BAC One-Eleven

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"One Eleven" and "1-11" redirect here. For the record label, see One Eleven Records. For other uses, see 1/11.

One-Eleven
A TAROM One-Eleven: a low wing airliner powered by two aft-mounted engines
Role Short-range jet airliner
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer
First flight 20 August 1963[1]
Introduction 1965 with British United Airways
Retired 7 May 2019
Status Retired[2]
Primary users
Braniff Airways
  • British United Airways
    • Produced
    • 1963–1982 (United Kingdom)
    • 1982–1989 (Romania)
    Number built 244

    The BAC One-Eleven (or BAC-111/BAC 1-11) is an early jet airliner produced by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Originally conceived by Hunting Aircraft as a 30-seat jet, before its merger into BAC in 1960, it was launched as an 80-seat airliner with a British United Airways order on 9 May 1961. The prototype conducted its maiden flight on 20 August 1963, and it was first delivered to its launch customer on 22 January 1965. The 119-seat, stretched 500 series was introduced in 1967. Total production amounted to 244 until 1982 in the United Kingdom and between 1982 and 1989 in Romania where nine Rombac One-Elevens were licence-built by Romaero.

    The

    Douglas DC-9
    . It also competed with early Boeing 737 variants and was used by multiple British, European and US airlines, including Romanian operators. It was replaced by the newer
    Bombardier CRJ200
    regional jet.
    Noise
    restrictions accelerated its transition to African carriers in the 1990s, and the last BAC One-Eleven was retired in 2019.

    Development

    Early development

    The initial Hunting 107 concept from Hunting Aircraft

    In the 1950s, although the pioneering de Havilland Comet had suffered disasters in service, strong passenger demand had been demonstrated for jet propulsion. Several manufacturers raced to release passenger jets, including those aimed at the short-haul market, such as the Sud Aviation Caravelle.[3] In July 1956, British European Airways published a paper calling for a "second generation" jet airliner to operate beside their existing turboprop designs. This led to a variety of designs from the British aerospace industry. Hunting Aircraft started design studies on a jet-powered replacement for the successful Vickers Viscount, developing the 30-seat Hunting 107. Around the same time, Vickers started a similar development of a 140-seat derivative of its VC10 project, the VC11. Many other aviation firms also produced designs.[4]

    In 1960 Hunting, under British government pressure, merged with Vickers-Armstrongs, Bristol, and English Electric to form British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). The new BAC decided that the Hunting project had merit, but that there would be little market for a 30-seat jet airliner.[5] The design was reworked into the BAC 107, a 59-seat airliner powered by two 7,000 pounds-force (31 kN) Bristol Siddeley BS75 turbofan engines.[6] BAC also continued development of the larger, 140-seat VC-11 development of the Vickers VC10 which it had inherited.[7] Other competing internal projects, such as the Bristol Type 200, were quickly abandoned following absorption of Hunting into BAC.[8]

    The selected Rolls-Royce Spey low-bypass turbofan

    Market research showed the 59-seat BAC 107 was too small, and the design was reworked in 1961, with passenger capacity growing to 80 seats, and BS75s being discarded in favour of Rolls-Royce Speys.[9] The revised design was redesignated the BAC 111 (later known as the One-Eleven), with BAC abandoning the VC11 project to concentrate on the more promising One-Eleven. Unlike contemporary British airliners such as the Hawker Siddeley Trident, the One-Eleven was not designed specifically to meet the needs of the state-owned British European Airways or British Overseas Airways Corporation, but on the needs of airlines around the world, and BAC expected orders for as many as 400.[10]

    On 9 May 1961 the One-Eleven was publicly launched when

    Boeing 727-100s. The CAB had also unsuccessfully tried to block Mohawk's orders.[12][16]

    In May 1963, BAC announced the One-Eleven 300 and 400. The new versions used the Mk. 511 version of the Spey with increased power, allowing more fuel upload and hence longer range. The difference between the 300 and 400 lay in the equipment and avionics, the 400 intended for sales in the United States and thus equipped with US instruments.[12] On 17 July 1963, American Airlines ordered 15 aircraft, bringing the total to 60, plus options for 15.[17][18] American Airlines eventually bought 30 of the 400-series, making the airline the largest customer of One-Elevens.

    Prototypes

    The first delivery was to British United Airways on 22 January 1965

    The prototype (G-ASHG) rolled out of

    Douglas DC-9, a rival American jetliner; BAC considered the One-Eleven to hold a technological edge.[1] The One-Eleven's lead was of significant importance commercially, since, as shown by the Bonanza Air Lines case, US authorities could refuse to approve sales of foreign aircraft to domestic airlines where an American alternative existed (Bonanza ended up ordering and operating the DC-9). Test flying was conducted by Squadron Leader Dave Glaser
    .

    The One-Eleven prototype, flown by test pilot

    deep stall or superstall, a phenomenon caused by reduced airflow to the tailplane caused by the combined blanking effects of the wing and the aft-mounted engine nacelles at high angles of attack, which prevents recovery of normal (nose-down) flight.[19] To prevent such stalls, BAC designed and added devices known as stick shakers and stick pushers to the One-Eleven's control system.[20] It also redesigned the wing's leading edge to smooth airflow into the engines and over the tailplane. The specially modified aircraft used for testing this problem is now preserved at Brooklands Museum
    .

    Despite the crash, testing continued and customer confidence remained high. American Airlines and Braniff took up their optional orders and placed more in February 1964. Further orders came from Mohawk,

    Gatwick to Genoa. Braniff took delivery of its first aircraft on 11 March, while Mohawk received its first on 15 May. Deliveries continued, and by the end of 1965 airlines had received 34 aircraft. Demand remained buoyant, with a second production line set up at Weybridge
    - producing 13 1-11s between 1966 and 1970.

    The One-Eleven 500, 510ED and 475

    Introduced in 1967, the 500 series are stretched by 13.5 ft (4.1 m)

    In 1967 a larger 119-seat version was introduced as the One-Eleven 500 (also known as Super One-Eleven). This "stretched" version was delayed for at least a year while its launch customer BEA assessed its requirements. This gave competing US aircraft (the

    LACSA operated the series 500 as well on its services to Miami.[22] Another air carrier which operated the series 500 into Miami was Belize Airways Ltd.[23]

    Compared with earlier versions, the One-Eleven 500 was longer by 8 ft 4in (2.54 m) ahead of the wing and 5 ft 2in (1.57 m) behind it. The wing span was increased by 5 ft (1.5 m), and the latest Mk. 512 version of the Spey was used. The new version sold reasonably well across the world, particularly to European charter airlines. In 1971 it received an incremental upgrade to reduce drag and reduce runway requirements.

    The 510ED cockpit, similar to the Hawker Siddeley Trident

    BEA/British Airways 500 series aircraft (denoted One-Eleven 510ED) varied significantly from other One-Elevens, at BEA's request. The One-Eleven 510ED had a modified

    CAT II and included an autothrottle. The modifications went as far as reversing the "on" position of most switches to match that of the Trident; indeed, the 510ED was so different from other One-Elevens and 500 series aircraft that a different type rating
    was required to fly it.

    Having faced competition from US aircraft by 1966, by 1970 the One-Eleven also faced competition from newer, smaller aircraft such as the

    Faucett Peru which operated its series 475 aircraft on scheduled domestic services into several airports with unpaved gravel runways in Peru.[24]
    In 1977, the One-Eleven 670, a quiet and updated 475, was offered to the Japanese domestic market, also failing to sell.

    Proposed developments

    JT10D
    turbofans

    Total deliveries for 1965 were 34 aircraft,

    Tarom.[27] British production continued until 1984, with a total of 235 aircraft built in Britain.[25] There were two reasons why the production line was kept open for just 35 aircraft delivered over 11 years: first, BAC hoped that Rolls-Royce would develop a quieter and more powerful version of the Spey engine, making possible further One-Eleven developments; second, throughout the early part of the period Romania was negotiating to buy the entire One-Eleven programme and transfer production of the type to Bucharest
    .

    By 1974, BAC invested significant effort into launching the One-Eleven 700. This had a longer fuselage with a 134-seat interior and the projected 16,900 lbf (75 kN) Spey 606 engine producing greater power and less noise.[28][29] The 700J was planned for the Japanese market, with the same stretched fuselage and engines as the 700 and a new high-lift wing for operation into regional airports with short runways.[27] The 700 was approximately the same size as the latest DC-9s and 737s and would have been available in time to prevent large-scale defections by One-Eleven clients to McDonnell-Douglas and Boeing. Rolls-Royce was still recovering from bankruptcy, however, and the uprated Spey failed to materialise. An altogether less ambitious 700 made a reappearance in 1978 as a 500 with specially "hush-kitted" Speys which would be replaced by the proposed RB432 in the mid-1980s. This was offered to British Airways in competition with Boeing 737-200s, but was ultimately rejected.

    In 1975, BAC launched the One-Eleven 800, a further stretched aircraft to be powered by two 22,000 lbf (98 kN)

    Airbus A320.[32]

    The

    BAC Two-Eleven and Three-Eleven
    were British airliner studies proposed by the British Aircraft Corporation in the late 1960s which never made it to production.

    Rombac production

    The first Rombac 1-11 was delivered to TAROM on 29 December 1982

    On 9 June 1979, Romanian president Nicolae Ceaușescu signed a contract for One-Eleven licence production in Romania. This was to involve the delivery of three complete One-Elevens (two 500-series aircraft and one 475 series) plus the construction of at least 22 in Bucharest, with the reduction of British (and thus increase of Romanian) content. It also involved Romanian production of Rolls-Royce Spey engines and certification of the aircraft to British standards by the Civil Aviation Authority. A market for up to 80 Romanian-built aircraft was projected at the time, largely in China and other developing economies, and possibly Eastern Europe. The aircraft was redesignated Rombac 1-11.[33][34] The Spey 512-14 DW engines were produced under license by Turbomecanica Bucharest.[35]

    The first Rombac One-Eleven, (YR-BRA cn 401) a series 561RC, was rolled out at Romaero Băneasa factory on 27 August 1982 and first flew on 18 September 1982. Production continued until 1989 at a much slower pace than foreseen in the contract. Nine aircraft were delivered, with the 10th and 11th aircraft on the production line being abandoned when they were 85% and 70% complete.[33][36] The first aircraft was delivered to TAROM on 29 December 1982.[36] The Romanian carrier took delivery of all but two of the aircraft produced, the remaining two going to Romavia, the last of which (YR-BRI cn 409) was delivered on 1 January 1993.

    There were three reasons why the Rombac initiative failed. Romania's economy and international position deteriorated to the point where supplies needed for One-Eleven manufacturing slowed to a trickle, with hard currency restrictions delaying the delivery of components sourced outside Romania;[33][36] the market foreseen by the Romanians failed to show an interest, though some Rombac machines were leased to European operators. The One-Eleven's noise level and fuel economy failed to keep pace with US and West European competition.

    Adopting a new engine would have resolved noise and fuel economy issues. Following the

    Rolls-Royce Tay. British aircraft leasing company Associated Aerospace agreed a $1 billion deal to purchase 50 Tay-powered One-Elevens fitted with a new electronic glass cockpit for onward leasing to Western customers. The liquidation of Associated Aerospace in April 1991 stopped this deal. Despite this setback, Rombac continued to try to sell the One-Eleven, with US operator Kiwi International Air Lines placing a firm order for 11 Tay-engined aircraft with options for an additional five, but these plans never happened.[33][36][37][38][39]

    Operational history

    Several American Airlines BAC One-Elevens at LaGuardia Airport

    Once in service, the One Eleven found itself in competition with the

    Douglas DC-9, and was joined by another competitor, the Boeing 737, only a year after its introduction.[40] Advantages over the DC-9 included a lower unit cost. The DC-9 offered more seating, and its engines were interchangeable with those on the Boeing 727. These factors led to Trans Australia Airlines choosing to purchase the DC-9 instead.[40] In the US, the Civil Aeronautics Board was sceptical of smaller operators' need for jet aircraft and withheld financing, leading to several US customers cancelling their One-Eleven orders.[41]

    Mohawk Airlines became both the first American operator of the type and the first airline in the US to operate jet aircraft on short haul routes.[42] On 25 June 1965, Mohawk introduced its first One-Eleven into passenger service; by the end of the decade, the airline operated a fleet of 20 BAC One-Elevens.[43] Buying the jets pushed Mohawk into debt and this, along with an economic downturn and strike action, led to its forced merger with Allegheny Airlines which in turn continued to operate the One-Eleven.[44] In July 1963, American Airlines had placed an order for 15 400-series One-Elevens for £14 million; this was the first time American Airlines had purchased a foreign aircraft type for its fleet.[45] Braniff International Airways, another major US air carrier, also ordered the One-Eleven.[46] Aloha Airlines selected the One-Eleven as its first jet type for interisland service in the Hawaiian Islands.

    Several British operators, including

    Dan Air and British Caledonian, made extensive use of the type. Dan Air increased the number of One-Elevens it had in service in the 1970s, eventually replacing its aging de Havilland Comets with the One-Eleven entirely in the 1980s. The type became the airline's main revenue generator.[47] Dan Air would often lease One-Elevens, including Rombac-produced aircraft, to meet short-term demands. During periods of low demand Dan Air would lease its own One-Elevens to other operators. British Caledonian and Dan Air One-Elevens would often be exchanged between the two airlines on temporary and permanent arrangements. Passenger demand grew on several key One-Eleven routes, exceeding the Series 500's larger capacity during the 1980s, which began to force airlines to use other planes.[48]

    Before the formation of

    English Midlands, reflecting the type's new base at Birmingham Airport.[49] BA ordered more Series-500 aircraft in the late 1970s and the airline received some of the last British-made One-Elevens.[50]

    British Caledonian had begun replacing its One-Elevens with the new

    Bombardier CRJ200 in the late 1990s.[53]

    A Ryanair One-Eleven

    In Ireland

    budget airline Ryanair's early years: it had sought an aircraft for low-fare scheduled services from regional airports, and obtained One-Elevens. The first of these, a Rombac-produced 500-Series, entered service on the Dublin–Luton route on 1 December 1986. Ryanair's fleet expanded to six aircraft by 1988, with three leased from Romania.[54] These leased aircraft were later replaced with former BA One-Elevens. Ultimately Ryanair replaced the One-Eleven with the Boeing 737 in the mid-1990s.[55]

    In April 1966, Philippine Airlines began operating One Elevens in revenue service. They eventually operated 12 of the later 500-Series. One of these aircraft suffered two separate in-flight bomb explosions, but was repaired each time and continued in service until 1992. In another high-profile incident on 21 May 1982, John Clearno tried to hijack a Philippine One-Eleven while on the ground, but was eventually overpowered by the cockpit crew following hours of negotiation. No passengers or crew were injured.[56] Philippine Airlines replaced the type with the Boeing 737 from 1989 onwards.[57]

    Romania was a major customer for British-produced One-Elevens, with several large orders in the 1970s. These aircraft were often fitted with equipment such as engine 'hush kits'. In May 1977, a major cooperation agreement between British Aerospace and the Romanian government was signed, and this led to a gradual One-Eleven technology transfer to Romania. Full contracts for licence production under the Rombac name followed two years later. Complete airframes and components were provided to assist in the venture.[58] All Rombac One-Elevens manufactured by Romaero were delivered to TAROM and Romavia, which leased them to airlines across both Eastern and Western Europe. Rombac-produced One-Elevens would be adopted by many emerging operators globally, including Lauda Air in Austria, and Aero Asia International in Pakistan.[59] Two planes served as the private jets of Romanian communist leaders Nicolae Ceaușescu and Ion Iliescu during 1986 to 1989. Due to the planes are "extreme rarity and significance for the technical history of Romania," they were added to the “treasure” category of Romania’s mobile cultural heritage in 2021, not allowed to leave the country.[60] Under the BAC licence, 9 planes were made in Romania. Some of them served in a small airline, LAR, its sole destination being Tel Aviv.[61]

    One-Elevens remained in widespread use with European operators into the 1990s. Once retired from major operators, they were often sold to smaller airlines, often in the Far East and Africa.

    European Aviation Safety Agency accepted an Airbus request to revoke the Type Certificate for the BAC One-Eleven. As a result, BAC One-Eleven aircraft registered in any EU Member State are no longer eligible for a normal certificate of airworthiness. In December 2012, the last operational One-Eleven in the UK, which had continued to fly as a military aircraft, was retired.[62]
    Eventually, on 7 May 2019, the last flyable One-Eleven was retired by Northrop Grumman after serving as an F-35 testbed.

    Variants

    overwing exit
    per side
    The later 500 series are 107 ft (33 m) long to accommodate up to 119 seats with two overwing exits
    One-Eleven 200
    Initial production version, 10,410 pounds-force (46.3 kN) Spey Mk 506 engines.;[63] individual customer designations within this series. 56 built.[64]
    One-Eleven 217
    Version for the RAAF using a 200 series fuselage with RR Spey Mk511-14 engines, low-pressure tyres, a navigator's station and a sextant hatch in the cockpit ceiling. Two built.[65]
    One-Eleven 300
    Uprated engines (11,400 pounds-force (51 kN) Spey Mk 511s), more fuel for longer range;[63] individual customer designations within this series. 9 built.[64]
    One-Eleven 400
    Series 300 with American instrumentation and equipment;[63] individual customer designations within this series. 69 built.[64]
    One-Eleven 475
    Series 400 body with Series 500 wing and powerplant plus rough-airfield landing gear and body protection.[66] 6 built.
    One-Eleven 485GD
    Similar to 475, 3 for Oman.
    Rombac 1-11-495
    Planned Romanian-built version of the Series 475.[34] None completed.[36]
    One-Eleven 500
    Extended body version with up to 119 seats and longer span wings. Fitted with more powerful engines (12,550 pounds-force (55.8 kN) Spey 512s);[66] individual customer designations within this series. 86 built.[64]
    One-Eleven 510ED
    Variant of the 500 series built for BEA/British Airways. Size and engines same as other 500s, cockpit modified to provide more commonality with HS.121 Trident and required a different type rating from all other 500 series One-Elevens.
    Rombac 1-11-560
    Romanian-built version of the Series 500.[34] Nine completed.[36]
    One-Eleven 670
    Series 475 with improved aerodynamics and reduced noise; one converted from Series 475.[67][68]

    Operators

    The last aircraft in service, used by Northrop Grumman as an airborne testbed, was retired in 2019
    Main article: List of BAC One-Eleven operators

    The BAC One-Eleven was widely used by civil and military operators.

    After the One-Eleven's type certificate had been withdrawn, they flew as experimental aircraft in the research and development category.[69]

    On 6 May 2019, the last aircraft still in service, used by

    F-35
    programme, was retired.

    Notable accidents and incidents

    Accidents with fatalities

    Other incidents

    • On 9 July 1978,
      Boston Logan International Airport. The aircraft was carrying 77 people. According to the NTSB report, the flight landed on Runway 28 at too high a speed, but with sufficient performance capability to reject the landing. The pilots chose to continue the landing, the aircraft skidded off the end of the runway, and its landing gear were sheared off by a ditch. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was written off.[83]
    • On 4 August 1984, a
      Tacloban City, Philippines. All 70 passengers and five crew survived.[84]
    • On 10 June 1990, British Airways Flight 5390's cockpit window blew out at altitude after incorrect bolts had been used to secure it. Captain Tim Lancaster was blown half out of the cockpit by the pressure differential; members of the cabin crew clung to his legs to keep him from being blown out of the aircraft. The plane made an emergency landing at Southampton Airport. The pilot survived, as did all the crew and passengers.[85][86] An investigation revealed that the shift maintenance manager had used incorrect bolts as they were similar to the bolts which had been previously used on the aircraft; he replaced them at a like for like ratio. 84 of the 90 bolts used to secure the window were too small in diameter, whilst the remaining six were too short in length.

    Aircraft on display

    One-Eleven 510ED County of Dorset on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford

    Specifications

    Five-abreast cabin, National Museum of Flight
    Model 200[63] 300/400[63] 475[66] 500[66]
    Cockpit crew 2
    Seating limit[99] 89 119
    Length 93 ft 6 in (28.50 m) 107 ft 0 in (32.61 m)
    Wing Area 88 ft 6 in (26.97 m) span, 980 sq ft (91 m2) area 93 ft 6 in (28.50 m) span, 1,031 sq ft (95.8 m2) area
    Height 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)
    Cabin Width 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m)
    Cabin length 50 ft 0 in (15.24 m) 56 ft 10 in (17.32 m) 70 ft 4 in (21.44 m)
    Empty weight 46,312 lb (21,007 kg) 48,722 lb (22,100 kg) 51,731 lb (23,465 kg) 54,582 lb (24,758 kg)
    MTOW
    		 78,500 lb (35,600 kg) 87,000 lb (39,000 kg) 98,500 lb (44,700 kg) 104,500 lb (47,400 kg)
    Max. payload 17,688 lb (8,023 kg) 22,278 lb (10,105 kg) 21,269 lb (9,647 kg) 26,418 lb (11,983 kg)
    Engines (x2) Rolls-Royce Spey Mk 506 Mk 511 Mk 512-14DW
    Thrust (2x) 10,410 lbf (46.3 kN) 11,400 lbf (51 kN) 12,550 lbf (55.8 kN)
    Max. cruise 476 kn; 882 km/h 470 kn; 871 km/h
    Ceiling 35,000 ft (11,000 m)
    Climb rate 2,750 ft/min (14.0 m/s) 2,450 ft/min (12.4 m/s) 2,480 ft/min (12.6 m/s) 2,280 ft/min (11.6 m/s)
    Takeoff (MTOW) 6,250 ft (1,900 m) 6,700 ft (2,000 m) 5,500 ft (1,700 m) 6,500 ft (2,000 m)
    Range[a] 720 nmi; 1,340 km 1,100 nmi; 2,040 km 1,621 nmi; 3,001 km 1,482 nmi; 2,744 km
    1. ^ Typical payload, 2 hr reserve

    See also

    Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

    References

    Citations

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    2. ^ Drum, Bruce (8 May 2019). "Northrop Grumman retires its BAC 1-11 N164W, the end of an era".
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    4. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 8-10.
    5. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 13-15.
    6. ^ Chorlton Aeroplane November 2012, p. 68.
    7. ISBN 0-85177-815-1
      , pp. 576–577.
    8. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 14-15.
    9. ^ Hill 1999, p. 15.
    10. ^ Chorlton Aeroplane November 2012, pp. 70–71.
    11. ^ Hill 1999, p. 16.
    12. ^ a b c d Chorlton Aeroplane November 2012, p. 71.
    13. ^ Lewis 2000 p. 311.
    14. ^ "World Air News: One-Elevens for Bonanza". Flight International, Vol 82 No 2800, 8 November 1962. p. 728.
    15. ^ "Air Commerce: Bonanza's Bid for DC-9s". Flight International, Vol. 84 No. 2836, 18 July 1963. p. 84.
    16. ^ Lewis 2000, p. 312.
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    18. ^ Willis Air International October 2006, p 64.
    19. ^ Report on the Accident to B.A.C. One-Eleven G-ASHG at Cratt Hill, near Chicklade, Wiltshire on 22 October 1963, Ministry of Aviation C.A.P. 219, 1965
    20. ^ Sorlucco 2005, pp. 77-78.
    21. ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, 1 Nov. 1971 Aviateca system timetable
    22. ^ http://www.timetableimages.com, 31 May 1973 LACSA system timetable
    23. ^ Timetables timetableimages.com
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    25. ^ a b c Chorlton Aeroplane November 2012, p. 78.
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    30. ^ Payne Aeroplane February 2021, p. 38.
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    46. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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    50. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 116-117.
    51. ^ Hill 1999, p. 147.
    52. ^ Hill 1999, p. 148.
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    55. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 153-154.
    56. ^ "Airliner's Crew Overpowers Hijackers of Philippine Plane." Lodi News-Sentinel, 21 May 1982. p. 29.
    57. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 156-157.
    58. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 115-117.
    59. ^ Hill 1999, pp. 118, 154-156.
    60. ^ "Romania-built plane used by Ceausescu going up for auction". The Associated Press. 19 May 2021.
    61. ^ "Plane of Romania's ex-dictator's fleet sold at auction". AFP. 27 May 2021.
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    Bibliography

    Further reading

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