Caiaphas
Joseph ben Caiaphas (/ˈkaɪ.ə.fəs/; c. 14 BC – c. 46 AD)[citation needed], known simply as Caiaphas[a] in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest during the years of Jesus' ministry, according to Josephus.[1] The Gospels of Matthew, Luke and John indicate he was an organizer of the plot to kill Jesus. He famously presided over the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus.[2] The primary sources for Caiaphas' life are the New Testament, and the writings of Josephus. The latter records he was made high priest by the Roman procurator Valerius Gratus after Simon ben Camithus had been deposed.[3]
Etymology
The
The family name Caiaphas קַיָּפָה has a few possible origins:[citation needed]
- from קוּפָּה 'basket', 'tub', verbalized as קִיֵּף , whence קַיָּף meaning 'basket maker', or a worker utilizing baskets such as to sell spices
- κεφάλαιος: from κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”) + -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix) - meaning: main, chief, principal, primary
- "as comely" in Aramaic
- a "dell", or a "depression" in Akkadian.
Accounts
New Testament
John: relations with Romans
Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas (John 18:13), had been high-priest from AD 6 to 15, and continued to exercise a significant influence over Jewish affairs.[5] Annas and Caiaphas may have sympathized with the Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its members among the wealthy Jewish elite. The comparatively long eighteen-year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a good working relationship with the Roman authorities.[6]
In the
Caiaphas considers, with "the Chief Priests and Pharisees", what to do about Jesus, whose influence was spreading. They worry that if they "let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, and the Romans will come and destroy both our holy place and our nation."
In the Gospel of John (John 18), Jesus is brought before Annas, whose palace was closer.[9] Annas questioned him regarding his disciples and teaching, and then sent him on to Caiaphas. Caiaphas makes a political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for "one man" (Jesus) to die than for "the whole nation" to be destroyed. Similar ideas can be found in rabbinical discussion in Talmud and Midrash.[10] According to John 11:51-52 it states that "He did not say this of his own accord, but being high priest that year he prophesied that Jesus would die for the nation, and not for the nation only, but also to gather into one the children of God who are scattered abroad."
Afterward, Jesus is taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate tells the priests to judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to do so. Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, "I find no basis for a charge against him." Pilate then offers the gathered crowd the choice of one prisoner to release—said to be a Passover tradition—and they choose a criminal named Barabbas instead of Jesus.
Matthew: trial of Jesus
In the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 26:56–67), Caiaphas and others of the Sanhedrin are depicted interrogating Jesus. They are looking for evidence with which to convict Jesus, but are unable to find any. Jesus remains silent throughout the proceedings until Caiaphas demands that Jesus say whether he is the Christ (which means Messiah). Jesus replies "The words are your own: and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of power, and coming on the clouds of heaven." (Mark 14:62) Caiaphas and the other men charge him with blasphemy and sentence him to corporal punishment for his crime.
Political implications
Caiaphas was the
Acts: Peter and John refuse to be silenced
Later, in Acts 4, Peter and John went before Annas and Caiaphas after having healed a crippled beggar. Caiaphas and Annas questioned the apostles' authority to perform such a miracle. When Peter, full of the Holy Spirit, answered that Jesus of Nazareth was the source of their power, Caiaphas and the other priests realized that the two men had no formal education yet spoke eloquently about the man they called their saviour. Caiaphas sent the apostles away, and agreed with the other priests that the word of the miracle had already been spread too much to attempt to refute, and instead the priests would need to warn the apostles not to spread the name of Jesus. However, when they gave Peter and John this command, the two refused, saying "Judge for yourselves whether it is right in God's sight to obey you rather than God. For we cannot help speaking about what we have seen and heard."[11]
Josephus
The 1st-century Jewish historian
According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD 18 by the Roman
.According to John, Caiaphas was the son-in-law of the high priest Annas, who is widely identified with Ananus the son of Seth, mentioned by Josephus.[15] Annas was deposed after the death of Augustus, but had five sons who served as high priest after him. The terms of Annas, Caiaphas, and the five brothers are:
- Ananus (or Annas) the son of Seth (6–15)
- Eleazar the son of Ananus (16–17)
- Caiaphas, properly called Joseph son of Caiaphas (18–36/37), who had married the daughter of Annas (John 18:13)
- Jonathan the son of Ananus (spring 37)
- Theophilus ben Ananus (37–41)
- Matthias ben Ananus (43)
- Ananus ben Ananus (63)
Rabbinic literature
According to Helen Bond, there may be some references to Caiaphas in the rabbinic literature.[16]
Archaeology
In November 1990, workers found an ornate limestone
In June 2011, archaeologists from
Literature and arts
Literature
In the thirteenth-century French text Estoire del Saint Graal, Caiaphas is responsible for imprisoning Joseph of Arimathea. The Roman emperor Vespasian promises not to slay or burn him for information about Joseph. To punish him, he instead sets him adrift at sea.
In
Caiaphas is mentioned throughout the works of
Caiaphas and his ossuary are the subjects of Bob Hostetler's novel, The Bone Box (2008).[22]
Caiaphas is mentioned in the 19th verse of The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde:
He does not stare upon the air
Through a little roof of glass;
He does not pray with lips of clay
For his agony to pass,
Nor feel upon his shuddering cheek
The kiss of Caiaphas
Oscar Wilde, The Ballad of Reading Gaol
He is also depicted having an argument with Pontius Pilate regarding the passing of the death sentence against Jesus in The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov.
Arts
Christ before Caiaphas, c.1490, is one of only a handful of works attributed to Antonio della Corna, who was active primarily in his native Lombardy in northern Italy.
-
Christ Before Caiaphas, Antonio della Corna. Walters Art Museum.
-
Christ Before the High Priest, Gerard van Honthorst. National Gallery.
Film portrayals
Actors who have portrayed Caiaphas include
See also
- List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
- Aristobulus III of Judea - High priest who was the last Hasmonean royal
Notes
Citations
- ^ Josephus Antiquities 18.35
- ^ ISBN 978-0195046458.
- ^ Josephus Antiquities 18.2.2
- ISBN 978-1592443130.
- ^ Reilly, Wendell (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ "Caiaphas - Livius". www.livius.org.
- ISBN 978-0800626174.
- ^ e.g. Johann Nepomuk Sepp; Claude-Joseph Drioux; Whittaker, H.A. Studies in the Gospels, Biblia Staffordshire 1984, 2nd Ed. 1989 p. 495
- ^ Gottheil, Richard; Krauss, Samuel. "Caiaphas". 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
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:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ "Bereishit Rabbah 94:9". www.sefaria.org.
- ^ Acts 4:19–20 NIV
- ^ Bond, Caiaphas, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Bond, Caiaphas, p. 86.
- ^ Josephus' source is mentioned in Antiquitates Judaicae 20.224–51 and Against Apion 1.36; see Bond, Caiaphas, p. 163, n. 2.
- ^ Josephus, Ant., Book 18 Section 26
- ^ For a discussion of Tosefta Yevamot 1.10 and other possible rabbinic references, see Bond, Caiaphas, p. 164, n. 3.
- ^ Specter, Michael (14 August 1992). "Tomb May Hold the Bones Of Priest Who Judged Jesus". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-0802848802.
- ISBN 978-0-664-22332-8.
- ^ "Israeli authorities: 2,000-year-old burial box is the real deal". CNN. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ 1 Chronicles 24:18
- ISBN 9781416566472.
Sources
- Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
- Bond, Helen Catharine (2004). Caiaphas: Friend of Rome and Judge of Jesus?. Louisville: Westminster John Knox. ISBN 0-664-22332-X.
- NETBible: Caiaphas
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Joseph Caiphas". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.