Bromothymol blue

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Bromophenol blue.
Bromothymol blue
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3,3-Bis[3-bromo-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)phenyl]-2,1λ6-benzoxathiole-1,1(3H)-dione
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.000.884 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 200-971-2
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C27H28Br2O5S/c1-13(2)17-11-20(15(5)23(28)25(17)30)27(19-9-7-8-10-22(19)35(32,33)34-27)21-12-18(14(3)4)26(31)24(29)16(21)6/h7-14,30-31H,1-6H3 checkY
    Key: NUHCTOLBWMJMLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C27H28Br2O5S/c1-13(2)17-11-20(15(5)23(28)25(17)30)27(19-9-7-8-10-22(19)35(32,33)34-27)21-12-18(14(3)4)26(31)24(29)16(21)6/h7-14,30-31H,1-6H3
    Key: NUHCTOLBWMJMLX-UHFFFAOYAD
  • Brc1c(O)c(cc(c1C)C3(OS(=O)(=O)c2ccccc23)c4cc(c(O)c(Br)c4C)C(C)C)C(C)C
Properties
C27H28Br2O5S
Molar mass 624.38 g·mol−1
Density 1.25 g/cm3
Melting point 202 °C (396 °F; 475 K)
Sparingly soluble in water[1]
Acidity (pKa) 7.0
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS07: Exclamation mark
Warning
H302, H315, H319
P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
1
0
Safety data sheet (SDS) ThermoFisher Scientific
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein and BTB) is a pH indicator. It is mostly used in applications that require measuring substances that would have a relatively neutral pH (near 7). A common use is for measuring the presence of carbonic acid in a liquid. It is typically sold in solid form as the sodium salt of the acid indicator.

Structure and properties

Bromothymol blue (pH indicator)
below pH 6.0 above pH 7.6
6.0 ⇌ 7.6

Bromothymol blue acts as a weak acid in a solution. It can thus be in protonated or deprotonated form, appearing yellow or blue, respectively. It is bright aquamarine by itself, and greenish-blue in a neutral solution. The deprotonation of the neutral form results in a highly conjugated structure, accounting for the difference in color. An intermediate of the deprotonation mechanism is responsible for the greenish color in neutral solution.[2]

The protonated form of bromothymol blue has its peak absorption at 427 nm thus transmitting yellow light in acidic solutions, and the deprotonated form has its peak absorption at 602 nm thus transmitting blue light in more basic solutions.[3] Highly acidic Bromothymol blue is magenta in color.

The general carbon skeleton of bromothymol blue is common to many indicators including chlorophenol red, thymol blue, and bromocresol green.[2]

The presence of one moderate electron-withdrawing group (bromine atom) and two moderate donating groups (alkyl substituents) are responsible for bromothymol blue's active indication range from a pH of 6.0 to 7.6. While the conjugation is responsible for the length and nature of the color change range, these substituent groups are ultimately responsible for the indicator's active range.[2]

Yellow acidic form (left) and blue basic form (right) of bromothymol blue.[4]

Bromothymol blue is sparingly soluble in oil, but soluble in water, ether, and aqueous solutions of alkalis. It is less soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, and practically insoluble in petroleum ether.[5]

Synthesis and preparation

Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to

glacial acetic acid.[6]

To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm3 N/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 Normal) NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm3. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, dissolve 0.1 g in 100 cm3 of 50% (v/v) ethanol.[5]

Uses

Different colors of bromothymol blue at marked pH conditions.

Bromothymol blue may be used for observing photosynthetic activities, or as a respiratory indicator (turns yellow as CO2 is added).[7][8] A common demonstration of BTB's pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB. As CO2 is absorbed from the breath into the solution, forming carbonic acid, the solution changes color from green to yellow. Thus, BTB is commonly used in science classes to demonstrate that the more that muscles are used, the greater the CO2 output.

Bromothymol blue has been used in conjunction with phenol red to monitor the fungal asparaginase enzyme activity with phenol red turning pink and bromothymol blue turning blue indicating an increase in pH and therefore enzyme activity.[9] However, a recent study suggests that methyl red is more useful in determining activity due to the bright yellow ring formed in the zone of enzyme activity.[10]

It may also be used in the laboratory as a biological slide

cover slip. It is sometimes used to define cell walls
or nuclei under the microscope.

Bromothymol is used in obstetrics for detecting premature rupture of membranes.[11] Amniotic fluid typically has a pH > 7.2, bromothymol will therefore turn blue when brought in contact with fluid leaking from the amnion. As vaginal pH normally is acidic, the blue color indicates the presence of amniotic fluid. The test may be false-positive in the presence of other alkaline substances such as blood or semen, or in the presence of bacterial vaginosis.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-12-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^
    hdl:1854/LU-4353650. Archived
    from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  3. doi:10.1186/2228-5326-2-16. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  4. doi:10.1021/ed1007102
    . Retrieved 2023-02-07.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1
    .
  6. ^ "Bromothymol blue" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  7. ISBN 978-0-8493-8218-5
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-470-40753-0
    .
  9. ^ "Isolation and screening of L-asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease from fungal sp". researchgate.net. 22 August 2016.
  10. PMID 24794733
    .
  11. ISSN 0002-9378
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromothymol_blue&oldid=1205450356"