Chang'e 5
Mission type | Lunar sample return |
---|---|
Operator | CNSA |
COSPAR ID | 2020-087A |
SATCAT no. | 47097 |
Mission duration | Elapsed: 3 years, 4 months, 22 days |
Spacecraft properties | |
Manufacturer | CAST |
Launch mass | 8,200 kg[1] |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | 23 November 2020 20:30:12 Wenchang |
Contractor | CALT |
End of mission | |
Landing date | 16 December 2020 17:59 UTC[1] Return capsule |
Landing site | Inner Mongolia, China |
Lunar orbiter | |
Orbital insertion | 28 November 2020 12:58 UTC[3] |
Orbital parameters | |
Periapsis altitude | 200 km (120 mi)[3] |
Lunar lander | |
Landing date | 1 December 2020 15:11 UTC[4] |
Return launch | 3 December 2020 15:10 UTC |
Landing site | Mons Rümker, region of Oceanus Procellarum 43°03′27″N 51°54′58″W / 43.0576°N 51.9161°W[5][6] |
Sample mass | 1,731 g (61.1 oz)[7] |
Docking with Sample Ascender | |
Docking date | 5 December 2020, 21:42:00 UTC[8] |
Undocking date | 7 December 2020, 04:35:00 UTC[9] |
Flyby of Moon | |
Spacecraft component | orbiter |
Closest approach | ~9 September 2021[10] |
Chang'e 5T1 → |
Chang'e 5 | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Cháng'é wǔhào |
Chang'e 5 (
at 17:59 UTC on 16 December 2020.Chang'e 5 was the first lunar sample-return mission since the Soviet Union's Luna 24 in 1976. The mission made China the third country to return samples from the Moon after the United States and the Soviet Union.
Overview
The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program has four phases, with incremental technological advancement:[16][17]
- Phase one: orbiting the Moon, completed by Chang'e 1 in 2007[18] and Chang'e 2 in 2010.
- Phase two:
- Phase three: returning lunar samples, completed by Chang'e 5. The backup of Chang'e 5, the Chang'e 6 mission, is also a lunar sample-return mission.
- Phase four: in-situ resource utilization, and constructing an International Lunar Research Station near the lunar south pole.[16]
The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program plan to lead to crewed missions in the 2030s.[16][17]
Equipment
Components
The Chang'e 5 mission consists of four modules or components:
- Orbiter, installed with a drill and a scooping device. The Ascender is on the top of the Lander.
- Ascender: after sampling, the lunar samples were transported to a container within the Ascender. The Ascender launched from the lunar surface at 15:11 UTC, on 3 December 2020, followed by automatic lunar orbit rendezvous and docking with the Orbiter. After transferring the sample, the Ascender separated from the Orbiter, deorbited, and fell back down on the Moon at 22:49 UTC, on 6 December 2020, to avoid becoming space debris.
- Orbiter: after the samples were transported from the Ascender to the Orbiter, the Orbiter left lunar orbit and spent ~4.5 days flying back to Earth orbit and released the Returner (reentry capsule) just before arrival.
- Returner: The Returner performed a skip reentryto bounce off the atmosphere once before formal reentering.
The four components were launched together and flew to the Moon as a combined unit. After reaching lunar orbit (14:58 UTC, on 28 November 2020), the Lander/Ascender separated from the Orbiter/Returner modules (20:40 UTC, on 29 November 2020), and descended to the surface of the Moon (15:13 UTC, on 1 December 2020). After samples had been collected, the Ascender separated from the Lander (15:11 UTC, on 3 December 2020), lifted off to the Orbiter/Returner, docked with them, and transferred the samples to the Returner. The Ascender then separated from the Orbiter/Returner and crashed on the Moon (~30°S in latitude and 0° in longitude) at 22:49 UTC, on 8 December 2020. The Orbiter/Returner then returned to the Earth, where the Returner separated and descended to the surface of the Earth at 17:59 UTC, on 16 December 2020.
The estimated launch mass of Chang'e 5 was 8,200 kg (18,100 lb),[21] the Lander was projected to be 3,200 kg (7,100 lb), and Ascender was about 700 kg (1,500 lb). Unlike Chang'e 4, which was equipped with a radioisotope heater unit to survive the extreme cold of lunar night, the Lander of Chang'e 5 stopped functioning in the following lunar night.
Scientific payloads
Chang'e 5 included four scientific payloads, including a Landing Camera, a Panoramic Camera, a Lunar Mineralogical Spectrometer,[22] and a Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar.[23][24] Chang'e 5 collected samples using two methods, i.e., drilling for subsurface samples and scooping for surface samples. The scooping device was developed by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, consisting of Sampler A, Sampler B, Near-field Cameras, and Sealing and Packaging System.[25]
Mission profile
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Sample-return mission
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Chang'e 5 launch
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Chang'e 5 returning
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Chang'e 5 23 days mission
Launch
Chang'e 5 was planned to be launched in November 2017 by the
Earth-Moon Transfer
After launch, Chang'e 5 applied its first orbital correction at 14:06 UTC, on 24 November 2020, second orbital correction at 14:06 UTC, on 25 November 2020, entered lunar orbit at 14:58 UTC, on 28 November 2020 (elliptical orbital), adjusted its orbit to a circular orbit at 12:23 UTC, on 29 November 2020, and the Lander/Ascender separated from the Orbiter/Returner at 20:10 UTC, on 29 November 2020, in preparation for landing.[28]
Landing site
The Lander/Ascender landed on the Moon on 1 December 2020, at 15:11 UTC.
Back to the Earth
The Chang'e 5 Ascender lifted off from Oceanus Procellarum at 15:10 UTC, on 3 December 2020, and six minutes later, arrived in lunar orbit.[36] The Ascender docked with the Orbiter/Returner combination in lunar orbit on 5 December 2020, at 21:42 UTC, and the samples were transferred to the return capsule at 22:12 UTC. The Ascender separated from the Orbiter/Returner combination on 6 December 2020, at 04:35 UTC.[37] After completing its role of the mission, the Ascender was commanded to deorbit on 7 December 2020, at 22:59 UTC, and crashed into the Moon's surface at 23:30 UTC, in the area of (~30°S, 0°E).[38] On 13 December 2020, at 01:51 UTC, from a distance of 230 kilometers from the lunar surface, the Orbiter and Returner successfully fired four engines to enter the Moon-Earth Hohmann transfer orbit.[39]
The electronics and systems on the Chang'e 5 lunar lander were expected to cease working on 11 December 2020, due to the Moon's extreme cold and lack of a radioisotope heater unit. However, engineers were also prepared for the possibility that the Chang'e 5 lander could be damaged and stop working after acting as the launchpad for the ascender module on 3 December 2020, as turned out to be the case.[40]
On 16 December 2020, at around 18:00 UTC, the roughly 300 kg (660 lb) return capsule performed a ballistic
The next day, it was reported that Chang'e 5's service module had performed an atmospheric re-entry avoidance burn and had been on-course to an Earth-Sun L1 Lagrange point orbit as a part of its extended mission.
Extended mission
After dropping off the return samples for Earth, the Chang'e 5 (CE-5) orbiter was successfully captured by the
In January 2022, CE-5 left the L1 point[43] for the lunar distant retrograde orbit (DRO) to conduct very-long-baseline interferometry tests in preparation for the next stage of China's Lunar Exploration Program.[43][44] According to The Space Review (TSR), this maneuver was depicted in Chinese government and academic documents.[45] In February 2022, multiple amateur satellite trackers observed that CE-5 had entered DRO, making it the first spacecraft in history to utilize the orbit.[43]
Lunar sample research
The ~1,731 g (61.1 oz) of lunar samples collected by Chang'e 5 have enormous scientific meanings in terms of their abnormally young ages (<2.0 billion years old).[34][3] At least 27 fundamental questions can be answered by those samples on lunar chronology, petrogenesis, regional setting, geodynamic and thermal evolution, and regolith formation, especially, calibrating the lunar chronology function, constraining the lunar dynamo status, unraveling the deep mantle properties, and assessing the Procellarum KREEP Terrain structures.[3]
Dating this relatively young part of the Moon's surface would provide an additional calibration point for estimating the surface ages of other Solar System bodies.[46][47] Wu Yanhua (吴艳华), deputy director of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) announced that the new samples will be shared with the UN and international partners for space research purposes.[48][49]
Preliminary analysis of the basalt lava samples taken from Oceanus Procellarum, led by the
First Chinese flag on the Moon
Chang'e 5's lunar lander deployed the first Chinese flag on the moon.[52] The flag was made from a composite material to withstand the moon's harsh environment without fading or deforming.[52] Chinese scientists spent over a year testing dozens of possible materials for the flag.[53] Weighing only 12 grams, it can maintain its true colors under a temperature difference of plus or minus 150 degrees Celsius.[52]
Related missions
Chang'e 5-T1
Chang'e 6
Chang'e 6 is a further sample return mission planned to be subsequently launched by CNSA.
International collaboration
The
International reactions to mission and samples
Many media commentators discussed Chang'e 5's in comparison to that of the last successful sample return oriented lunar missions in the 20th century, which were those conducted by the American Apollo program and the Soviet Luna programme in the 1960-70s, that involved Luna 15, Luna 16, and Luna 24 being sent to the Moon. Notably, the Luna 16 mission successfully returned about 100 grams of lunar soil a year later and two other sample return missions succeeded in subsequent years, the last one since Chang'e 5 being Luna 24 in 1976.[58]
The moon rocks that the mission returned to Earth were commended to be "the perfect sample to close a 2-billion-year gap" in the understanding of lunar geology.[59] The open access to the samples by CNSA to a consortium of scientists from Australia, US, UK, and Sweden were hailed as "science done in the ideal way: an international collaboration, with free sharing of data and knowledge—and all done in the most collegial way possible. This is diplomacy by science," by Brad Jolliff, director of the McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.[60]
See also
- Chinese space program
- Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP)
- Exploration of the Moon
- List of missions to the Moon
- List of artificial objects on the Moon
- Lunar resources
- Moon landing
Notes
- ^ In Standard Chinese, it is pronounced as Cháng'é.[11] Alternatively pronounced and spelled like Chang-Er in Malaysian Chinese.[12]
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{{cite book}}
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External links
- Media related to Chang'e 5 at Wikimedia Commons
- China’s first Moon rocks ignite research bonanza at Nature