Campanula rapunculoides
Campanula rapunculoides | |
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Campanula rapunculoides, Ottawa, Ontario | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Asterales |
Family: | Campanulaceae |
Genus: | Campanula |
Species: | C. rapunculoides
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Binomial name | |
Campanula rapunculoides | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Campanula rapunculoides, known by the common names creeping bellflower, rampion bellflower, rover bellflower, garden bluebell, creeping bluebell, purple bell, garden harebell, and creeping campanula,
Etymology
The genus Latin name ("campanula"), meaning 'small bell', refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific name ("rapunculoides") refers to the similarity to Campanula rapunculus.
Description
The
The plant seeds abundantly (each plant can produce 15,000 seeds),[5] and while some roots come out when it is pulled, the horizontal stolons grow vertical storage tubers, which may not be anywhere near the surface portions of the plant. These storage tubers can regrow stolons, which in turn send up shoots at some distance from the storage tubers.[6]
This plant has its overwintering buds situated just below the soil surface (hemicryptophyte). It spreads by underground rhizomes and produces deep, taproot-shaped tubers. Both are white and fleshy. Because any piece of the roots can sprout into a new plant, it is extremely hard to eradicate.
Distribution
This plant is native to Europe and western Siberia,[6] where it grows in semi-shaded areas like open woods, the edges of denser forests, and meadowland.[3] It has been introduced to North America, where it has become an extremely invasive weed;[7] it chokes out other plants, and eliminating it is nearly impossible due to its multiple propagation mechanisms.[6]
Like many related
Habitat
It grows on grassy places, dry hills, meadows, in deciduous and pine forests, woods, fields and roadsides, along railway lines and hedgerows, preferably in partial shade, in dry to moist sites and on clay soils, relatively rich in nitrogen, at an altitude of 0–2,000 metres (0–6,562 ft) above sea level. It also occurs in cultivated fields as a weed.
Gallery
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Illustration of Campanula rapunculoides (right) from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildunge (1796)
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Plant of Campanula rapunculoides
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Close-up on flowers of Campanula rapunculoides
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Flowers of Campanula rapunculoides
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Leaf of Campanula rapunculoides
Invasive species
Campanula rapunculoides is native to parts of Eurasia, but is a widespread European import to North America, and it is invasive.[11]
It is extremely difficult to remove.[6] Mechanical removal, burning, and chemicals have varying success rates, but there is no sure method of removing the plants first try.[12]
References
- ^ a b Campanula rapunculoides was first described and published in Species Plantarum 165 1753. "TPL, treatment of Campanula rapunculoides L." The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- Calgary, Alberta, nd, archived from the originalon 2012-06-02, retrieved 5 August 2015
- ^ a b Handbook of the British flora: a description of ..., Volume 2; Volume 1865 By George Bentham
- ^ Dyer, Mary H. "Creeping Bellflower - How To Get Rid Of Creeping Bellflower". gardeningknownhow.com. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (Creeping Bellflower)", Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, Minnesota Wild flowers, Minnesota, nd, retrieved 5 August 2015
- ^ a b c d Stannard, Katie (28 May 2020). "Invasive of the Week: Creeping bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides)". Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan.
- ^ a b "Creeping Bellflower" (PDF). Wisconsin Master Gardener. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 6 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Campanula: Edible Bellflowers – GoodFood World".
- ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (creeping bellflower): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Native Plant Trust.
- ^ "Creeping Bellflower". FORAGER CHEF. 8 April 2020.
- ^ "Campanula rapunculoides (Creeping Bellflower)", Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, Minnesota Wild flowers, Minnesota, nd, retrieved 5 August 2015
- ^ Panke, Brendon; deRegnier, Ryan; Renz, Mark. "Management of invasive plants in Wisconsin: Creeping bellflower (A3924-05)" (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension.
- Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982, Vol. II, pag. 695
External links
- Biolib
- Plants.usda
- Wildflowers of Ontario
- Ontario Weeds: Creeping bellflower, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture
- Missouri Plants
- Kew Plant List Archived 2020-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
- IPNI Listing