Panavia Tornado

The Panavia Tornado is a family of

During the 1960s, aeronautical designers looked to variable-geometry wing designs to gain the maneuverability and efficient cruise of straight wings with the speed of swept wing designs. The United Kingdom had cancelled the procurement of the BAC TSR-2 tactical strike and reconnaissance aircraft in 1965 and then—in 1967—the US General Dynamics F-111K aircraft that was supposed to fulfil the same role, and was still looking for a replacement for its Avro Vulcan strategic bomber and Blackburn Buccaneer strike aircraft.^[2] Britain and France had initiated the BAC/Dassault AFVG (from "Anglo-French Variable Geometry") project in 1965, but this had ended with French withdrawal in 1967.^[3] Britain continued to develop a variable-geometry aircraft similar to the proposed AFVG, and sought new partners to achieve this.^[4] West German EWR with Boeing then with Fairchild-Hiller and Republic Aviation had been developing design studies of the swing-wing EWR-Fairchild-Hiller A400 AVS Advanced Vertical Strike (which has a similar configuration to the Tornado) from 1964 to 1968.^[5][6][7]

In 1968, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Canada formed a working group to examine replacements for the

By the end of 1968, the prospective purchases from the six countries amounted to 1,500 aircraft.[13] Canada and Belgium had departed before any long-term commitments had been made to the programme;^[14] Canada had found the project politically unpalatable; there was a perception in political circles that much of the manufacturing and specifications were focused on Western Europe. France had made a favourable offer to Belgium on the Dassault Mirage 5.^[14]

On 26 March 1969, four partner nations – United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, agreed to form a multinational company, Panavia Aircraft GmbH, to develop and manufacture the MRCA.

When the agreement was finalised, the United Kingdom and West Germany each had a 42.5% stake of the workload, with the remaining 15% going to Italy; this division of the production work was heavily influenced by international political bargaining.

At the conclusion of the project definition phase in May 1970, the concepts were reduced to two designs; a single seat Panavia 100 which West Germany initially preferred, and the twin-seat Panavia 200 which the RAF preferred.[21] The aircraft was briefly called the Panavia Panther, and the project soon coalesced towards the two-seat option.^[22] In September 1971, the three governments signed an Intention to Proceed (ITP) document, at which point the aircraft was intended solely for the low-level strike mission, where it was viewed as a viable threat to Soviet defences in that role.^[23] It was at this point that Britain's Chief of the Defence Staff announced, "two-thirds of the fighting front line will be composed of this single, basic aircraft type".^[20]

The first of fifteen development aircraft (nine prototypes, P01 to P09, and six pre-series, PS11 to PS 16) flew on 14 August 1974 at

According to Jim Quinn, programmer of the Tornado development simulation software and engineer on the Tornado engine and engine controls, the prototype was safely capable of reaching supercruise, but the engines had severe safety issues at high altitude while trying to decelerate. At high altitude and low turbine speed the compressor did not provide enough pressure to hold back the combustion pressure and would result in a violent vibration as the combustion pressure backfired into the intake. To avoid this effect the engine controls would automatically increase the minimum idle setting as altitude increased, until at very high altitudes the idle setting was so high, however, that it was close to maximum dry thrust. This resulted in one of the test aircraft being stuck in a mach 1.2 supercruise at high altitude and having to reduce speed by turning the aircraft, because the idle setting at that altitude was so high that the aircraft could not decelerate.^[26]

Testing revealed that a nose-wheel steering augmentation system, connecting with the

From 1967 until 1984 Soviet KGB agents were provided details on the Tornado by the head of the West German Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Planning department, Manfred Rotsch.^[28][29]

Two prototypes were lost in accidents, both of which had been primarily caused by poor piloting decisions and errors leading to two ground collision incidents;^[30] a third Tornado prototype was seriously damaged by an incident involving pilot-induced pitch oscillation.^[31] During the type's development, aircraft designers of the era were beginning to incorporate features such as more sophisticated stability augmentation systems and autopilots. Aircraft such as the Tornado and the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon made use of these new technologies.^[32] Failure testing of the Tornado's triplex analogue command and stability augmentation system (CSAS) was conducted on a series of realistic flight control rigs; the variable-sweep wings in combination with varying, and frequently very heavy, payloads complicated the clearance process.^[33]

The contract for the Batch 1 aircraft was signed on 29 July 1976.^[21] The first flight of a production aircraft was on 10 July 1979 by ZA319 at BAe Warton.^[34] The first aircraft were delivered to the RAF and German Air Force on 5 and 6 June 1979 respectively.^[35] The first Italian Tornado was delivered on 25 September 1981. On 29 January 1981, the Tri-National Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE) officially opened at RAF Cottesmore, remaining active in training pilots from all operating nations until 31 March 1999.^[36] The 500th Tornado to be produced was delivered to West Germany on 19 December 1987.^[37]

Export customers were sought after West Germany withdrew its objections to exporting the aircraft; Saudi Arabia was the only export customer of the Tornado.^[38] The agreement to purchase the Tornado was part of the Al-Yamamah arms deal between British Aerospace and the Saudi government.^[39][40] Oman had committed to purchasing eight Tornado F2s and the equipment to operate them for a total value of £250 million in August 1985,^[41][42] but cancelled the order in 1990 due to financial difficulties.^[43]

During the 1970s, Australia considered joining the MRCA programme to find a replacement for their ageing

Production came to an end in 1998; the last batch of aircraft produced going to the Royal Saudi Air Force, who had ordered a total of 96 IDS Tornados.[50] In June 2011, it was announced that the Tornado fleet had flown collectively over one million flying hours.^[51][52] Aviation author Jon Lake noted that "The Trinational Panavia Consortium produced just short of 1,000 Tornados, making it one of the most successful postwar bomber programs".^[53] In 2008, AirForces Monthly said of the Tornado: "For more than a quarter of a century ... the most important military aircraft in Western Europe."^[54]

The Panavia Tornado is a multirole, twin-engined aircraft designed to excel at low-level penetration of enemy defences. The mission envisaged during the

As a multirole aircraft, the Tornado is capable of undertaking more mission profiles than the anticipated strike mission; various operators replaced multiple aircraft types with the Tornado as a common type – the use of dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance, maritime patrol duties, or dedicated electronic countermeasures (ECM) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants, such as the Tornado ECR. The most extensive modification from the base Tornado design was the Tornado ADV, which was stretched and armed with long range anti-aircraft missiles to serve in the interceptor role.[58]

Tornado operators have undertaken various life extension and upgrade programmes to keep their Tornado fleets as viable frontline aircraft. With these upgrades it is projected that the Tornado shall be in service until 2025, more than 50 years after the first prototype took flight.^{[59][needs update]}

In order for the Tornado to perform well as a low-level supersonic strike aircraft, it was considered necessary for it to possess good high-speed and low-speed flight characteristics. To achieve high-speed performance, a swept or delta wing is typically adopted, but these wing designs are inefficient at low speeds. To operate at both high and low speeds with great effectiveness, the Tornado uses a variable-sweep wing.^[9] The swing-wing was also used by the older American General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark strike fighter, and the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighter. The smaller Tornado has many similarities with the F-111, however the Tornado differs in being a multi-role aircraft with more advanced onboard systems and avionics.^[60]

The level of

The Tornado features a

The primary flight controls of the Tornado are a fly-by-wire hybrid, consisting of an analogue quadruplex Command and Stability Augmentation System (CSAS) connected to a digital Autopilot & Flight Director System (AFDS).^[70] In addition a level of mechanical reversion capacity was retained to safeguard against potential failure.^[71] To enhance pilot awareness, artificial feel was built into the flight controls, such as the centrally located stick. Because the Tornado's variable wings enable the aircraft to drastically alter its flight envelope, the artificial responses adjust automatically to wing profile changes and other changes to flight attitude.^[72] As a large variety of munitions and stores can be outfitted, the resulting changes to the aircraft's flight dynamics are routinely compensated for by the flight stability system.^[73]

The Tornado incorporates a combined navigation/attack

The Tornado is cleared to carry the majority of air-launched weapons in the

Britain considered the selection of

To operate efficiently across a wide range of conditions and speeds up to Mach 2, the RB199 and several other engines make use of variable intake ramps to control the air flow.^[105] The hydraulic system is pressurised by syphoning power from both or either operational engine; the hydraulics are completely contained within the airframe rather than integrating with the engine to improve safety and maintainability.^[106] In case of double-engine, or double-generator, failure, the Tornado has a single-use battery capable of operating the fuel pump and hydraulics for up to 13 minutes.^[107]

Relatively rarely among fighter aircraft, the RB199 is fitted with

In January 2016, Bild newspaper stated that the newest upgrade of the ASSTA suite to version 3.1, which includes colour multifunctional LCD screens in place of monochrome CRT displays, is interfering with helmet-mounted night-vision optical displays worn by pilots, rendering German Tornado bombers deployed to Syria useless for night missions.[126]^[127] The defence ministry admitted that bright cockpit lights could be a distraction for pilots, and said that the solution will be implemented in a few weeks, but denied the need to fly night missions in Syria.^[128]

The TV TAB displays are used for route planning, the forward-looking infra-red (FLIR) sensors, targeting pods such as TIALD and CLDP (Convertible Laser Designator Pod). The original MRCA TV TAB DU navigation display (part number V22.498.90) has a green CRT as the picture source. The original price for one CRT display version was €33,852.64. Due to the light environment, the picture tube was pushed to the limit due to the high brightness levels causing wear of the picture tube. An Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays (

BAE Systems announced that, in December 2013, it had test-flown a Tornado equipped with parts made by 3D printing. The parts included a protective cover for the radio, a landing-gear guard and air-intake door support struts. The test demonstrated the feasibility of making replacement parts quickly and cheaply at the air base hosting the Tornado.^[130] The company claimed that, with some costing less than £100 to make, 3D printing of parts had saved more than £300,000 which potentially could reach more than £1.2 million by 2017.^[131]

The first Tornado prototype made its first flight on 14 August 1974 from

14 German Tornados undertook combat operations as a part of NATO's campaign during the Bosnian War.^[136] The Tornados, operating from Piacenza, Italy, flew reconnaissance missions to survey damage inflicted by previous strikes and to scout new targets.^[137] These reconnaissance missions were reportedly responsible for a significant improvement in target selection throughout the campaign.^[138]

In 1999, German Tornados participated in

In 2007, a detachment of six Tornados of the

German Tornado aircrew training took place at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, US from January 1996^[156] at the Taktische Ausbildungskommando der Luftwaffe USA (TaktAusbKdoLw USA Tactical Training Command of the Luftwaffe USA) which was responsible for training both German F-4 Phantom and Tornado crews. In 1999 the training command was renamed as Fliegerisches Ausbildungszentrum der Luftwaffe (FlgAusbZLw Luftwaffe Training Center). In March 2015, Defence Minister Ursula von der Leyen decided to continue this training in Germany.^[157] In September 2017, flight training in Holloman for the Tornado was discontinued and transferred to Taktischen Luftwaffengeschwader 51 in Jagel with the US location command dissolved in 2019.^[158]

In April 2020, it was reported that the German defence ministry planned to replace its Tornado aircraft with a purchase of 30 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets, 15 EA-18G Growlers, and 55 Eurofighter Typhoons.^[159] The Super Hornet was selected due to its compatibility with nuclear weapons and availability of an electronic attack version. In March 2020, the Super Hornet was not certified for the B61 nuclear bombs, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the [required] timeline."^[160]

In 2021, Airbus offered to replace Luftwaffe's 90 ageing Tornado Interdiction and Strike (IDS) and Electronic Combat Reconnaissance (ECR) aircraft with 85 new Eurofighter Tranche 5 standard from 2030. In 2022, the German defence ministry announced that 35 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIs will replace the Tornado fleet for nuclear sharing instead of the discussed 30 Boeing Super Hornets.^[161][162]

In addition to the order made by the Luftwaffe, the German Navy's Marineflieger also received 112 of the IDS variant in the anti-shipping and marine reconnaissance roles, again replacing the Starfighter. These Tornados equipped two wings, each with a nominal strength of 48 aircraft. The principal anti-ship weapon was the AS.34 Kormoran anti-ship missile, which were initially supplemented by unguided bombs and BL755 cluster munitions, and later by AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missiles. Pods fitted with panoramic optical cameras and an infrared line scan were carried for the reconnaissance mission.^[163]

The end of the Cold War and the signing of the

Italian Tornados, along with RAF Tornados, took part in the first

In July 2002, Italy signed a contract with the Tornado Management Agency (NETMA) and Panavia for the upgrading of 18 A-200s, the first of which was received in 2003.[177] The upgrade introduced improved navigation systems (integrated GPS and laser INS) and the ability to carry new weapons, including the Storm Shadow cruise missile, Joint Direct Attack Munition and Paveway III laser-guided bombs.^[178]

In response to anticipated violence during the

Italian Tornado A-200 and EA-200 aircraft participated in the enforcement of a UN no-fly zone during the 2011 military intervention in Libya.^[182] Various coalition aircraft operated from bases in Italy, including RAF Tornados.^[183] Italian military aircraft delivered a combined 710 guided bombs and missiles during the strikes against Libyan targets. Of these Aeronautica Militare Tornados and AMX fighter-bombers released 550 guided bombs and missiles, and Italian Navy AV-8Bs delivered 160 guided bombs. Italian Tornados launched 20 to 30 Storm Shadow cruise missiles with the rest consisting of Paveway and JDAM guided bombs.^[184]

On 19 August 2014, two Aeronautica Militare Tornados collided in mid-air during a training mission near

Tornados began to arrive at RAF Brüggen in September 1984 with the formation of No. 31 (Designate) Squadron. No. 17 (Designate) Squadron was formed in December 1984, and these two squadrons were joined by No. 14 (Designate) Squadron in mid-1985.^[205] No. IX (B) Squadron relocated from RAF Honington to RAF Brüggen on 1 October 1986, arriving in a diamond formation. The outcome of the Reykjavík Summit in October 1986 led to the end of QRA (Nuclear) for the Tornado force.^[206] By the end of 1986, the Tornado GR1 fleet had been equipped with a Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) under the nose, and had begun to be equipped with the BOZ-107 chaff and flare dispenser.^[207][208]

The Tornado made its combat debut as part of

The UK sent a detachment of Buccaneer aircraft equipped with Pave Spike laser designators, allowing Tornado GR1s to drop precision guided weapons guided by the Buccaneers. A planned programme to fit GR1s with the TIALD laser designation system was accelerated to give the Tornado force the ability to self-designate targets. Author Claus-Christian Szejnmann declared that the TIALD pod enabled the GR1 to "achieve probably the most accurate bombing in the RAF's history".^[84][216] Although laser designation proved effective in the Gulf War, only 23 TIALD pods had been purchased by 2000; shortages hindered combat operations over Kosovo.^[217]

After the war's opening phase, the GR1s switched to medium-level strike missions; typical targets included munition depots and oil refineries.

Prior to the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR)'s publication, the Tornado's retirement was under consideration with savings of £7.5 billion anticipated.^[237] The SDSR announced the Tornado would be retained at the expense of the Harrier GR7/9, although numbers would decline in the transition to the Eurofighter Typhoon and the F-35 Lightning II.^[238][239] By July 2013, 59 RAF GR4s were receiving the CUSP avionics upgrade, which achieved Initial Service Date (ISD) in March 2013.^[240]

On 18 March 2011, British Prime Minister

On 10 July 2018, nine Tornado GR4s from RAF Marham flew over London to celebrate 100 years of the RAF.^[251] During late 2018, the RAF commemorated the Tornado's service with three special schemes:^[252] ZG752 paid homage to its early years with a green/grey wraparound camouflage; ZG775 and ZD716 both wore schemes commemorating the final units to operate the type – No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron respectively.^[253] On 31 January 2019, the Tornado GR4 flew its last operational sorties in Operation Shader.^[254] The eight Tornados formerly stationed at RAF Akrotiri returned to RAF Marham in early February 2019, their duties assumed by six Typhoons.^[255] Between September 2014 and January 2019, RAF Tornados accounted for 31% of the estimated 4,315 casualties inflicted upon ISIL by the RAF during the operation.^[256]

To celebrate 40 years of service and to mark the type's retirement, several flypasts were carried out on 19, 20 and 21 February 2019 over locations such as BAE Warton, RAF Honington and RAF Lossiemouth.^[257] On 28 February, nine Tornados flew out of RAF Marham for a diamond nine formation flypast over a graduation parade at RAF Cranwell before returning and carrying out a series of passes over RAF Marham.^[258] On 14 March 2019 the final flight of an RAF Tornado was carried out by Tornado GR4 ZA463, the oldest remaining Tornado, over RAF Marham during the disbandment parade of No. IX (B) Squadron and No. 31 Squadron.^[259][260] The Tornado GR4 was officially retired from RAF service on 1 April 2019, the 101st anniversary of the force.^[261][262] Post-retirement, five Tornados returned to RAF Honington via road for the Complex Air Ground Environment (CAGE), which simulates a Tornado flight line for training purposes.^[263]

On 2 July 2023, it was reported that pylons from decommissioned RAF Panavia Tornado GR4s had been fitted to Ukrainian

In 1984,

Following experience with both the Tornado and the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, the RSAF discontinued low-level mission training in the F-15E in light of the Tornado's superior low-altitude flight performance.^[271] Ten of the Saudi Tornados were fitted with equipment for performing reconnaissance missions. The 22 Tornado ADVs were replaced by the Eurofighter Typhoon; the retired aircraft were purchased back by the UK.^[272]

By 2007, both the Sea Eagle anti-ship missile and the ALARM anti-radiation missile that previously equipped the RSAF's Tornados had been withdrawn from service.^[271] As of 2010,^{[needs update]} Saudi Arabia has signed several contracts for new weapon systems to be fitted to their Tornado and Typhoon fleets, such as the short range air-to-air IRIS-T missile, and the Brimstone and Storm Shadow missiles.^[273]

In September 2006, the Saudi government signed a contract worth £2.5 billion (US$4.7 billion) with BAE Systems to upgrade up to 80 RSAF Tornado IDS aircraft to keep them in service until 2020. The first RSAF Tornado was returned to BAE Systems Warton in December 2006 for upgrade under the "Tornado Sustainment Programme" (TSP) to "equip the IDS fleet with a range of new precision-guided weapons and enhanced targeting equipment, in many cases common with those systems already fielded by the UK's Tornado GR4s."^[121] In December 2007, the first RSAF aircraft to complete modernisation was returned to Saudi Arabia.^[274]

Starting from the first week of November 2009, RSAF Tornados, along with Saudi F-15s performed air raids during the

On 7 January 2018, Houthi fighters claimed to have shot down a Saudi warplane which was conducting air-raids over northern Yemen.^[277] According to Saudi reports, the downed aircraft was an RSAF Tornado which was on a combat mission over Saada province in northern Yemen, it was lost for 'technical reasons' and both crew were rescued.^[278]

On 12 July 2018, another RSAF Tornado crashed in Asir region after returning from Saada, Yemen due to a technical malfunction.^[279] On 14 February 2020, a Saudi Tornado was shot down during close air support mission in support of Saudi allied Yemeni forces in the Yemeni Al Jouf governorate by Houthis. On the day after, the Saudi command confirmed the loss of a Tornado, while a video was released showing the downing using a two-stage surface to air missile. Both pilots ejected and were captured by Houthis.^{[280][281][282]}

Tornado GR1

RAF IDS (interdictor/strike) variants were initially designated the Tornado GR1 with later modified aircraft designated Tornado GR1A, Tornado GR1B, Tornado GR4 and Tornado GR4A. The first of 228 GR1s was delivered on 5 June 1979, and the type entered service in the early 1980s.

Tornado GR1B

The Tornado GR1B was a specialised anti-shipping variant of the GR1, replacing the Buccaneer. 26 aircraft were converted and were based at RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland.^[283] Each aircraft was equipped to carry up to four Sea Eagle anti-ship missiles.^[88] At first the GR1B lacked the radar capability to track shipping, instead relying on the missile's seeker for target acquisition; later updates allowed target data to be passed from aircraft to missile.^[284]

Tornado GR1P

A single Tornado GR1 (ZA326, the eighth production aircraft) was re-designated GR1P after being partially rebuilt using parts from different production batches following a fire during engine testing. This aircraft served with the

The UK Ministry of Defence began studies for a GR1 Mid-Life Update (MLU) in 1984.^[286] The update to GR4 standard, approved in 1994, would improve capability in the medium-altitude role based on lessons learned from the GR1's performance in the 1991 Gulf War. British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) upgraded 142 Tornado GR1s to GR4 standard, beginning in 1996 and finished in 2003.^[118] 59 RAF aircraft later received the CUSP avionics package which integrated the Paveway IV bomb and installed a new secure communications module from Cassidian in Phase A,^[240][122] followed by the Tactical Information Exchange (TIE) datalink from General Dynamics in Phase B.^[240][122]

Tornado GR1A/GR4A

The GR1A is the reconnaissance variant operated by the RAF and RSAF, fitted with the TIRRS (Tornado Infra-Red Reconnaissance System), replacing the cannon.^[95] The RAF ordered 30 GR1As, 14 as GR1 rebuilds and 16 new aircraft.^[287] When the Tornado GR1s were upgraded to become GR4s, GR1A aircraft were upgraded to GR4A standard.^[288] The switch from low-level operations to medium/high-level operations means that the internal TIRRS was no longer used.^[289] As the GR4A's internal sensors are no longer essential, the RAF's Tactical Reconnaissance Wing operated both GR4A and GR4 aircraft.^[290]

Operated by Germany and Italy, the ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance) is a Tornado variant devoted to Suppression of Enemy Air Defences missions. It was first delivered on 21 May 1990. The ECR has sensors to detect radar usage and is equipped with anti-radiation AGM-88 HARM missiles.^[76] The Luftwaffe's 35 ECRs were delivered new, while Italy received 16 converted IDSs. Italian Tornado ECRs differ from the Luftwaffe aircraft as they lack built-in reconnaissance capability and use RecceLite reconnaissance pods. Only Luftwaffe ECRs are equipped with the RB199 Mk.105 engine, which has a higher thrust rating.^[50] The German ECRs do not carry a cannon.^[291] The RAF used the IDS version in the SEAD role instead of the ECR and also modified several of its Tornado F.3s to undertake the mission.^[292]

The Tornado ADV (air defence variant) was an

 Germany

• Luftwaffe: 210 IDS and 35 ECR Tornados delivered.^[295] By December 2018, 94 IDS and 28 ECR aircraft remained in service.^[296]
• Marineflieger: 112 IDS Tornados delivered, retired in June 2005 with some aircraft being reallocated to the Luftwaffe.^[297]

 Italy

• Aeronautica Militare: 100 IDS A-200 Tornados delivered (18 converted to ECR EA-200s),^[298] 24 ADV F3 aircraft later leased from the RAF between 1995 and 2004.^[299] By December 2018, 70 A-200 and 5 EA-200 aircraft remained in service.^[296]

 Saudi Arabia

• Royal Saudi Air Force: 96 IDS and 24 ADV Tornados delivered,^[300] ADVs retired in 2006.^[301] By December 2018, 81 IDS aircraft remained in service.^[296]

 United Kingdom

• better source needed
  ]

Aircraft on display

Australia

• ZG791 Tornado GR4 on display at Aviation Heritage Museum, Bull Creek, Western Australia.^[305]

Austria

• 44+66 Tornado IDS on display at Groß-Siegharts, Lower Austria.^[306][307]

Bulgaria

• 44+13 Tornado IDS on display at the
  National Museum of Military History, Sofia.^[308]

Estonia

• ZE256 Tornado F3 on display at the Estonian Aviation Museum, Lange.^[309]

Germany

• D-9591 Tornado Prototype P.01 on display at Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow.^[310]
• XX948 Tornado Prototype P.06 on display at Hermeskeil.^[311]
• 43+55 Tornado IDS on display at Aeronauticum, Nordholz.^[312]
• 43+70 Tornado IDS on display at Büchel Air Base, Cochem.^[313]
• 43+86 Tornado IDS (MTU corporate design paint scheme) at MTU Aero Engines, Munich.^[314]
• 43+96 Tornado IDS on display at Wengerohr, Wittlich.^[315][316]
• 44+31 Tornado IDS (Blue Lightning paint scheme) of the 31st Fighter Bomber Wing "
  Nörvenich AB.^[317]
• 44+35 Tornado IDS on display at the Cologne Bonn Airport, Cologne.^[318]
• 44+56 Tornado IDS on display at Fliegergeschichtliche Museum TG JaboG 34, Memmingen.^[319][320]
• 44+68 Tornado IDS on display at the Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow.^[321][322]
• 44+84 Tornado IDS on display at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, Fürstenfeldbruck.^[323]
• 44+96 Tornado IDS gate guard at Schleswig Air Base in Jagel, near Schleswig.^[324]
• 44+97 Tornado IDS of the Einsatzgeschwader (Expeditionary Air Wing) Mazar-i-Sharif at the Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim, Oberschleißheim.^[325]
• 45+30 Tornado IDS on display at Aeronauticum, Nordholz.^[312]
• 45+44 Tornado IDS gate guard at Büchel Air Base, Cochem.^[326]

Italy

• MM7001 Pre-production Tornado P.14 on display at Cameri Air Base, Cameri.^[327]
• MM7046 Tornado A-200 gate guard at Ghedi Air Base, Brescia.^[328]
• MM7080 Tornado A-200 gate guard at Aviano Air Base, Pordenone.^[329]
• MM7210 (ex-ZE836)^[176] Tornado F3 on display at the Italian Air Force Museum, Vigna di Valle.^[330]

Netherlands

• XX947 Tornado Prototype P.03 on display at PS Aero, Baarlo, painted as 98+08 of the German Air Force.^[331][332]

Saudi Arabia

• 765 Tornado IDS on display at
  King Abdul-Aziz Air Base, Dhahran.^[333][334]
• 2915 Tornado ADV on display at the Royal Saudi Air Force Museum in Riyadh.^[335]

United Kingdom

• XX946 Tornado Prototype P.02 on display at the Royal Air Force Museum Midlands, England.^[191]
• XZ630 Pre-production Tornado P.12 on display as a GR4 on the parade ground at RAF Halton, Buckinghamshire, England.^[336][337]
• XZ631 Tornado GR4 Prototype P.15 on display at Yorkshire Air Museum, Elvington, England.^[338]
• ZA267 Tornado F2T on display at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire, England.^[339]
• ZA319 Tornado GR1T on display at the
  Boscombe Down Aviation Collection, Wiltshire, England.^[340]
• ZA326 Tornado GR1P on display at South Wales Aviation Museum, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.[336]^[341]
• ZA354 Tornado GR1 on display at Yorkshire Air Museum, Elvington, England.^[338]
• ZA357 Tornado GR1 on display at RAF Syerston, Nottinghamshire, England.^[339]
• ZA398 Tornado GR4A on display at Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre, Cornwall, England^[342]
• ZA399 Tornado GR1 on display in Knutsford, Cheshire, England.^[343]
• ZA452 Tornado GR4 on display at Midland Air Museum, Coventry, England.^[344]
• ZA457 Tornado GR1B on display at Royal Air Force Museum London, Hendon, England.^[345]
• ZA463 Tornado GR4 on the gate at RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland^[346]
• ZA465 Tornado GR1 on display at Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England.^[347]
• ZA469 Tornado GR4 on display at Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England.^[348][349]
• ZA556 Tornado GR4 on display at the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, England.^[350][351]
• ZA607 Tornado GR4 on the gate at
  MoD Sealand, Wales.^[352]
• ZA614 Tornado GR4 on the gate at RAF Marham, Norfolk, England.^[353]
• ZD744 Tornado GR4 on display at Montrose Air Station Museum, Angus, Scotland.^[354]
• ZE204 Tornado F3 on display at the North East Land, Sea and Air Museums, Tyne and Wear, England.^[355]
• ZE760 Tornado F3 on the gate at RAF Coningsby, Lincolnshire, England.^[356]
• ZE887 Tornado F3 on display at Royal Air Force Museum London, Hendon, England.^[357]
• ZE934 Tornado F3 on display at National Museum of Flight, East Fortune, Scotland.^[358]
• ZE966 Tornado F3 on display at Tornado Heritage Centre, Hawarden Airport, Wales.^[359]
• ZE967 Tornado F3 on the gate at Leuchars Station, Fife, Scotland.^[360]
• ZG771 Tornado GR4 on display at Ulster Aviation Society, Lisburn, Northern Ireland.^[361]
• ZH552 Tornado F3 on display at RAF Leeming, North Yorkshire, England.^[362]

United States

• ZA374 Tornado GR1 on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio.^[363]
• 43+74 Tornado IDS of the German Navy, Marinefliegergeschwader 1 at the Pima Air & Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona.^[364]
• 43+75 Tornado IDS on display at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.^[365]
• 45+11 Tornado IDS on display at the New Mexico Museum of Space History, New Mexico.^[366][367]

Specifications (Tornado GR4)

Data from International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000,^[56] Tornado, Modern Fighting Aircraft^[368]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 16.72 m (54 ft 10 in)
• Wingspan: 13.91 m (45 ft 8 in) at 25° sweep
• Swept wingspan: 8.60 m (28 ft 3 in) swept at 67° sweep
• Height: 5.95 m (19 ft 6 in)
• Wing area: 26.6 m² (286 sq ft)
• Empty weight: 13,890 kg (30,622 lb) ^[369]
• Gross weight: 20,240 kg (44,622 lb) ^[370]
• Powerplant: 2 × Turbo-Union RB199-34R Mk 103 afterburning 3-spool turbofan, 43.8 kN (9,800 lbf) thrust each dry, 76.8 kN (17,300 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

• Maximum speed: 2,400 km/h (1,500 mph, 1,300 kn) at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)^[c]

1,482 km/h (921 mph; 800 kn) IAS near sea level

• Maximum speed: Mach 2.2
• Combat range: 3,148 km (1,956 mi, 1,700 nmi) Combat radius Hi-Lo-Hi >850 nmi (>1574 km), combat radius Lo-Lo-Lo >500 nmi (>926 km), Hi-Hi-Hi with 1 hour loiter >700 nmi (> 1296 km).^[371]
• Ferry range: 3,890 km (2,420 mi, 2,100 nmi)
• Service ceiling: 15,240 m (50,000 ft)
• Rate of climb: 77 m/s (15,100 ft/min) ^{[372][verification needed]}
• Wing loading: 767 kg/m² (157 lb/sq ft)
• Thrust/weight: 0.77

Armament

• Guns: 1 × 27 mm (1.06 in) Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon internally mounted under starboard side of fuselage with 180 rounds^[d]
• Hardpoints: 3 × under-fuselage and 4 × under-wing pylon stations^[e] with a capacity of 9,000 kg (19,800 lb), with provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Missiles:
    
    • 2 ×
      AIM-132 ASRAAM air-to-air missiles
      for self-defence (GR.4)
    • 12 ×
      Brimstone air-to-surface missile
      ; or
    • 2 × Storm Shadow cruise missile
    • 9 × ALARM anti-radiation missile
  • Bombs:
    
    • 5 × 500 lb (230 kg) Paveway IV; or
    • 3 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) (UK Mk 20) Paveway II/Enhanced Paveway II; or
    • 2 × 2,000 lb (910 kg) Paveway III (GBU-24)/Enhanced Paveway III (EGBU-24); or
    • cluster bombs
      ; or
    • Up to 2 × JP233 or MW-1 munitions dispensers (for runway cratering operations)
    • Up to 4 × B61 or WE.177 tactical nuclear weapons
  • Other: Up to 4 × drop tanks for ferry flight/extended range/flight time

Avionics

• RAPTOR aerial reconnaissance pod
• LITENING
  targeting pod; or
• TIALD laser designator pod
• Sky Shadow
  electronic countermeasure pod
• BOZ counter-measures pod

Popular culture

Main article: Panavia Tornado in fiction

See also

• Future Combat Air System
• Wild Weasel

Related development

• Panavia Tornado ADV

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Dassault Mirage 2000
• General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark
• Grumman F-14 Tomcat
• McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
• Mikoyan MiG-27
• Sukhoi Su-24
• Xian JH-7

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of Germany
• List of active Italian military aircraft
• List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force

References

Notes

1. ^ Before the German reunification, this was West Germany.
2. ^ MBB was acquired by DASA in 1989.
3. ^ with operable variable intake ramps, which have been inhibited on the majority of Tornado aircraft except ADV variants
4. ^ 2 ×, each with 180 rounds in GR.1, GR.1B, and IDS
5. ^ the two inner wing pylons have shoulder launch rails for 2 × short-range air-to-air missiles each

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panavia Tornado.

• Panavia – Managing Tornado