Camarasauridae
Camarasaurids | |
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Skeleton of Camarasaurus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | Saurischia |
Clade: | †Sauropodomorpha |
Clade: | †Sauropoda |
Clade: | †Neosauropoda |
Clade: | †Macronaria |
Clade: | † Camarasauromorpha
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Family: | †Camarasauridae Cope, 1877 |
Type genus | |
†Camarasaurus Cope, 1877
| |
Genera
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Synonyms | |
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Camarasauridae is a family of
Taxonomy
Camarasauridae was named by
Phylogenetic relationships
Camarasauridae is typically regarded as belonging to
Members
Camarasaurus is the only taxon uncontroversially regarded as a valid genus of camarasaurid. It contains four species: C. grandis, C. lentus, C. lewisi, and C. supremus. C. lewisi may represent a distinct genus, Cathetosaurus.[6] Lourinhasaurus, the type species of which was formerly assigned to Camarasaurus, is regarded as a camarasaurid by most studies,[7][5] though it has also been considered to be a basal eusauropod.[8]
Oplosaurus, from the Early Cretaceous of the United Kingdom, has been suggested to be a camarasaurid,[9] but as it is only known from a tooth, its position within Eusauropoda is difficult to determine.[10] Tehuelchesaurus, from the Late Jurassic of Argentina, has been considered a camarasaurid in some studies,[7][11] but a wide range of other phylogenetic positions have been proposed, including a close relationship to Omeisaurus,[8] a position in Turiasauria,[5] or as a non-camarasaurid basal macronarian.
Bellusaurus, which is only known from juvenile remains, may be a camarasaurid,[12] though it has also been considered a basal macronarian, turiasaur, or mamenchisaurid.[5][11]
A possible camarasaurid of indeterminate genus and species was reported from the Middle Jurassic of India.[13]
Former members
In 1970, Rodney Steel took an expansive concept of Camarasauridae, encompassing all sauropods then known except diplodocoids and titanosaurs.[14] In 1990, John S. McIntosh regarded Camarasauridae as made up of two subfamilies: Camarasaurinae, containing Camarasaurus, Aragosaurus, Euhelopus, and Tienshanosaurus, and Opisthocoelicaudiinae, containing Opisthocoelicaudia and Chondrosteosaurus.[15] Dashanpusaurus, from the Middle Jurassic of China, was originally described as a camarasaurid,[16] but was subsequently found to be a basal macronarian by phylogenetic analysis.[17]
Diagnostic characters
Several skeletal features have been used to characterize the camarasaurids. In the skull, these include an external narial diameter approximately 40% of the long-axis length of the skull, an arched internarial bar, a short muzzle anterior to the nares, and maxillary shelf.[18] In the rest of the axial skeleton, these include flat ventral faces on the cervical vertebrae, a triangular flare to the neural spines of the middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae, and a concave posterior surface to the anterior thoracic ribs, as well as an external haemal canal across the anterior vertebrae of the tail.[18][19] A reduction to two carpals, long metacarpals relative to the radius, and a twisted ischial shaft serve to identify the appendicular skeleton.[2][19]
Palaeobiogeography
Broadly speaking, camarasaurids occupied a distribution limited to the
References
- ^ 1. Taylor, M. P., & Naish, D. (2005). The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda). Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley.
- ^ a b c 1. Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). (1990). The dinosauria. Univ of California Press.
- ISSN 0031-0182.
- ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ ISSN 0024-4082.
- S2CID 207890316.
- ^ ISSN 0024-4082.
- ^ ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
- ^ Canudo, José Ignacio; Ruiz-Omeñaca, José Ignacio; Barco, José Luis (2002). "¿Saurópodos asiáticos en el Barremiense inferior (Cretácico Inferior) de España?". Ameghiniana. 39 (4): 443–452.
- ^ Upchurch, Paul; Mannion, Philip D.; Barrett, Paul M. (2011). "Sauropod dinosaurs". Field Guide to English Wealden Fossils. London. pp. 476–525.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ S2CID 219749618.
- PMID 25186586.
- S2CID 129725762.
- ^ Steel, Rodney (1970). Saurischia. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
- ^ McIntosh, J. S. (1990). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (1 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 345–401.
- ISBN 7-220-07051-9.
- ISSN 0031-0182.
- ^ ISSN 0962-8436.
- ^ a b Wilson, J. A., & Sereno, P. C. (1998). Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(S2), 1-79.
- ^ FosteR, J. R., & Wedel, M. J. (2014). Haplocanthosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the lower Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) near Snowmass, Colorado. Volumina Jurassica, 12(2), 197-210.
- ^ Foster, J. R., & Lucas, S. G. (Eds.). (2006). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation: Bulletin 36(Vol. 36). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
- ^ Raath, J. S. (1987). Sauropod dinosaurs from the Central Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, and the age of the Kadzi Formation. South African Journal of Geology, 90(2), 107-119.