabah is also represented in the federal parliament
by 25 members elected from the same number of constituencies.

Prior to the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the then

illegal immigrants from the southern Philippines and Indonesia to stay in the state and become citizens to vote for Muslim parties.[128] This was continued under the Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) administration led by Harris Salleh with a total of 73,000 Filipino refugees from the southern Philippines were registered.[129] In addition, the cession of Labuan island to federal government by the Sabah state government under BERJAYA rule and unequal sharing and exploitation of Sabah's resources of petroleum have become grievances often raised by Sabahans, which has resulted in strong anti-federal sentiments and even occasional call for secession from the federation amongst the people of Sabah.[88] Those who spread secession agenda often landed in law enforcement hand due to the controversial ISA act, such as 1991 Sabah political arrests.[130]

The Sabah State Legislative Assembly Building in Kota Kinabalu.

Until the

parochialism amongst East Malaysians is not in harmony with nation building. This complicated Federal-State relationship has become a source of major contention in Sabah politics.[88]

Chief Minister, Hajiji Noor

In the

People's Justice Party (PKR) of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. On 9 May 2018, this coalition and the Barisan Nasional ended in a tie.[135] However, as six BN elected representatives crossed over to WARISAN,[136][137] and after a short-lived constitutional crisis,[138][139] a coalition of WARISAN, DAP and PKR formed a majority government on 12 May 2018 and became effective since that day.[140][141][142][143] In conjunction with the celebration of Malaysia Day in 2018 under the new government, Prime Minister Mahathir has promised to restore Sabah (together with Sarawak) status as an equal partner to Malaya who together forming the Malaysian federation in accordance to the Malaysia Agreement.[144][145] However, through the process of the proposed amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia in 2019, the bill for the amendment failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting.[146][147]

Administrative division

Main articles:
Districts of Malaysia, List of local governments in Malaysia, and Local government in Sabah

Sabah consists of five administrative divisions, which are in turn divided into 27 districts. For each district, the state government appoints a village headman (known as ketua kampung) for each village. The administrative divisions were inherited from the provinces of the British administration.

Resident was appointed to govern each division and provided with a palace (Istana).[149] The post of the Resident was abolished and replaced with district officers for each of the district when North Borneo became part of Malaysia. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.[5] However, ever since the suspension of local government elections in the midst of the Malayan Emergency, which was much less intense in Sabah than it was in the rest of the country, there have been no local elections. Local authorities have their officials appointed by the executive council of the state government.[150][151]


Division
Districts
 Subdistricts Area (km2) Population (2010)[152]
1 West Coast Division Kota Kinabalu 7,588 1,067,589
Penampang
Putatan
Papar
Tuaran Tamparuli
Kiulu
Kota Belud
Ranau
2 Interior Division Beaufort 18,298 424,534
Kuala Penyu Menumbok
Sipitang Long Pasia
Tambunan
Keningau Sook
Tenom Kemabong
Nabawan Pagalungan
Membakut
3 Kudat Division Kudat Banggi 4,623 192,457
Matunggong
Pitas
Kota Marudu
4 Sandakan Division Sandakan 28,205 702,207
Beluran Paitan
Telupid
Tongod
Kinabatangan
5 Tawau Division Tawau 14,905 819,955
Kalabakan
Semporna
Kunak
Lahad Datu Tungku

Security

Main articles: Cross border attacks in Sabah, Eastern Sabah Security Command, and Eastern Sabah Security Zone
A Malaysian Army soldier armed with Colt M4 standing guard in Sabah east coast as part of the Eastern Sabah Security Command (ESSCOM).

The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia states that the

Michael Carver then reminded the Philippines that Britain would honour its obligations under the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) if fighting broke out.[156] In addition, a large flotilla of British warships would sail to Philippines waters near Sabah en route from Singapore along with the participation of ANZUS forces.[156] The AMDA treaty have since been replaced by the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) although the present treaty does not include East Malaysian states as its main priority, British security protection intervention can still be included over the two states.[155][157] Citing in 1971 when British Prime Minister Edward Heath been asked in Parliament of London on what threats the British intended to counter under the FPDA, the Prime Minister replied: to "forces outside [Malaysia] in southern Thailand and north of the Malaysian border".[note 1]

The area in eastern Sabah facing the southern Philippines and northern Indonesia have since been put under the

illegal immigrants and smuggling of goods and subsidies items into and from the southern Philippines and Indonesia.[158][159]

Territorial disputes

Main articles: Ligitan and Sipadan dispute, Spratly Islands dispute, and North Borneo dispute
Map of the British North Borneo with the yellow area covered the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to ICJ on 25 June 2001.[160]

Sabah has seen several territorial disputes with Malaysia's neighbours Indonesia and the Philippines. In 2002, both Malaysia and Indonesia submitted to arbitration by the ICJ on a territorial dispute over the Ligitan and Sipadan islands which were later won by Malaysia.[121][122] There are also several other disputes yet to be settled with Indonesia over the overlapping claims on the Ambalat continental shelf in the Celebes Sea and land border dispute between Sabah and North Kalimantan.[161] Malaysia's claim over a portion of the Spratly Islands is also based on sharing a continental shelf with Sabah.[162]

The Philippines has a

territorial claim over much of the eastern part of Sabah.[50][66][163] It claims that the territory is connected with the Sultanate of Sulu and was only leased to the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1878 with the Sultanate's sovereignty never being relinquished.[112] Malaysia however, considers this dispute as a "non-issue", as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.[164] With an objective to reinforce the Philippine claim over the eastern region of Sabah, a group of  200 armed Filipinos identifying themselves as the Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo landed in the district of Lahad Datu and took control of the Tanduo village in 2013. [165]This Lahad Datu incident resulted in the deaths of 52 members of the Sulu group and eight Malaysian police officers.[166]

Before this incident, Malaysia continued to dutifully pay an annual cession payment amounting to roughly $1,000 to the indirect heirs of the Sultan honoring an 1878 agreement, where North Borneo – today’s Sabah – was conceded by the late Sultan of Sulu to a British company.[167] However, the Malaysian government halted the payments after this tragedy. As a result, the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs pursued this case for legal arbitration vis-a-vis the original commercial deal.

Since then, Sulu claimants have been accused of “forum shopping”.[168] In 2017, the heirs showed their intention to start arbitration in Spain and asked for $32.2 billion in compensation. In 2019, Malaysia responded for the first time. The attorney general at the time offered to start making yearly payments again and to pay 48,000 Malaysian ringgit (about $10,400) for past dues and interest, but only if the heirs gave up their claim. [169][170]The heirs did not accept this offer and the case, led by Spanish arbiter Gonzalo Stampa, continued without Malaysia being involved.

In February 2022, Gonzalo Stampa awarded US$14.9 billion to the Sultan of Sulu’s heirs, who have since sought to enforce the award against Malaysian state-owned assets around the world. [171] It is noteworthy that on 27 June 2023, the Hague Court of Appeal dismissed the Sulus’ bid and ruled in favor of the Malaysian government, which hailed the decision as a “landmark victory”. [172] In a crucial current development, Stampa has been convicted of contempt of court for “knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice”, and sentenced to six months in prison.  [173] The proceedings of this case are still ongoing.

The Philippine claim can be originated based on three historical events; such as the Brunei Civil War from 1660 until 1673, treaty between

Bulungan Sultanate in 1850 and treaty between Sultan Jamal ul-Azam with Overbeck in 1878.[66][174]

Further attempts by several Filipino politicians such as Ferdinand Marcos to "destabilise" Sabah proved to be futile and led to the

insurgency in southern Philippines.[176][177] Although the Philippine claim to Sabah has not been actively pursued for some years, some Filipino politicians have promised to bring it up again,[178] while the Malaysian government have asked the Philippines not to threaten ties over such issue.[179] To further discourage pursuit of the claim the Malaysian government passed a barter trade ban, at the behest of the Royal Malaysia Police and the Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister, between Malaysia and the Philippines as it was seen to only benefit one side while threatening the security of the state.[180][181] The ban was positively received by many Sabahans, although there was opposition from other political parties as well as from the residents of neighbouring Philippine islands due to a sharp rise in living costs after the ban took effect.[182] Barter trade activity was resumed on 1 February 2017 upon the agreement by both Malaysian and the Philippine authorities to fortify their respective borders with increased surveillance and security enforcement.[183][184] Despite the return of barter trade activity, the state of Sabah maintained that they will remain vigilant in trading with the Philippines.[185] In 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak have agreed to set aside the two countries' dispute over Sabah for the meantime.[186]

Geography

Sabah is located south of the typhoon belt, making it insusceptible to the devastating effects of the typhoons which frequently batter the neighbouring Philippines,[33] such as the Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.[187]

The total land area of Sabah is nearly 73,904 square kilometres (28,534 sq mi)

Mount Trus Madi, with a height of 2,642 metres.[197] The highest peak is the Mount Kinabalu, with a height around 4,095 metres.[198] It is one of the highest peak between the Himalayas and New Guinea.[199] While located not far from Mount Kinabalu is Mount Tambuyukon, with a height of 2,579 metres.[200]

These mountains and hills are traversed by an extensive network of river valleys and are in most cases covered with dense rainforest. There are lower ranges of hills extending towards the western coasts, southern plains, and the interior or central part of Sabah. The central and eastern portions of Sabah are generally lower mountain ranges and plains with occasional hills. In the east coast located the Kinabatangan River, which is the second-longest river in Malaysia after Rajang River in Sarawak with a length of 560 kilometres.[201] The river begins from the western ranges and snakes its way through the central region towards the east coast out into the Sulu Sea. Other major rivers including the Kalabakan River, Kolopis River, Liwagu River, Padas River, Paitan River, Segama River and Sugut River, in addition to Babagon River, Bengkoka River, Kadamaian River, Kalumpang River, Kiulu River, Mawao River, Membakut River, Mesapol River, Nabawan River, Papar River, Pensiangan River, Tamparuli River and Wario River.[202]

The land of Sabah is located in a

Philippine Plate, it is prone to earthquake with the state itself have experienced three major earthquakes since 1923, with the 2015 earthquake being the latest major earthquake.[206] The Crocker Ranges together with Mount Kinabalu was formed since during the middle Miocene period after being uplifted by the Sabah Orogeny through compression.[207] There was some snow here in 1975 and 1993.[208]

Biodiversity

See also: Fauna of Borneo, Deforestation in Borneo, and List of nematodes in Sabah
Blue-eared kingfisher in the lower Kinabatangan River area, which is endemic to the island of Borneo. Kingfisher is also once a state bird of Sabah and featured in one of its coat of arms.

The Semporna Peninsula on the north-eastern coast of Sabah is identified as a hotspot of high marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle.[209]

The jungles of Sabah host a diverse array of plant and animal species. Most of Sabah's biodiversity is located in the

Kinabalu National Park was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000 for its richness in plant diversity combined with its unique geological, topographical, and climatic conditions.[213] The park hosts more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species along with over 110 land snail species.[214][215]

A walkout through the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre.

bird sanctuary.[220] These islands are formed by Quaternary pyroclastic material that was ejected during explosive volcanic activities.[221]

The

Timbun Mata, Bum Bum and the divided Sebatik. The Sabah state government has enacted several laws to protect its forests and endangered wildlife species under the Animals Ordinance 1962,[223] Forest Enactment 1968[224] and the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997[225] among others.[226][227] Under the Wildlife Conservation Enactment, any persons hunting inside conservation lands are liable for imprisonment for five years and fined with RM50,000.[225] The state government also plans to implement seasonal huntings as part of its conservation efforts to prevent the continuous lose of its endangered wildlife species while maintaining the state indigenous hunting traditions.[228]

Conservation issues

A lorry carrying timber in Tawau. Logging has contributed over 50% of the state revenue.[229]

Since the post-World War II timber boom driven by the need of raw materials from industrial countries, Sabah forests have been gradually eroded by uncontrolled timber exploitation and the conversion of Sabah forest lands into palm oil plantations.[230] Since 1970, forestry sector have contributed for over 50% of the state revenue, of which a study conducted in 1997 revealed the state had almost depleted all of its virgin forests outside the conservation areas.[229] The state government were determined to maintain the state biodiversity while to make sure the state economy continue to alive.[231] While in the same time facing hard task to control such activities although there is laws to prevent it.[227] The need for development and basic necessities also became an issue while to preserving the nature.[232][233] Mining activities had directly released pollutants of heavy metals into rivers, reservoirs, ponds and affecting groundwater through the leaching of mine tailings. An environmental report released in 1994 reported the presence of heavy metal at the Damit/Tuaran River that exceeded the water quality safe levels for consumption. The water in Liwagu River also reported the presence of heavy metal which was believed to be originated from the Mamut Mine.[234] Forest fire also have become the latest concern due to drought and fires set by irresponsible farmers or individuals such as what happened in the 2016 forest fires, where thousands of hectares of forest reserves in Binsuluk on the west coast of Sabah were lost.[235][236]

Aerial view of Mamut Mine with water that has filled the mine. Its water is reported to be dangerous for consumption due to the high presence of heavy metals.

Rampant

river shark,[245] roughnose stingray,[245] sambar deer, shark and sun bear.[241][246] Although the indigenous community are also involved in hunting, they hunt based on their spiritual believes and practice, and on a small scale, which differentiates them from poachers.[247] Well-known indigenous practices, such as "maganu totuo" or "montok kosukopan", "tuwa di powigian", "managal" or "tagal" and "meminting", have helped to maintain resources and prevent their depletion.[247]

Economy

Sabah GDP Share by Sector (2016)[248]

  Services (40.8%)
  Mining & Quarrying (29.6%)
  Agriculture (19.1%)
  Manufacturing (7.5%)
  Construction (2.6%)

Sabah's economy is mainly based on primary sector such as agriculture, forestry and petroleum.[2][249] Currently, the tertiary sector plays an important part to the state economy, especially in tourism and services. With its richness in biodiversity, the state is offering ecotourism. Although in recent years the tourism industry has been affected by attacks and kidnapping of tourists by militant groups based in the southern Philippines, it remained stable with the increase of security in eastern Sabah and the Sulu Sea.[250] The tourism sector contribute 10% share of the state Gross domestic product (GDP) and was predicted to increase more.[251] Majority of the tourists come from China (60.3%), followed by South Korea (33.9%), Australia (16.3%) and Taiwan (8.3%).[252] Tourism plays a crucial role in the state's economy as the third largest income generating sectors with the state itself recorded a total of 3,879,413 tourist arrivals in 2018, a growth of 5.3% compared to 3,684,734 in 2017.[253] Since the 1950s, rubber and copra are the main source of agricultural economy of North Borneo.[254] The timber industry started to emerged in the 1960s due to high demand of raw materials from industrial countries. This was however replaced by petroleum in the 1970s after the discovery of oil in the area of west coast Sabah.[255] In the same year, cocoa and palm oil was added to the list.[249][256] The Sabah state government managed to increase the state fund from RM6 million to RM12 billion and poverty was down by almost half to 33.1% in 1980.[88] The state rapid development on primary sector has attracted those job seekers in neighbouring Indonesia and the Philippines as the state labour force itself are not sufficient.[257] The state GDP at the time ranked behind Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, being the third richest although the manufacturing sector remained small.[234][258] However, by 2000, the state started to become the poorest as it still dependent on natural resources as its primary sources of income comparing to those secondary sector producer states.[259] Thus the Sabah Development Corridor (SDC) was established in 2008 by Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi with a total investment of RM105 billion for 18 years to increase the state GDP to RM63.2 billion by 2025.[260] Around RM5.83 billion were allocated each year for infrastructures development along with the creation of 900,000 jobs.[260] The federal government targeted to eradicate hardcore poverty by the end Ninth Malaysia Plan (9MP) with overall poverty halved from 23% in 2004 to 12% in 2010 and 8.1% in 2012.[260] Since its establishment in 2008, the state GDP increase to 10.7% which was higher than the national economic growth of 4.8% and the world economic growth of 2.7%. Following the world financial crisis in 2009, Sabah GDP recorded 4.8% growth compared to −1.5% for national level and −0.4% for world level.[260]

Paddy field in Tambunan District.

From 2010 to 2011, the state experienced a slower growth due to weaker performance on the oil and gas sector. Based on 2014 survey, Sabah GDP recorded a 5.0% growth and remained as the largest contributor in agriculture sector with 18.1%, followed by

GDP per capita however are still lowest with RM19,672, the third lowest after Kelantan (RM11,815) and Kedah (RM17,321) from all 13 states.[261] In the same year, the state export value stood at RM45.3 billion with an import value of RM36.5 billion. Machinery and transportation equipment accounted for most of the imported products followed by fuel, mineral lubricants and others. While Sabah mostly exports raw petroleum and palm oil.[262] The state currently has a total of eight ports with two in Sepanggar while each one in Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak and Lahad Datu that was operated and maintained by the Sabah Ports Authority owned by Suria Group.[263] As part of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11MP), the federal government has approved an allocation of RM800 million to expand the cargo handling of Sapangar Bay Container Port from 500,000 to 1.25 million TEUs per annum as well to accommodate larger ship like Panamax-size vessels.[264][265] An additional allocation of RM333.51 million was given in the same year, making it a total of RM1.13 billion with the project will start in 2017.[266][267] The fisheries industries remain the important part of Sabah primary sector economy with a contribution for about 200,000 metric tonnes of fish worth RM700 annually as well contributing 2.8% to the state annual GDP.[190] While the aquaculture and marine fish cage sector have produce 35,000 metric tons of brackish and fresh waters aquaculture and 360 metric ton of groupers, wrasses, snappers and lobsters worth around RM60 million and RM13 million respectively. Sabah is also one of the producer of seaweed, with most of the farms are located in the seas around Semporna.[190] Although recently the seaweed industry was heavily affected by spate of kidnappings perpetrated by the southern-Philippine-based Abu Sayyaf militant group.[268]

Fishery activities in the harbour of Sandakan.

As of 2015, Sabah was producing 180,000

BIMP-EAGA, Sabah also continued to position itself as a main gateway for regional investments. Foreign investment are mainly concentrated in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) areas.[270] Although country such as Japan have mainly focusing their various development and investment projects in the interior and islands since after the end of Second World War.[283] Following America's abandonment in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPPA) economic agreements in early 2017, Sabah began to turns its trade to China and India markets.[284] To further accelerate its economic growth, Sabah also targets several more countries as its main trade partners including Germany, South Korea, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates as the destinations of exports for food-based products, Brunei, Indonesia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand as the destinations for palm oil and logistics sector, Russia as the destination for the oil and gas industry and Japan and Vietnam as the destinations for the wood-based furniture industry.[285]

Infrastructure

Sabah's public infrastructure are still lagged behind mostly due to its geographical challenges as the second largest state in Malaysia.[5][286] The Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development (formerly known as Ministry of Communication and Works) is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state.[287] To narrow the development gap, the federal government are working to build more infrastructures and improve the already available one.[278] In 2013, Sabah state government allocates RM1.583 billion for infrastructure and public facilities development,[288] of which the state were allocated another RM4.07 billion by the federal government in 2015 Malaysian Budget.[289] Since the Eight Malaysia Plan (8MP) until 2014, a total of RM11.115 billion has been allocated for various infrastructure projects in the state.[290] Under the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP), infrastructure in the rural areas was given attention with the increase of rural water, electricity supply and road coverage.[291] Further large infrastructure allocation were delivered to both Sabah and Sarawak under the 2020 Malaysian Budget which include budget on improving connectivity and developing digital infrastructures for high speed internet in the rural areas.[292][293]

Energy and water resources

High voltage electricity pylon located near the Kimanis Power Plant.

Electricity distribution in the state as well in the

Ranhill Holdings Berhad.[295] In 2009, the electricity coverage covers 67% of the state population and by 2011 increase to 80%.[286] The coverage reach 100% in 2012 after an allocation of RM962.5 million from the federal government were given to expand the coverage under the 2012 National Budget.[296] The electrical grid is divided into two of West Coast and East Coast which has been integrated since 2007.[286] The West Coast Grid supplies electricity to Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat and Labuan with a capacity of 488.4 MW and maximum demand of 396.5 MW.[286] While the East Coast Grid supplies electricity to the major towns of Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna and Tawau with a capacity of 333.02 MW and maximum demand of 203.3 MW.[286]

In 2018, the federal government has announced that Sabah electrical grid will be upgraded to reduce power interruption.

bio-butanol plant in the state.[313]

Babagon Dam, the biggest water catchment in the state.

Piped

Malaysian Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCAC) has temporarily cancelled all permits to sell gas cylinders into neighbouring countries with a new policy will be implemented to control such illegal activities.[320][321]

Telecommunication and broadcasting

Telecommunication towers atop Mount Silam facing Darvel Bay of Lahad Datu.

Telecommunication in Sabah and Sarawak were originally administered by Posts and Telecommunication Department until 1967,

Gbit/s.[329] The mobile telecommunications in Sabah are mostly use 4G and 3G and there is also a free rural Wi-Fi services provided by the federal government known as the Kampung Tanpa Wayar 1Malaysia (KTW) although Malaysia's government-provided public internet speeds are among the slower than many other countries.[330][331]

Hitz FM
in a building, showing the radios had set up their offices in the capital city of Sabah.

The previous state internet traffic are routed through a hub in Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur, passing through a submarine cable connecting the Peninsular with Kota Kinabalu. The systems are considered as costly and inefficient especially due to the price of leasing

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the state government and China's largest networking company, Huawei to set Sabah to become information and communications technology (ICT) hub by leveraging on Huawei's ICT expertise.[337] More free high speed Wi-Fi hotspots are being planned in Sabah, especially to the state capital.[338]

Donggongon
- the main office of Sabah RTM.

Sabah launched its radio service on 9 November 1955, which became a part of Radio Malaysia when it joined Malaysia in 1963 and later part of the bigger Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) in 1969, when the nation's radio and television operations merged.[339] On 28 December 1971, RTM launched a third TV station solely for Sabah. But following the construction of earth satellite station near Kuantan, Pahang and Kinarut for communications and television broadcast via the Indian Ocean Intelsat III satellite and the introduction of TV1 on 30 August 1975 and TV2 on 31 August 1983 in the state, it ceased to air by mid-1985. RTM has four branches in the state - a main office in capital city Kota Kinabalu and three other offices in Keningau, Sandakan and Tawau. The main office produces news and shows for RTM's television channels and operates two state radio channels, namely Sabah FM and Sabah V FM, whereas three other offices operate district radio channels such as Keningau FM, Sandakan FM and Tawau FM.

Other radio channels in the state include KK FM which is operated by

IPTV is available via the Unifi TV through Unifi fibre optic internet subscription.[346] The state first established newspaper is the Sabah Times (rebranded as the New Sabah Times), founded by Fuad Stephens, who became the first Chief Minister of Sabah.[347] Other main newspapers include the independent Daily Express,[348] Overseas Chinese Daily News,[349] the Sarawak-based The Borneo Post,[350] the Peninsular-based Sin Chew Daily[351] and the Brunei-based Borneo Bulletin.[352]

Transportation

Eight-lane highway in the capital city of Kota Kinabalu, part of the Pan-Borneo Highway.

Sabah has a total of 21,934 kilometres (13,629 mi) road network in 2016, of which 11,355 kilometres (7,056 mi) are

Trans Kalimantan Highway in Indonesia.[357][358] The project is divided into two packages: the first package covering the West Coast area will complete in 2021, while the second covering the East Coast area will finish in 2022.[359][360][361] All state roads are maintained under the state's Public Works Department,[362] while federal roads maintained by the national Public Works Department.[363]

Sabah State Railway train passing through a tunnel of the Western Line in Pengalat Besar, Papar District.
Boats and ferries at the Kota Kinabalu marina.

Sabah uses a

Malindo Air.[378] Sabah Air is a helicopter chartered flight company owned by the Sabah state government, serving flights for aerial sightseeing to interested customers as well for the transportation of state government servants.[379]

Kota Kinabalu International Airport (Terminal 1).

Sabah has a total of eight ports operating in Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak and Lahad Datu.

Tarakan in Kalimantan, Indonesia.[382] There is also ferry services from Sandakan to Zamboanga City and a new one that was planned from Kudat to Buliluyan, Bataraza of Palawan in the Philippines, but both services were terminated at the moment due to lack of security enforcement from the Philippine side prior to the persistent attack by pirates and kidnapping by militant groups based in the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines.[383][384] The planned ferry service from Kudat to Palawan was restored on 1 February 2017 after the increasing of security enforcement from the Philippines side,[183] but were postponed again until present mainly due to both ferry operators from Malaysia and the Philippines facing difficulties in complying with the necessary requirements and permits imposed by both national and state authorities.[385]

Healthcare

See also: List of hospitals in Malaysia
Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, one of the main private hospitals
in Sabah.

Sabah has four major government hospitals:

Solace Sabah in the state capital to treat problems related to alcoholism and drug addiction
.

In 2011, the state's doctor-patient ratio was 1:2,480 – lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 1 doctor to 600 patients.[387] Because of the heavy workload and lack of interest from younger graduates, Sabah is facing the shortage of doctors.[388] Many doctors who once served under the government hospitals have decided to move to private hospitals instead because of the heavy workload with low salaries in government hospitals although private hospitals won't easily recruiting them with some applications have been turned down.[386] Thus to prevent the continuous shortage of doctors, the federal government has initiated various measure to produce more physicians with massive funds has been allocated to healthcare sector in every year country budget.[389]

Education

Main articles: List of schools in Sabah and List of universities in Malaysia
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) chancellory building.

All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction and observation of the Sabah State Education Department, under the guidance of the national Ministry of Education.[390] The oldest schools in Sabah are: St. Michael's School Sandakan (1886), St. Michael's School Penampang (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St. Patrick's School Tawau (1917).[391] Based on 2013 statistics, Sabah has a total of 207 government secondary schools,[392] five international schools (comprising Charis International School,[393] Kinabalu International School,[394] Sayfol International School,[395] as well the Indonesian School of Kota Kinabalu[396] and Japanese School of Kota Kinabalu).[397] and nine Chinese independent schools. Sabah has a considerable number of indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.[398]

Sabah state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state. This was followed with the aid from Sabah Foundation (Yayasan Sabah) and Nestlé who helped to establish pre-schools in the state.[399][400] Sabah has two public universities: Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK) has set up their regional centre in Kota Kinabalu.[401] As of 2016, there is around 15 private colleges, two private university colleges together with other newly established colleges.[402] In 1960, the overall literacy rate in North Borneo was only 24%.[403] The recent findings in 2011 found the literacy rate have increase to 79%.[404] Most of secondary schools leavers also did not continue their studies after completing their Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) mainly due to financial burden as well because of the lack of interest and confidence to continue their studies in local higher learning institutes, with a survey in 2015 saw only 16,000 out of more than 20,000 secondary schools leavers continuing their studies.[405]

Sabahan secondary school students in their uniform.

In early 2016, Sabah had a total number of 42,047 teachers teaching in various pre-schools, primary and secondary schools.[406] Following the decentralisation of power from the federal government to state government as well to improve the education in the state, there has been a target to reach 90% of teachers from Sabahans itself.[407] Sabah State Library are the main public library in the state.[408] There is another 11 Indonesian schools (beside the main Indonesian school in the state capital) spreading across Sabah mainly for Indonesian migrants children residing in the state.[409] Since 2014, Filipino migrants children also have been enrolled to recently established Alternative Learning Centre (ALC) that was set-up by Filipino volunteers in Sabah with a collaboration with various local non-governmental organisations (NGO).[410]

Demography

Main article: Demographics of Sabah

Ethnicity and immigration

Ethnic groups in Sabah (2020)[411]
Ethnic Percent
Other Bumiputera
 
 19.69%
Kadazan-Dusun
 
 19.33%
Bajau
 
 16.54%
Chinese
 
 7.28%
Malay
 
 8.99%
Murut
 
 3.11%
Other local non-native
 
 1.34%
Non-Malaysian citizen
 
 23.71%

According to the 2020 Malaysian census, the population of Sabah stands at 3,418,785, making Sabah the third most populous state in Malaysia with the highest non-citizen population at 810,443.

Indonesian labourers from Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands.[415][416] The arrival of uncontrollable illegal immigration have cause major impact on political, economic and socio-cultural problem particularly on local indigenous peoples. The arrival of these illegal immigrants and the slow economic growth have forced Sabahans to immigrate to Peninsular Malaysia or overseas to find better paying jobs and income opportunities.[261][417][418]

Religion

Religion in Sabah (2020)[419]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 69.6%
Christianity
 
 24.7%
Buddhism
 
 5.1%
No religion
 
 0.4%
Others
 
 0.1%
Hinduism
 
 0.1%

Islam is the predominant religion in Sabah, although its society remained secular.[420][421] In the 2020 census, the percentage of Muslims was around 69.6%, while that of Christians was 24.7% and that of Buddhism 5.1%.[419] In 1960, the population percentage of Muslims was only 37.9%, roughly the same as Animists (33.3%), while the percentage of Christians was 16.6% and those of other religions 12.2%.[422] The increase was mainly contributed through the uncontrolled high immigration rate and controversial mass conversions in recent decades.[423][424]

According to the COLONY OF NORTH BORNEO ANNUAL REPORT, 1960, notes that many indigenous groups maintained pagan beliefs, while coastal areas were majority Muslim. Other religions mentioned were traditional Chinese beliefs and various Christian denominations.[425] Many indigenous groups saw conversions to Christianity,[426] in part due to cultural compatibility such as having no ban on pork.[427]

Several other religions, such as Chinese folk religion as well as the Indian religions of Hinduism and Sikhism, are also practised in the state.[428]

Languages

Chinese dialect in the state apart from Cantonese and Hokkien dialects.[435]

Following the change of the government after the 2018 general election, the new Sabah government has stated that there is no restriction on the usage of English in the state, adding that even if the Education Ministry stated that it is unlawful for English be used in Sabah, the restrictions will not be allowed to be imposed in the state, and that the state government will undo the previous improper law since the restrictions will only cause more damage to their younger generations especially when they need to work in private firms or organisations that require English proficiency. The new state government also stated that they will look into the matters if there is a need for a change in the state law.[436]

Culture

See also: Culture of Malaysia
The branch building of National Department for Culture and Arts in Kota Kinabalu.

Sabah culture is diverse due to a wide range of different ethnicity.[414] In the coastal areas, Sabahan culture has been influenced by the Bruneian Malays and West Coast Bajaus on the west coast side while in the east coast it is influenced by either East Coast Bajau, Bugis, and Suluk cultures with Islam being the important part of their lives.[437][438] Christianity plays an important part to the indigenous cultures in the interior side in the daily lives of the Kadazan-Dusun, Lundayeh, Murut and Rungus beside their old practice of the traditional Animism and Paganism.[437] The indigenous culture however are in danger and facing extinction due to widespread cultural assimilation from Peninsular to the state. Controversial Malayisation take place in the state since Malaya-based political parties took over the Sabah Government.[439][440]

There is a number of cultural villages exhibiting Sabah indigenous cultures such as the Borneo Cultural Village,

ceramics covering the diverse culture of Sabah, natural history, trade history and Islamic civilisation together with an ethnobotanical garden and science and technology centre.[444] Other museums include the Agop Batu Tulug Museum, Agnes Keith House, Sandakan Heritage Museum, Teck Guan Cocoa Museum and 3D Wonders Museum.[445][446][447] There is also a number of preserved British, German and Japanese colonial architecture such as the Atkinson Clock Tower, Batu Tinagat Lighthouse, Jesselton Hotel, ruins of Kinarut Mansion, the Sabah Tourism Board building, Tawau Bell Tower together with a number of memorials and monuments. Other unique tourist attractions include the Rumah Terbalik (Upside Down House) and Borneo Ant House.[448][449]

Fine arts and crafts

The Sumazau dance performance of Papar Kadazan at the Monsopiad Cultural Village.

Handicraft and souvenir productions are part of the tourism products in Sabah. In addition, the Sabah Crafts Exotica programme has been held annually since 2011 in different small local museums.[450][451] Following the various initiatives by state government to encourage local entrepreneurs for state handicrafts, there were a total of 526 entrepreneurs in 2012 which increased to 1,483 in 2013 and 1,702 in 2014 with total sales value up from RM31 million to RM56 million.[452]

The roundabout in Tambunan with the sculpture of Sompoton, the main musical instrument of Sabah.

Every ethnic groups in Sabah are known for their traditional music instruments,

bungkau, sompoton and turali, the Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh with their bass, the Kadazan with their tongkungon, the Murut with their tagunggak, the Rungus with their sundatang, tontog and turuding;[455][456] suling is mostly played by all the interior ethnic groups of Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Rungus and Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh in the state.[457] Every ethnic groups also known for their traditional dances; both Kadazan-Dusun were known for their Sumazau dance, the Murut with their Magunatip,[458] the Rungus with their Mongigol Sumundai,[456] The Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh with their Alai Busak Baku, the Brunei Malays with their Adai-Adai,[459] the West Coast Bajau with their Limbai and Kuda Pasu, the East Coast Bajau and Suluk with their Pangalay (also known as Daling-Daling or Mengalai), Bisaya with their Liliput and the Cocos Malays with their Dansa and Nona Mansaya along with many other dances from other sub-ethnic groups.[460][461] Beside that, the state of Sabah is also known for batik production though the industry are still small than the major batik producer states in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[462] The state batik has since been commercialised to enter the international market.[463]

Cuisine

Main article: Sabahan cuisine
A swordfish hinava served with sandwich bread

Notable dishes in Sabah include the Beaufort mee,

alcoholic drinks such as bahar, kinomol, lihing, montoku, sagantang, sikat and tuak;[477] with the state itself becoming the third-highest in alcohol consumption in the country after Kuala Lumpur and Sarawak.[478] The English Tea House and Restaurant in Sandakan is another attraction promoting the British tea culture. Other international shops and restaurants such as for Western food, Middle Eastern food, Bruneian food, Indonesian food, Filipino food, Japanese food, Korean food, Taiwanese food, Thai food and Vietnamese food have their presence there. The increasing number of tourists on the purpose of culinary tourism has since raised the local awareness on the importance of local food to state tourism.[479]

Portrayal in media

Extract from the title page of the British North Borneo Official Gazette (the British North Borneo Herald) of 16 April 1902.

Much of the information of the territory was kept in the records of Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (since 1820) and British North Borneo Herald (since 1883). Joseph Hatton published one of the earliest book titled "North Borneo – Explorations and Adventures in the Equator" (1886) based on the exploration notes leave by his son Frank Hatton who served under the North Borneo Chartered Company, his son was accidentally killed during his journey in Segama River on North Borneo.[480] Ada Pryer wrote a book about her life in North Borneo titled "A Decade in Borneo" (1894, re-issued 2001) as her husband, William Pryer also served for the North Borneo Chartered Company.[481] The earliest known footage of North Borneo is from three American movies by Martin and Osa Johnson titled "Jungle Adventures" (1921), "Jungle Depths of Borneo" (1937) and "Borneo" (1937).[482] Australian author Wendy Law Suart lived in North Borneo capital between 1949 and 1953 and wrote a book titled "The Lingering Eye – Recollections of North Borneo" based on her experiences there.[483]

Three Came Home, a 1950 Hollywood film based on the memoir of Agnes Newton Keith life in Sandakan, North Borneo (present-day Sabah) during World War II.[87]

An English author K.G. Tregonning wrote a book about his travel to Jesselton from Singapore in a book titled "North Borneo" (1960).

Sandakan Death March.[489] In 2017, an English woman named Mary Christina Lewin (Tina Rimmer) who had lived in North Borneo since 1949,[490] was given the 'Sabah Cultural Icon' as the first person to receive the award for her lifelong contribution to the people in the territory and her biggest role as educationist and artist who portrayed the life scene of North Borneo through her artworks.[491]

Following the beginning of Malaysian films in 1970s along with the foundation of Sabah Film Production, several local films have been produced and filmed in the state by the state production, among those are "Keluarga Si Comat" (1975) and "Hapuslah Air Matamu" (1976) (produced with a collaboration with Indonesian Film Production).

TV2 while state musics aired on radios through Bayu FM, Kupi-Kupi FM, Sabah FM and Sabah vFM. Sabah was featured in the British popular reality show of "Survivor: Borneo" and the American show of "Eco-Challenge Borneo" in 2000.[494][495] In 2001, the state was featured in a 2001 Filipino documentary titled "Sabah: Ang Bagong Amerika?" by Vicky Morales on the story of Filipino immigrants from the Sulu Archipelago escaping poverty and starvation in the Philippines by entering Sabah illegally to earn livehood but facing risk being caught, tortured and deported as Malaysian laws are getting strict on illegal migration.[496] In 2003, the state was featured on "The Amazing Race" for the first time as well on a 2009 Hong Kong drama of "Born Rich".[497] The state was also featured in a 2014 American documentary of "Sacred Planet" and featured again in a new edition of "The Amazing Race" as well on a Korean reality show programme titled the "Law of the Jungle", both in 2014.[498] In early 2017, Hong Kong film industry once again choose Sabah as one of the location for a new romance film titled "She Will Be Loved".[499]

Holidays and festivals

Main articles: Public holidays in Sabah and Public holidays in Malaysia
The Borneo Bug Fest in 2016, featuring Volkswagen Beetle.

Sabahans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year.

Bon Odori Festival,[506] Sabah Jazz,[507] Borneo Bird Festival,[508] Borneo Bug Fest, Borneo Eco Film Festival,[509] Kota Kinabalu Food Fest,[510] Kota Kinabalu Jazz Festival,[511] Sabah Dragon Boat Festival, Sabah Fest,[512] Sabah International Folklore Festival and Sabah Sunset Music Festival.[513]

Sports

The Borneo International Marathon in 2015.

North Borneo sent its own teams to participate in the

Southeast Asian Games. Beside focusing to main sports, Sabah also features 11 traditional sports.[521]

Likas Stadium which is the home stadium for Sabah FA.

There are 12 sports complex within the state together with three main stadiums.

e-sports, Sabah government also targeting to develop the sports as part of the tourism development in the state.[529][530][531][532]

International relations

Sabah is a sister state/province to

Ratchaburi Province in Thailand[536] and East Kalimantan
in Indonesia.

See also

Notes

  1. communist insurgency along the border of Malaysia–Thailand, further Indonesia infiltration and the Philippines who had not dropped their claim to Sabah until this day. As well with the Vietnam War that was raging at the time, raising fears of South-East Asian dominoes toppling to Soviet-aligned communism.[157]
  2. ^ See List of hospitals in Malaysia.

References

  1. ^ "Mengenai Sabah" [About Sabah] (in Malay). Sabah State Government. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "About Sabah". Sabah State Government. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  3. ^ a b "The Meaning of the Sabah State Crest". Sabah State Government. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  4. ^ "Lagu-Lagu Patriotik" [Patriotic Songs] (in Malay). Sabah State Government. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-907065-36-1
    .
  6. ^ a b "The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation)". The National Archives. 1961–1963. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-967-10617-4-9
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-616-245-078-5
    . Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  9. United Kingdom legislation. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  10. ^ the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (1963). Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore . p. 1 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c d "Key Findings Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved 20 August 2022.[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ Helmer Aslaksen (28 June 2012). "Time Zones in Malaysia". Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Postal codes in Sabah". cybo.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  14. ^ "Postal codes in Semporna". cybo.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  15. ^ "Area codes in Sabah". cybo.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  16. ^ Teh Wei Soon (23 March 2015). "Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates". Malaysian Digest. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ "Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sabah – Malaysia]". Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
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External links

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