Mycenastrum

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Mycenastrum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Mycenastrum
Desv.
(1842)
Type species
Mycenastrum corium
(Guers.) Desv. (1842)
Synonyms[1][2]

Genus

Species

  • Lycoperdon corium Guers. (1805)
  • Scleroderma corium (Guers.) A.H.Graves (1830)
  • Sterrebekia corium (Guers.) Fr. (1849)

Mycenastrum is a fungal

monotypic, containing one widely distributed species, Mycenastrum corium, known by various common names: the giant pasture puffball, leathery puffball, or tough puffball. The roughly spherical to turnip-shaped puffball-like fruit bodies grow to a diameter of 6–24 cm (2–9 in). Initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer, the puffballs develop a characteristic checkered skin (peridium) in age. When the internal spore mass, the gleba, is firm and white, the puffball is edible, although some individuals may suffer mild gastrointestinal symptoms after eating it. As the spores mature, the gleba turns first yellowish then purplish brown. Spores are released when the peridium eventually splits open into irregularly shaped sections. Microscopically, the gleba consists of spherical, dark brown spores with rounded bumps on their surfaces, and a capillitium—intricately branched fibers that form long thorn-like spines. The puffball grows on or in the ground in prairie or desert habitats. Although widely distributed, it is not commonly encountered. Mycenastrum corium is a threatened species
in Europe.

Taxonomy

The species was originally

Vassiliĭ Matveievitch Czernajew's 1845 Endonevrum and Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg's 1876 Pachyderma.[1]

In 1948,

Lycoperdaceae; authors Larsson and Jeppson agreed with Zeller (1949) and Pilat's (1958) decision to regard Mycenastrium as a monotypic genus in the separate family Mycenastraceae.[11] Despite this, several taxonomic authorities prefer to fold Mycenastraceae into the Agaricaceae.[1][12]

It is commonly known as the "leathery puffball",[13] the "tough puffball",[14] or the "giant pasture puffball".[15]

María Homrich &

Orson K. Miller.[17]

Former Mycenastrum

Mycenastrum
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Glebal hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is white to purple-brown
Ecology is
saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown
Mycenastrum puffballs that grow underground have a smooth, chocolate-brown coloured surface lacking the patches characteristic of above-ground versions.

Most species historically named as Mycenastrum have since been transferred to other genera, usually Scleroderma, but also Glyptoderma, Bovista, and Gastropila. Many, including those species that have not been reclassified are poorly known; the nomenclatural authority Index Fungorum considers only four of these former Mycenastrum species to be currently valid: Bovista bovistoides, B. lycoperdoides, Gastropila fragilis, and Glyptoderma coelatum.[18]

Name Authority  Year Current name
M. beccarii
Pass.
 1875 Scleroderma beccarii[19]
M. bovistoides Cooke & Massee[20] 1887 Bovista bovistoides[21]
M. chilense Mont.[22] 1843
M. coelatum
Pat.[23]
 1899
Glyptoderma coelatum[24]
M. dugesii De Seynes[25] 1886
M. fragile
Lév.[26]
 1844 Gastropila fragilis[27]
M. leiospermum Mont.[28] 1847
M. leptodermeum Durieu[29] 1848 Scleroderma leptodermeum
M. lycoperdoides Cooke[30] 1884 Bovista lycoperdoides[31]
M. martinicense
Pat.[32]
 1902 Scleroderma martinicense
M. ohiense Ellis & Morgan[33] 1885 Lycoperdon radicatum
M. olivaceum Cooke & Massee[34] 1887 Scleroderma olivaceum
M. oregonense
Everh.[33]
 1885 Bovista pila
M. phaeotrichum
Berk.[35]
 1843 Scleroderma phaeotrichum
M. phaeotrichum var. australe
Berk.[36]
 1845
M. radicatum Durieu[29] 1849 Scleroderma radicatum
M. spinulosum Peck[37] 1881

Description

The characteristic spiny capillitia

The fruit body usually grows to a diameter of 6–15 cm (2–6 in), although extremes of 3 cm (1.2 in)[16] and 27 cm (11 in) have been reported.[38] Its shape ranges from roughly spherical, to obovate (egg-shaped) or pyriform (pear-shaped), sometimes plicate (crumpled, wrinkled) around a somewhat fibrous, persistent tuft of mycelium. The puffball is initially covered by a thick, felted, whitish layer (the exoperidium). This is continuous at first but eventually cracks and peels away in thin flakes, exposing a leathery to corky, nearly smooth, light brown to dark pinkish-brown surface. This tough layer of tissue (the endoperidium) measures about 2 mm thick, encloses the gleba. In maturity, the endoperidium opens by irregular splits that eventually extend towards the base in a star-shaped manner. These torn segments of endoperidium sometimes turn inside out, sometimes drying rigid, exposing a felt-like internal surface. The gleba is white when young and has a cheesy appearance and consistency. As the puffball matures, it undergoes a lytic process involving water loss. Subsequently, the gleba becomes olivaceous, olive-brown, and finally, dark olive when dry, and then develops a characteristic pungent smell.[16] Fruit bodies that grow underground have a conspicuously different morphology–a smooth, chocolate-brown coloured surface that lacks the patches characteristic of above-ground fruit bodies, and their capillitia are bifurcate with stumpy spines.[39] The fungus is edible when the gleba is white.[40] Its odor and taste have been described as pungent or earthy and its taste astringent.[41]

Its spores are spherical, measuring 8–13 μm, and have a surface of irregular, coarse warts.[42] The capillitium refers to late-maturing, thick-walled cells in the gleba. The main axes of these branched cells are 20–30 μm thick, and they are covered with numerous spines.[43]

Mycenastrum corium subsp. ferrugineum has a deep rusty red to reddish orange gleba, clearly distinguishing it from the glebal coloring of the main subspecies.[17] M. corium var. diabolicum has an extremely spiny capillitium.[16]

Uses

The puffball is

gastrointestinal symptoms including stomachache, flatulence, and diarrhea; the other three did not have symptoms.[38] The large European bird great bustard (Otis tarda) has been recorded feeding on the puffball.[45]

Because of their thick outer peridium, Mycenastrum corium puffballs can withstand hard blows without breaking, and children have used them as replacements for balls. The puffballs have also been used medicinally in Mexico as a

hemostatic, as a throat and lung tonic, and for their purported anti-inflammatory properties.[38]

Puffball maturation

Mature fruit body found in Australia

The manner in which the puffball splits open (dehisces) has been described by 19th-century American mycologist William Henry Long. The thick and leathery peridium of the mature puffball remains unopened for several months without splitting. After several alternating cycles of wetting and drying, fissures develop across the top. These fissures usually radiate from a common center near the top of the fruit body and finally produce very irregular star-like teeth. In time, the entire upper half of the puffball is open and exposed during dry weather. In this condition, the spores are blown out by the wind and widely distributed. During every rainy spell the puffball promptly closes only to open again when dry weather returns. At each alternate opening and closing the peridium is split more and more, until finally it is expanded into a flat shape, or even curls backward. In the puffball, the outer layer of the peridium comprises cells arranged so that when wet they adsorb water and expand, thus closing the top of the puffball. Upon drying, these outer cells lose water and gradually shrink, thus producing an unequal tension between the outer and inner cells of the peridium. This tension causes the irregular star-like pieces of the peridium to gradually separate and curve outward, thus opening the top of the puffball during dry weather.[46]

Ecology and distribution

Mycenastrum corium is a

indicator species for climate change.[49]

The puffball is widely distributed, and has been recorded in Africa (Zimbabwe),

San Luis Potosi,[61] Sonora,[62] Mexico City.[38] The variety M. corium var. diabolicum occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa, tropical Asia, the Caribbean, and South America.[16]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Mycenastrum corium (Guers.) Desv. 1842". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
  3. ^ Czernajew BM. (1845). "Nouveaux cryptogames de l'Ukraine et quelques mots sur la flore de ce pays". Bulletin de la Société impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou (in French). 18 (2): 132–57.
  4. ^ Schulzer von Müggenburg S. (1876). "Verhandlungen der k. k. zoolgisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 1875". Hedwigia (in German). 16: 44–8.
  5. ^ De Candolle AP, Lamarck, J-B. (1805). Flore Française, ou Description succincte de toutes les Plantes qui croissent naturellement en France: disposée selon une nouvelle Méthode d'Analyse, et précédée par un exposé des Principes élémentaires de la Botanique. Augmenté du (in French). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Paris, France: Desray. p. 598.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  7. ^ Fries EM. (1849). "Fungi Natalenses". Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (in Latin). 1848: 121–54.
  8. ^ Desvaux NA. (1842). "Sur le genre Mycenastrum". Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique (in French). 17 (2): 143–7.
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External links

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